陕北风蚀水蚀交错区不同植被下土壤入渗性能差异性研究

针对风蚀水蚀交错典型地区不同植被类型(山杏、沙棘、油松、河北杨林等).采用改进的土壤人渗过程测定仪对林地土壤进行了持水性能和入渗性能的实测研究.结果表明.森林群落的蓄水能力和人渗性能均好于灌丛群落和草本群落.非毛管孔隙度是土壤蓄水能力的主要决定因素,数值上森林群落和灌丛群落为草本群落的1.09～1.49倍.土壤的初渗率在1.26～27.66 mm/min.稳渗率在5.95～19.86 mm/min.总体上是森林群落>灌丛群落>草本群落·具体表现为小叶杨山杏混交林>河北杨>山杏>河北杨+沙棘>油松+小叶杨+山杏>油松>荒草地.土壤人渗的回归方程表现为幂函数形式,回归系数在0.91～0.98.拟合效果好.该研究结果为评价陕北风蚀水蚀交错区不同植被类型下土壤持水能力和入渗性能提供了重要参考.     

晋西黄土区退耕还林后土壤入渗特征及土壤质量评价

为研究晋西黄土区退耕还林后不同植被覆盖下土壤的入渗特征及土壤质量评价,采用野外双环入渗法测定土壤的入渗特征,并测定不同地类土壤的容重、孔隙度、有机质、全氮等指标,使用相关性分析研究不同类型植被覆盖下土壤的入渗性能及其与土壤理化性质的相关关系,并将各地类的土壤理化性质进行主成分分析。结果表明:(1)植被类型对于土壤渗透速率影响较大,表现为天然次生林刺槐×油松混交林刺槐纯林油松纯林灌木林地苹果园地荒草地农田(玉米地)。(2)退耕还林后,不同植被类型的土壤理化性质差异显著(P0.05),随着森林逐渐恢复,土壤容重下降,孔隙度及有机质等含量增加,土壤理化性质得以改善,入渗性能也有明显提高。土壤入渗特征与总孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、有机质和全氮含量呈极显著正相关(P0.01),与容重呈极显著负相关(P0.01),与速效磷呈显著负相关(P0.05)。(3)综合土壤入渗性能和土壤理化性质作为土壤评价指标,晋西黄土区退耕还林后不同植被类型土壤质量从高到低依次为次生林刺槐×油松混交林刺槐纯林油松纯林灌木林地苹果园地荒草地农田。     

陕北黄土高原不同植被类型下降雨对坡面径流侵蚀产沙的影响

通过对陕北黄土高原吴起县退耕地5个不同植被类型径流小区降雨对径流产沙影响的分析,研究退耕还林后不同植被类型的水土保持效应。结果表明:(1)降雨量与雨强对径流量的影响显著;小区建立初期5个径流小区的产流状况从大到小为油松>草地>沙棘+油松(Ⅱ)>沙棘+油松(Ⅰ)>沙棘;随着植被生长,产流从大到小为草地>沙棘+油松(Ⅱ)>沙棘>油松>沙棘+油松(Ⅰ)。随着林分郁闭度的增大,降雨与径流量的相关性在减少。(2)径流量与雨强对产沙量的影响显著;小区建立初期5个径流小区的产沙量从大到小顺序为油松>沙棘+油松(Ⅱ)>草地>沙棘>沙棘+油松(Ⅰ);随着植被生长,产沙量从大到小为草地>油松>沙棘>沙棘+油松(Ⅱ)>沙棘+油松(Ⅰ)。随着植被生长,产沙量基本趋于稳定。(3)坡度对径流产沙的影响显著。同一场降雨,植被类型相同,坡度大的径流量大、产沙量也大;坡度相近的小区,小区建立初期径流产沙量从大到小为油松>沙棘+油松(Ⅱ)>草地>沙棘>沙棘+油松(Ⅰ);随着植被生长,径流产沙从大到小为草地>油松>沙棘>沙棘+油松(Ⅱ)>沙棘+油松(Ⅰ)。因此,退耕还林后,林草植被恢复有效减少了水土流失,在造林初期,沙棘纯林的水土保持效果最为显著,随着植被生长,(沙棘+油松)混合林地的水土保持效应效果最佳。     

坝上地区退耕还林地土壤水文生态特征

 为明确退耕林地不同植被类型土壤层的水文生态效应及其水源涵养功能,通过野外取样与室内测试的方法,以封育草地为对照,定量研究坝上地区典型区域张北县沙棘林、柠条林和榆树林等退耕林地的土壤颗粒粒径分布、水分物理性质和入渗性能等水文生态特征。结果表明:不同植被类型同一土层间土壤密度、孔隙度与持水性能差异显著,同一植被类型内不同土层间各指标差异不明显;与草地相比,林地能较好地改善土壤结构,土壤水文生态效应好于草地;4种植被类型的土壤颗粒粒径分布主要集中在1～0.05 mm范围内,约占64.08%～71.13%;林地土壤密度小于草地,榆树林、沙棘林和柠条林的土壤密度分别比草地的减小25.26%、24.98%、16.49%;土壤孔隙度以及土壤饱和持水量、有效持水量表现为沙棘林>榆树林>柠条林>草地;入渗速率与入渗时间遵从f=at-b的幂函数关系,柠条林、沙棘林和榆树林的稳渗速率分别为草地的4.96、3.18和2.88倍。研究结果可为坝上地区退耕林地生态效应的评价提供理论依据。     

晋西黄土区不同植被类型土壤抗冲性及表层根系分布特征

采用原状土冲刷水槽法,以油松林、刺槐林、山杏林、荆条地及荒草地土壤为研究对象,研究了晋西黄土残塬沟壑区蔡家川流域不同植被类型土壤抗冲性能及植物根系对土壤抗冲性的影响。结果表明:(1)在原状土冲刷试验过程中,各植被类型径流量随冲刷时间的变化趋势不明显,含沙量随时间延长先减少后趋于平稳,土壤抗冲指数呈逐渐增加的趋势。(2)各植被类型总根长密度、根表面积密度、根体积密度及根生物量密度均表现为刺槐、油松林地较大,山杏、荆条、荒草地较小且相差不大,总根系参数之间均存在正相关关系。各植被类型不同根径范围(0～0.5,0.5～1.0,1.0～2.0,2.0～5.0,5.0 mm)的根系指标中,0～0.5 mm径级的根长密度均最大,根体积密度总体表现为细根比粗根小。(3)不同植被类型植物根系均能增强土壤的抗冲性,增强效应表现为刺槐林地和油松林地较强,山杏、荆条、荒草地较弱。植物根系指标中1 mm径级的根长密度、根表面积密度、根体积密度与土壤抗冲性增强值呈显著或极显著正相关关系。其他径级根系参数与土壤抗冲性增强值相关性不显著。     

晋西黄土高原不同地类土壤抗冲性研究

以晋西黄土高原不同林龄的油松林地为研究对象,以荒草地和农地为对照,以地表径流的泥沙含量为指标,采用野外实地放水冲刷法,对不同林龄油松林地的土壤抗冲性进行研究,分析坡度、林龄、枯落物、生物多样性指数对土壤抗冲性的影响.结果表明:(1)油松林地的土壤抗冲性大于荒草地和农地的土壤抗冲性;(2)坡度对油松林地的土壤抗冲性有较大影响,土壤抗冲性随着坡度的增加而减弱;(3)在一定坡度下,随着林龄的增加土壤抗冲性增强;(4)枯落物对油松林地的土壤抗冲性有显著影响,去除枯落物的油松林地土壤抗冲性明显小于有枯落物的油松林地,土壤抗冲性随着枯落物厚度的增加而增强;(5)生物多样性和土壤抗冲性关系密切,林地土壤抗冲性随多样性指数的增大而增强.     

露天煤矿排土场不同植被类型持水能力评价

采用野外调查和室内综合分析,系统研究了露天煤矿排土场不同植被类型的枯落物特征、土壤物理性质、土壤渗透性能和蓄水能力变化,并采用主成分分析对各样地持水能力进行综合评价。结果表明:不同植被类型枯落物的厚度和蓄积量均差异显著(P0.05),乔木林地、灌木林地和荒草地枯落物厚度依次为1.80,1.23,0.83cm,枯落物蓄积量为6.76,2.96,0.58t/hm~2;乔木林地枯落物的持水能力和拦蓄能力最强,显著大于灌木林地和荒草地(P0.05)。各样地土壤容重依次为荒草地灌木林地乔木林地,乔木林地和灌木林地的土壤入渗能力显著高于荒草地(P0.05),初始入渗率、稳定入渗率和渗透总量分别为1.53~4.08mm/min、0.20~1.51mm/min和28~133mL。乔木林地和灌木林地的实际库容大于荒草地,林地水库贮水效率显著高于荒草地(P0.05)。采用主成分分析法评价露天煤矿排土场不同植被类型的持水能力,15个评价指标可优化为3个主成分,累计贡献率为96.832%,各样地持水能力综合得分为乔木林地灌木林地荒草地。从排土场枯落物层和土壤层的持水能力角度,可选择乔木树种(刺槐)作为主要复垦植被。     

刺槐,柠条,沙棘林土壤入渗及抗冲性对比试验

试验结果表明：刺槐、柠条、沙棘林土壤入渗性能均高于荒地。从初渗率到稳渗率，刺槐林最高，初渗率柠条林最高，沙刺林稳渗率高于柠条林。３种林地的土壤抗冲性均大于地。土壤表层抗冲性以柠条林最大，刺槐、沙刺林次之，荒地最小。刺槐、柠条、沙棘林土壤冲刷模数与土深度、冲刷坡度、须根含量关系密切，并呈多因子乘积函数关系，为研究乔灌林保持水土机理和土壤抗冲性测定提供依据。     

伏牛山东麓不同植被恢复类型土壤入渗性能及产流预测

为了研究不同植被恢复类型对土壤入渗与产流的影响,采用双环入渗法测定了伏牛山东麓六种植被恢复类型土壤水分入渗过程,通过对比稳渗率与不同重现期的暴雨强度,判断不同植被类型地表径流产生的可能性。结果表明:(1)不同植被类型土壤初渗率、稳渗率和前60min入渗量均表现出栓皮栎次生林>栓皮栎人工林>刺槐人工林>侧柏人工林>灌丛>裸地的规律;(2)土壤入渗特征参数与土壤容重、总孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、有机质含量、细根生物量和团聚体含量显著相关(p<0.05),其中土壤容重、总孔隙度是影响土壤入渗的主导因子;(3)栓皮栎次生林能抵御10a一遇的暴雨,栓皮栎人工林能抵御1a一遇的暴雨,而其它植被类型均不能低御1a一遇的暴雨,易产生暴雨径流。说明封育天然次生林和运用乡土树种造林进行植被恢复,有利于提高土壤的入渗性能。     

海州露天煤矿排土场复垦区不同土地利用类型土壤入渗特征

为揭示排土场复垦区不同土地利用类型土壤的水源涵养功能,采用野外实地双环入渗试验和室内理化分析方法,系统地研究了海州露天煤矿排土场复垦区不同土地利用类型(乔木林地、灌木林地、农用地、荒草地)土壤入渗特性及其影响因素。结果表明:不同土地利用类型下的土壤初始入渗率、稳定入渗率和累计入渗量均表现为乔木林地灌木林地农用地荒草地;不同土地利用类型下土壤入渗过程的拟合优度存在差异,G-P综合模型、Kastiakov模型、Horton模型的平均拟合优度依次为0.926,0.908,0.905。G-P综合模型相对误差为79.21%~123.69%,更接近排土场复垦区土壤入渗的实际过程,可作为排土场复垦区土壤入渗过程的预测模型;不同土地利用类型下土壤初始入渗率与非毛管孔隙度呈显著正相关,稳定入渗率和累计入渗量与非毛管孔隙度、砾石含量和部分根系特征呈显著正相关;采用主成分分析评价的土壤入渗能力排序为乔木林地灌木林地农用地荒草地,初始入渗率、稳定入渗率、14min入渗率和累积入渗量的主成分方差累积贡献率为99.047%,较好地表达了土壤入渗能力。     

中国华北地区近40年物候春季变化

根据华北地区7个观测站物候资料,分析了华北地区1963-1996年及北京1963-2005年物候春季的变化特征及其与气温的关系。结果表明:华北地区的物候春季有明显提早来临的趋势,而造成这一变化的主要因素是本地区近40 a来冬春季气温的明显上升。其中1963-1996年间华北地区1-3月及4月的平均气温分别上升了2.3℃与1.7℃,物候春季起止日期分别提前了9d和4d,因而使得春季长度也延长了5d;北京1963-2003年间1-3月及4月的平均气温分别上升了3.5℃与2.6℃,物候春季的起止日期分别提前了11d和10d,但春季长度没有明显变化。     

Trace metals in precipitation in Sweden

Trace metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn) concentrations in atmospheric precipitation have been routinely monitored in Sweden since the autumn of 1983. Concentrations are highest in southern Sweden and decrease northward. It is postulated that the long range transport of anthropogenic pollutants from the rest of Europe is the major source of Cd, Pb, and Zn in precipitation. Evidence for this hypothesis is that enrichment factors indicate anthropogenic origin, and Swedish atmospheric emissions of Zn and Cd are 2 to 3 times smaller than deposition fluxes. Also, Cd, Pb, and Zn concentrations are correlated in both space and time and are also well correlated with exSO₄ ⁺, a substance known to be of anthropogenic origin transported long distances.     

Patterns in trace elements in lichens

Water, Air, & Soil Pollution - Epiphytic lichens were sampled in a Dutch national monitoring survey, which was carried out twice within 5 yr. The samples were analyzed by neutron activation...     

Sediment denitrification in waterways in a rice-paddy-dominated watershed in eastern China

Purpose

Rice-paddy-dominated watersheds in eastern China are intensively cultivated, and lands with two crops receive as much as 550–600 kg?ha^–1?year^–1 of nitrogen (N), mainly through the addition of N-based fertilizers. However, stream N concentrations have been found to be relatively low. Waterways in the watersheds are assumed to be effective “sinks” for N, minimizing its downstream movement. We directly measured net sediment denitrification rates in three types of waterways (ponds, streams/rivers, and a reservoir) and determined the key factors that control net sediment denitrification. Such information is essential for evaluating the impact of the agricultural N cycle on the quality of surface water.

Materials and methods

The pond–stream–reservoir continuum was sampled every 2 months at nine sites in an agricultural watershed between November 2010 and December 2011. Net sediment N₂ fluxes/net sediment denitrification rates were determined by membrane inlet mass spectrometry and the N₂/Ar technique. A suite of parameters known to influence denitrification were also measured.

Results and discussion

Net denitrification rates ranged between 28.2?±?18.2 and 674.3?±?314.5 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1 for the streams, 23.7?±?23.9 and 121.2?±?38.7 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1 for the ponds, and 41.8?±?17.7 and 239.3?±?49.8 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1 for the reservoir. The mean net denitrification rate of the stream sites (173.2?±?248.4 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1) was significantly higher (p?<?0.001) than that of the pond sites (48.3?±?44.5 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1), and the three types of waterways all had significantly higher (p?<?0.01) mean net denitrification rates in summer than in other seasons. Linear regression and linear mixed effect model analysis showed that nitrate (NO₃ ^?–N) concentration in surface water was the primary controlling factor for net sediment denitrification, followed by water temperature. Using monitoring data on NO₃ ^?–N concentrations and temperature of the surface water of waterways and an established linear mixed effect model, total N removed through net sediment denitrification in the pond–stream–reservoir continuum was estimated at 46.8?±?24.0 t?year^–1 from July 2007 to June 2009, which was comparable with earlier estimates based on the mass balance method (34.3?±?12.7 t?year^–1), and accounted for 83.4 % of the total aquatic N. However, the total aquatic N was only 4.4 % of the total N input to the watershed, and thus most of the surplus N in the watershed was likely to be either denitrified or stored in soil.

Conclusions

High doses of N in a rice-paddy-dominated watershed did not lead to high stream N concentrations due to limited input of N into waterways and the high efficiency of waterways in removing N through denitrification.     

天津半干旱地区不同种植年限菜田土壤微生物变化特征的研究

对天津周边半干旱地区不同种植年限的菜田土壤微生物状况调查研究表明 ,该地区土壤微生物以细菌为主 ,夏季微生物总量大大高于冬季 ;随着种菜年限的增加 ,耕层和亚耕层微生物总量都有增加趋势 ,其中细菌和放线菌增加明显 ,真菌有下降趋势 ;真菌类群分析表明 ,少数纤维素分解菌 ,如青霉 (Penicillium)、木霉 (Trichoderma)等为优势菌 ,而糖和木质素分解菌仅占少数。用尖孢镰刀霉 (Fusariumuoxysporum)、大肠杆菌 (Escherichia coli)接种不同种菜年限土壤 ,检测土壤拮抗菌状况发现 ,拮抗菌仅在种植年限长的老菜田的放线菌中发现。表明北方半干旱地区菜田土壤细菌为优势菌 ,主要存在于土壤微孔隙中 ;而适于生活在土壤疏松大孔隙中的真菌数量极少。应注意土壤结构的改良 ,为丰富土壤微生物提供良好的生态环境     

天津半干旱地区不同种植年限菜田土壤微生物变化特征的研究

对天津周边半干旱地区不同种植年限的菜田土壤微生物状况调查研究表明 ,该地区土壤微生物以细菌为主 ,夏季微生物总量大大高于冬季 ;随着种菜年限的增加 ,耕层和亚耕层微生物总量都有增加趋势 ,其中细菌和放线菌增加明显 ,真菌有下降趋势 ;真菌类群分析表明 ,少数纤维素分解菌 ,如青霉 (Penicillium)、木霉 (Trichoderma)等为优势菌 ,而糖和木质素分解菌仅占少数。用尖孢镰刀霉 (Fusariumuoxysporum)、大肠杆菌 (Escherichia coli)接种不同种菜年限土壤 ,检测土壤拮抗菌状况发现 ,拮抗菌仅在种植年限长的老菜田的放线菌中发现。表明北方半干旱地区菜田土壤细菌为优势菌 ,主要存在于土壤微孔隙中 ;而适于生活在土壤疏松大孔隙中的真菌数量极少。应注意土壤结构的改良 ,为丰富土壤微生物提供良好的生态环境     

Trends in soil science in Switzerland

Phytoremediation is an emerging technology based on the use of green plants to remove, contain, inactivate or destroy harmful environmental pollutants. Recent developments in Europe and the USA show that the approach is somewhat different on both sides of the Atlantic. In Europe, phytoremediation has more basically been research driven and, based on the outcomes, applications have been envisaged. By contrast, the approach in the USA is more application and experience driven. In spite of a growing track record of commercial success, more demonstration projects are needed to prove that phytoremediation is effective in order to rigorously measure its underlying economics, and to expand its applications. More fundamental research is also required to better understand the complex interactions between pollutants, soil, plant roots and micro-organisms at the rhizosphere level, to increase the bioavailability of pollutants, to fully exploit the metabolic diversity of plants and, thus, to successfully implement this new green technology.     

沈阳市城市表土中微生物区系变化的初步研究

在沈阳市远郊-近郊-市区等不同城市化水平区内选取林地、草地和路边土几种不同利用方式下的表层土壤,对土壤中的微生物状况进行了初步分析。结果表明,随着城市化水平的提高,土壤中微生物的数量表现为明显的减少趋势。其中变化较大的是细菌,而真菌和放线菌的变化不明显。     

Changes in proteolytic bacteria in paddy soils in response to organic management

Proteolytic bacterial communities, which mineralize organic nitrogen, play a key role in agricultural systems. In this study, alkaline metalloprotease (apr) gene fragments from proteolytic bacteria were investigated in bulk and rhizosphere paddy soil from four fields under organic management (for 2, 3, 5, and 9 years), and from one field under conventional management (for 2 years). We analyzed the abundance and structure of the proteolytic bacterial communities using real-time quantitative PCR and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Our results showed that the abundance of proteolytic bacteria ranged from 1.57?×?10⁸ to 8.02?×?10⁸?copies/g of soil. In addition, the abundance of the proteolytic bacteria in the paddy soils under organic management was significantly higher than those in the paddy soil under conventional management. Moreover, the gene copy numbers in the rhizosphere soils were significantly higher than those in the bulk soils. The abundance of proteolytic bacteria tended to increase with the duration of organic management, with the highest abundance being found in the soil that had been under organic management for 5 years. However, the proteolytic bacteria communities in the paddy soils were not significantly affected by management practices. Phylogeny analysis showed that all gel bands obtained represented genes from Pseudomonas. Additionally, correlation analysis and canonical correspondence analysis showed that C/N, C, and N were important factors that influenced the abundance and community structure of the proteolytic bacteria. These results suggest that proteolytic bacteria are indicators in organic management systems, depolymerize organic N and hence maintain soil sustainability.

Abbreviations: CM: conventional management; OM: organic management; DGGE: denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis; qPCR: real-time quantitative PCR detecting system; COFCC: China organic food certification center; CCA: canonical correspondence analysis