NaCl胁迫下珠眉海棠苹果中Na~+的组织细胞定位研究

本试验研究了水培条件下NaCl胁迫下珠眉海棠苹果组织细胞中Na+的分布及可能的耐盐机制。结果表明 :在一定NaCl胁迫浓度范围内 ,根系中Na+浓度高于地上部 ,根系对Na+有一定的再吸收作用 ,这是珠眉海棠耐盐的重要机制 ;当NaCl胁迫浓度达到一定阀值后 ,根、叶细胞Na+大量积累 ,当细胞液泡不再接纳Na+时 ,Na+大量积累于胞质和质外体 ,使质外体渗透势大大降低 ,胞质水分外流 ,破坏细胞膜系统和胞质新陈代谢 ,造成伤害。     

不同基因型冬小麦Na~+吸收动力学特征及其耐盐性

在水培条件下,以4种不同基因型冬小麦小偃6号、NR9405、陕229和RB6为试验材料,采用浓度梯度法等研究了小麦幼苗的Na+吸收动力学特征及其与耐盐性的关系。结果表明:冬小麦对Na+的吸收可分为两个阶段,盐浓度在NaCl 50～80 mmol L-1以下(低盐)时,4种冬小麦的Na+吸收动力学参数Vmax和Km分别为Na+0.50、0.30、0.58、0.55 mg g-1h-1和Na+18.50、3.89、70.90、30.68 mmol L-1;在NaCl 50～80mmol L-1以上(中、高盐)时,4种冬小麦的Vmax和Km分别为1.81、1.56、2.11、2.11 mg g-1h-1和Na+107.20、70.29、121.06、102.67 mmol L-1。在低盐环境中冬小麦对Na+的排斥率为90%左右,而在高盐环境中对Na+的排斥率只有50%～60%。低盐胁迫下小偃6号和NR9405对Na+的吸收速率较陕229和RB6高50%,Na+的排斥率品种间相差不大;在中、高盐胁迫下陕229和RB6对盐分吸收累积速率较小偃6号和NR9405高15%,而后者对Na+的排斥率较前者高10%。高盐胁迫下高的Na+吸收速率和低的Na+排斥效应可能是陕229和RB6不耐盐的重要原因。     

局部根系盐胁迫对冬小麦生长和光合特征的影响

通过分根装置设置无盐胁迫(0|0)、局部根系150 mmol-L-1NaCl胁迫(0|150)、全部根系75 mmol-L-1NaCl胁迫(75|75)、全部根系150 mmol-L-1NaCl胁迫(150|150)4种处理,研究根系局部盐胁迫对冬小麦生长及光合特征的影响。结果表明:盐胁迫显著抑制了小麦幼苗的生长,并且随着盐胁迫浓度的增加,小麦受抑制程度加重;根系盐胁迫方式对小麦幼苗生长影响显著,局部根系胁迫处理(0|150)小麦幼苗地上部干重比等浓度150 mmol-L-1NaCl全部盐胁迫处理(150|150)增加23.5%,比等浓度75 mmol-L-1NaCl全部盐胁迫处理(75|75)增加17.2%。在局部根系盐胁迫下,非盐胁迫一侧根系(0|150-0)补偿生长,其根长、侧根数、侧根长比盐胁迫一侧根系(0|150-150)分别增加195.2%、206.2%和237.8%,盐胁迫一侧根系吸收的Na+部分向非盐胁迫一侧根系运输,盐胁迫一侧根系(0|150-150)的Na+含量比全部胁迫处理(150|150)减少12.1%。与全部根系盐胁迫相比,局部根系盐胁迫减少了Na+在叶片中的积累,降低了钠/钾值。局部根系盐胁迫叶片净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度和叶绿素荧光参数(Fv/Fm)均高于同浓度完全盐胁迫处理的小麦幼苗,进而增加地上部和根系的生物量。因此,局部根系胁迫显著缓解了全部盐胁迫对小麦地上部和根系生长的抑制作用。     

NaCl胁迫下珠眉海棠苹果中Na +的组织细胞定位研究

本试验研究了水培条件下NaCl胁迫下珠眉海棠苹果组织细胞中Na+的分布及可能的耐盐机制.结果表明:在一定NaCl胁迫浓度范围内,根系中Na +浓度高于地上部,根系对Na +有一定的再吸收作用,这是珠眉海棠耐盐的重要机制;当NaCl胁迫浓度达到一定阀值后,根、叶细胞Na +大量积累,当细胞液泡不再接纳Na +时,Na +大量积累于胞质和质外体,使质外体渗透势大大降低,胞质水分外流,破坏细胞膜系统和胞质新陈代谢,造成伤害.     

NaCl胁迫下中国南瓜杂交种和黑籽南瓜植株离子吸收与积累特性研究

营养液栽培条件下,在成株期以 80 mmol/L NaCl 胁迫中国南瓜 360-3×112-2 F1和黑籽南瓜植株,10d 后,测定了植株的生长量和不同器官中Na+、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+的含量。结果表明,NaCl 胁迫下两种材料的生长受到明显抑制,360-3×112-2杂交种的生长抑制比黑籽南瓜植株较轻。NaCl 胁迫后两种南瓜植株体内Na+含量升高,360-3×112-2杂交种的Na+主要累积在根部,黑籽南瓜主要积累在茎中;K+、Ca2+、Mg2+的含量在植株体内呈下降的趋势,但360-3×112-2杂交种的上位叶中的含量却上升。NaCl胁迫下,因Na+的积累抑制了K+的吸收,植株各器官的K+/Na+普遍降低,但黑籽南瓜比360-3×112-2杂交种的K+/Na+下降明显。这些结果说明,两种南瓜受到盐胁迫后Na+的主要积累器官不同,致使地上部各器官有不同的K+、Ca2+、Mg2+吸收和积累特性,K+/Na+降低幅度也不同,从而影响了植株的生长,产生了耐盐性的差异。360-3×112-2杂交种耐盐性比黑籽南瓜强,可望作为耐盐砧木在瓜类生产上使用。     

燕麦幼苗对盐胁迫和碱胁迫的生理响应差异

为探讨‘定莜6号’燕麦对盐胁迫和碱胁迫的生理响应差异,采用砂培法研究了不同浓度(0mmol/L,50mmol/L,100mmol/L,150mmol/L和200mmol/L)NaCl和NaHCO3胁迫对幼苗生长、活性氧代谢和渗透调节物质积累的影响。结果表明:(1)随着NaCl和NaHCO3浓度增大,燕麦植株干重及叶片K+含量和K+/Na+明显下降,叶片Na+含量及O2·产生速率、H2O2和MDA含量显著提高。NaHCO3胁迫的上述指标变幅大于NaCl胁迫。(2)不同浓度NaCl和NaHCO3胁迫均引起燕麦叶片SOD、CAT、POD和APX活性提高或降低;NaHCO3胁迫与NaCl胁迫相比抗氧化酶激活或受抑的程度在不同Na+浓度下表现不同。NaHCO3胁迫的燕麦叶片ASA和GSH含量低于相同Na+浓度下的NaCl胁迫,100 mmol/L Na+浓度下GSH含量则相反。(3)50~150 mmol/L Na+浓度下,NaHCO3胁迫的燕麦叶片具有比NaCl胁迫更高的可溶性糖含量,200mmol/L Na+浓度下可溶性糖含量则相反。NaHCO3胁迫的燕麦叶片游离氨基酸含量明显高于NaCl胁迫,脯氨酸含量则相反。上述结果表明,燕麦的耐碱性低于耐盐性,这可能与碱胁迫引起Na+、K+更严重的失衡及活性氧清除系统变化和渗透调节物质积累存在差异有关。     

盐胁迫对小型西瓜幼苗体内离子分布的影响

采用营养液水培法,研究了不同NaCl浓度对耐盐性不同的两个小型西瓜品种（秀雅和秀丽）幼苗体内离子分布的影响。结果表明,NaCl胁迫抑制了西瓜幼苗的生长,秀雅生长受抑制程度明显小于秀丽; 随NaCl浓度的提高,植株体内Na+和Cl－含量增加,K+、 Ca2+和Mg2+含量降低。5种离子在器官间呈区域化分布,Cl－主要积累在茎中而Na+主要积累于茎和根中; K+含量在茎中降低幅度较大,叶中降低幅度较小; Ca2+和Mg2+主要存在于茎和叶中,且在叶中降低幅度较小。NaCl胁迫下,西瓜根向茎选择性运输K+和Ca2+的能力降低,而茎向叶选择性运输的能力提高,有利于减轻NaCl胁迫对叶片的伤害。与秀丽相比,秀雅叶中K+、 Ca2+含量降低幅度较小,Cl－和Na+积累量较少,K+/Na+和Ca2+/Na+比值均较高,茎向叶运输的SK,Na和SCa,Na值也较高。以上结果说明,向叶片运输Na+的选择性较低,是秀雅耐盐性较强的主要原因之一,离子在器官水平上的区域化分布是西瓜植株适应盐胁迫的重要生理机制之一。     

外源 GSH 对 NaCl 胁迫下番茄幼苗叶片及根系离子微域分布的影响

【目的】盐胁迫是限制新疆番茄生长的重要障碍因子之一,而外源喷施谷胱甘肽 (GSH) 是解决这一问题的有效措施。探讨外源 GSH 缓解番茄盐胁迫的效应和作用机制,可为该措施的有效应用提供理论依据。 【方法】采用营养液栽培法,选用番茄品种‘中蔬四号’为试材。在营养液中加入 NaCl 100 mg/L,使其产生盐胁迫,以不加 NaCl 作为对照 (CK),试验处理包括不喷施 GSH (NaCl)、喷施 GSH (+ GSH)、喷施 GSH 合成酶抑制剂 (+ BSO) 以及喷施 GSH 和 BSO (+ BSO + GSH)。测定番茄幼苗叶片和根系中与耐盐性相关的 K+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Na+ 和 Cl– 的离子微域分布状态和平衡。 【结果】NaCl 胁迫下番茄叶片和根系所有组织细胞中 Na+ 和 Cl– 相对含量显著提高,K+ 相对含量和 K+/Na+、Ca2+/Na+、K+/Cl– 比值降低,说明 NaCl 胁迫使细胞中 Na+ 和 Cl– 有害离子积累及胞内离子稳态严重破坏;外源 BSO 施用进一步加剧了 NaCl 胁迫下番茄叶片和根系细胞的 K+/Na+ 失衡。而外源 GSH 施用抑制了 NaCl 胁迫下番茄叶片和根系对 Na+ 的吸收,降低了 Cl– 的相对含量,提高了 K+/Na+、Ca2+/Na+、K+/Cl– 比值。外源 GSH 亦使 NaCl+BSO 胁迫下番茄叶片各组织及根系中皮层、内皮层和中柱的 Na+ 未检出,根系和叶片各组织中 Cl– 相对含量显著降低,K+ 和 Ca2+ 相对含量及 K+/Na+、Ca2+/Na+、K+/Cl–、Ca2+/Cl– 比值显著提高。 【结论】外源 GSH 通过抑制盐胁迫下番茄叶片和根系对 Na+ 的吸收,降低 Cl– 吸收,改善细胞中离子的微域分布和维持离子平衡, 从而缓解了盐胁迫对番茄的毒害作用,提高了番茄的耐盐性。     

重金属胁迫对小麦光合产物输配影响的示踪动力学研究

应用示踪动力学方法研究了不同浓度的 3种重金属离子 (Cu2 +、Cd2 +和Hg2 +)胁迫对小麦幼苗叶片光合产物输配影响。结果表明 ( 1 )Cu2 +、Cd2 +和Hg2 +能明显使小麦倒一叶光合产物输出速率常数k10 随其胁迫浓度的增大逐步减小 ;随Cu2 +、Cd2 +和Hg2 +胁迫浓度的升高 ,小麦倒二叶光合产物的输出速率常数k10 均表现为先上升后下降的趋势 ,表明重金属胁迫能影响小麦叶片光合产物从叶内的输出。 ( 2 )较低浓度 ( 50mg L)的Cu2 +、Cd2 +就使小麦倒一叶和倒二叶k2 1和k12 大幅度降低 ,尤其当Cu2 +浓度达 1 50mg L时 ,k2 1和k12 均等于零 ;1 0 0mg L的Hg2 +胁迫使倒一叶k2 1和k12 大幅度降低 ,50mg L的Hg2 +胁迫也使倒二叶k2 1大幅度降低 ,表明重金属胁迫能影响小麦叶片光合产物在叶内的分配代谢。 ( 3 )Cu2 +、Hg2 +和Cd2 +能明显抑制光合产物向根系的积累     

氯化钠胁迫下施氮对冬小麦生长发育及体内氯、钠离子积累的影响

温室盆栽试验研究了不同NaCl胁迫水平下施氮对冬小麦生长发育及氯、钠离子吸收特性的影响。结果表明,在盐胁迫下,施用化学氮肥能显著增加小麦株高与叶面积,使产量提高。施氮后不但增加了小麦植株体含氮量,而且抑制了苗期Cl-在植株体的积累和生长后期Na+在植株体的积累。利用植株体N/Cl比和N/Na比可作为衡量施氮对小麦不同生育期植株体累积Cl-、Na+抑制效果的指标。     

氯化胆碱对小麦幼苗生长的影响

适宜浓度范围(200～700ppm)的氯化胆碱(CC)对小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)桂5503幼苗各项生长指标均有不同程度的促进效应,且有随处理时间延长,促进效果增加的趋势。浓度过高(>1000 ppm)对生长有延缓作用。低浓度中以200～300ppm CC 促进效应较佳,尤以300ppm CC 处理最好。与对照比,经300ppm CC 处理者,苗高、根长、根系体积、地上部与地下部干物质重以及根系活力均有增加,根系浸提液 pH 值降低,K~+,Na~+等离子外渗量减少。     

Na+,K+-ATPase调节肝再生增强因子促HepG2细胞增殖

采用四甲基噻唑盐(M TT)法检验肝再生增强因子(ALR)对H epG 2细胞增殖作用;[3H]-T dR掺入测定细胞DNA合成;采用无机磷比色法测定细胞N a ,K -ATPase的酶活力。结果表明:ALR通过促进H epG 2细胞DNA合成,使细胞增殖,并存在剂量效应正相关性(P<0.01);ALR对N a ,K -ATPase酶活呈剂量时间依赖型影响;奎巴因可以通过抑制细胞N a ,K -ATPase影响ALR对H epG 2细胞增殖促进作用。因此,N a ,K -ATPase能参与调节ALR促进H epG 2细胞的增殖。     

钛对小麦吸收利用氮素及产量的影响

应用~(15)N标记化肥硫酸铵(丰度29.07％),研究了叶面喷施钛化合物溶液对小麦产量及吸收利用化肥氮的影响。试验表明,叶面喷施10和50ppm钛(Ti)溶液可促进小麦产量的增加,使小麦植株和籽粒中来自肥料和土壤的氮明显增多,促进了颖壳中的氮向籽粒转运。植株、籽粒对化肥氮盼利用率由对照的53.1％和31.1％分别提高至56.6—60.4％和37.9—44.4％,达差异显著和极显著水平。     

磷的吸收转运机制研究进展

磷对动物来说具有重要的生理功能。它主要以无机磷的形式在小肠和肾脏近端小管上皮细胞的刷状缘膜被吸收和重吸收,它的吸收转运过程是一个借助于钠磷协同转运蛋白与钠离子一起的主动转运过程,并且磷的吸收受很多因素的调节。在充分了解磷的吸收转运机制以后既可以保证动物以最佳状态生长,又可以使由于磷造成的环境污染降到最低。本文就磷的吸收转运机制最新研究进展进行了概述。     

Methods of collection of plant root exudates in relation to plant metabolism and purpose: A review

The aim of this work is to review the current knowledge on the effects of plant metabolism (C₃, C₄, and CAM) on root exudation and on the methods of exudate collection as well as the use of such exudates for analyses, testing of microbial response, degradation of pollutants, enzymatic activities, and occurrence of allelochemicals. We examine the advantages and disadvantages of each method as related to the downstream use of the exudates. The use of continuous percolation of solid cultivation medium with adjustment of nutrient‐solution strength appears to be a promising methodology for the determination of root exudation rates and qualitative composition of exuded compounds. The method mimics rhizosphere conditions, minimizing the artificial accumulation of compounds, alteration of plasma‐membrane permeability, ATPase activity, and the impacts of inhibitors or stimulators of root enzymes. Of particular significance is the fact that the adjustment of strength of nutrient solution and percolation enables universal and also long‐term use of the method, allowing high exudation yield by minimizing influx and maximizing efflux rates of exuded compounds at high nutrient‐solution strength. Furthermore, it facilitates assessment of the effect on soil microbial populations and their ability to degrade pollutants. Enzymatic activities can be assessed when a low strength of nutrient solution is used, with percolation of the exudates directly into tested soils. Composition of root exudates, regulation of root enzymes, and plant response to nutrient deficiency can be assessed by measuring net efflux or influx rates. The impact of heavy metals and other type of mechanical, chemical, and biological stresses differs according to the type of plant metabolism. This has significant consequences on transformations in plant communities, both structurally and functionally, and impacts upon crop nutrition, with respect to global climate change, and the use of plants for phytoremediation purposes. Understanding the effects of different types of plant metabolism on root exudation with respect to genetic regulation of synthetic pathways through root enzymes and transport systems presents an important direction for future research.     

NITROGEN FERTILIZATION OPTIMIZATION ALGORITHM BASED ON IN-SEASON ESTIMATES OF YIELD AND PLANT NITROGEN UPTAKE

Current methods of determining nitrogen (N) fertilization rates in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) are based on farmer projected yield goals and fixed N removal rates per unit of grain produced. This work reports on an alternative method of determining fertilizer N rates using estimates of early-season plant N uptake and potential yield determined from in-season spectral measurements collected between January and April. Reflectance measurements under daytime lighting in the red and near infrared regions of the spectra were used to compute the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). Using a modified daytime lighting reflectance sensor, early-season plant N uptake between Feekes physiological growth stages 4 (leaf sheaths lengthen) through 6 (first node of stem visible) was found to be highly correlated with NDVI. Further analyses showed that dividing the NDVI sensor measurements between Feekes growth stages 4 and 6, by the days from planting to sensing date was highly correlated with final grain yield. This in-season estimate of yield (INSEY) was subsequently used to compute the potential N that could be removed in the grain. In-season N fertilization needs were then considered to be equal to the amount of predicted grain N uptake (potential yield times grain N) minus predicted early-season plant N uptake (at the time of sensing), divided by an efficiency factor of 0.70. This method of determining in-season fertilizer need has been shown to decrease large area N rates while also increasing wheat grain yields when each 1m² area was sensed and treated independently.     

大麦盐害及耐盐机理的研究进展

大麦是禾谷作物中较为耐盐的粮食作物。然而在盐胁迫环境下,Na+能把膜系统中的其他离子置换下来,使细胞过多地吸收Na+和Cl-,从而导致细胞膜系统受损、DNA降解、植物营养亏缺、生理干旱以及细胞死亡等伤害。大麦自身在受到盐分胁迫下,耐盐机制有:离子的选择性吸收、拒盐排盐性、渗透调节物质的合成以及离子在植株体内的运输交换。进行大麦耐盐性选择时,萌发力、耐盐指数、Na+/K+和渗透调节物质的合成能力,都是比较重要的选择标准。基于大麦较好的耐盐性,可通过遗传育种改良、化学控制、耕作等措施和途径提高大麦的耐盐抗盐能力,减轻盐害,提高大麦产量和品质。     

水培条件下加入钾和硅减轻甘蔗盐胁迫效应

A hydroponics experiment was conducted to evaluate the role of potassium (K) and silicon (Si) in mitigating the deleterious effects of NaCl on sugarcane genotypes differing in salt tolerance. Two salt-sensitive (CPF 243 and SPF 213) and two salt-tolerant (HSF 240 and CP 77-400) sugarcane genotypes were grown for six weeks in ? strength Johnson’s nutrient solution. The nutrient solution was salinized by two NaCl levels (0 and 100 mmol L-1 NaCl) and supplied with two levels of K (0 and 3 mmol L-1) and Si (0 and 2 mmol L-1). Applied NaCl enhanced Na+ concentration in plant tissues and significantly (P ≤ 0.05) reduced shoot and root dry matter in four sugarcane genotypes. However, the magnitude of reduction was much greater in salt-sensitive genotypes than salt-tolerant genotypes. The salts interfered with the absorption of K+ and Ca2+ and significantly (P ≤ 0.05) decreased their uptake in sugarcane genotypes. Addition of K and Si either alone or in combination significantly (P ≤ 0.05) inhibited the uptake and transport of Na+ from roots to shoots and improved dry matter yields under NaCl conditions. Potassium uptake, K+/Na+ ratios, and Ca2+ and Si uptake were also significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased by the addition of K and/or Si to the root medium. In this study, K and Si-enhanced salt tolerance in sugarcane genotypes was ascribed to decreased Na+ concentration and increased K+ with a resultant improvement in K+/Na+ ratio, which is a good indicator to assess plant tolerance to salt stress. However, further verification of these results is warranted under field conditions.     

土壤深层储水对小麦产量效应的研究

在黄土高原南部的陕西关中和晋南台塬区,广泛地流传一句农谚:“麦收隔年墒”。意思是说,冬小麦产量的高低取决于前一年雨季降水对土壤墒情补充和恢复的程度。这句简单的话是群众干百年来从事农业生产实践而总结出来的一条小麦生产的重要规律。远在五十年代,我们也发现,在春季干旱严重的年份,冬麦单产依然可以达到四、五百斤以上^[2]。