节水农作制度形成机制的研究

从自然生态、经济、社会三个方面探讨节水农作制度形成的影响因素,将所涵盖的因素又分别细分为几类,从理化机制及国内外实践经验出发,科学分析了各种因素对节水农作制度形成与发展的制约形式,建立中国旱作地区节水农作制度形成机制的基本理论框架,并提出节水农作制度综合效益评价的构想.     

复方柴胡散治疗鸡尿酸盐沉积效果初探

鸡尿酸盐沉积病是由多种病因引起的肾脏机能障碍的总称。发病时间长,死亡率高。主要表现为肾尿酸盐沉积,肿胀、充血、出血。轻者使雏鸡生长受阻、成鸡生长性能降低,重者导致大量死亡。尿酸盐沉积为一种慢性疾病。日粮中蛋白质含量过高、高钙日粮或高钙低磷日粮、维生素缺乏、药物慢性中毒、某些传染病及其它若干因素都可引发本病。目前临床上尚无特效的治疗方法,而且治愈率较低,治疗操作不便等因素,给养鸡业带来一定的经济损失。此项实验以柴胡方剂为主要药物,以清热、通便、理气为治疗原则。试验药物具有操作简便、治愈率高、经济实惠的优点。通过人工复制病例和鸡场自然病例的试验,表明试验药物对该病治愈率达到90%以上。     

贵州省种植业与农作制度模式特点与优化设计

根据贵州省自然和社会资源条件及种植业现状与发展前景,以不同农作制度为背景,对种植业结构与农作制度进行优化设计[1],目的在于从宏观调控上布局农业生产,提高农业生产效益,使经济、社会和生态三效益协调发展,找出适合贵州省农业发展的种植业结构与农作制度类型,使贵州省种植业与农作制度不断完善,走可持续农业发展的道路。     

关于全面推进节水农业的思考

水资源短缺已成为制约我国社会经济发展的瓶颈,干旱已对农业和粮食安全带来严重挑战,节水是河南农业持续发展的重要任务,从加大投入巩固节水成果、统一规划形成节水合力和示范带动引领节水农业方面介绍了节水技术模式推广应用的机制创新。     

湖北省农作制度的优势和发展分析

农作制度的研究与发展是实现湖北农业可持续发展的重要途径和技术载体,其动因是人多地少,农业生态环境恶化。湖北省在农作制度研究与发展方面具有资源和地理优势,其研究发展可分为传统的以提高复种指数为主的阶段,生态经济效益型阶段和可持续的农作制度研究等三个阶段,生态经济效益型阶段和可持续的农作制度研究等三个阶段。改革开庭０年来,农作制度的研究与发展取得了巨大的成就,对湖北农业的发展作出了巨大的贡献,但目前尚     

基于熵权法的黑龙港区咸水利用农艺节水技术集成模式综合评价

黑龙港属华北缺水低平原区,也是典型的中低产地区,水资源不足是限制该地区农业生产发展的主要因素。充分挖掘咸水利用潜力,以咸补淡对解决华北平原水资源短缺有着重要作用。现有研究基本实现了盐碱地的综合治理,但在咸水的农业资源化高效利用方面还远不能满足对技术的需求,表现在咸水利用节水灌溉制度的系统性研究很少,咸水利用节水灌溉技术体系还不完善,单项技术有所突破,集成创新欠缺,影响咸水利用节水灌溉技术应用效果。本文运用熵权综合评价法对"粮棉果蔬咸水高效利用的技术集成与示范"项目形成的小麦咸水利用农艺节水技术集成模式进行评价,筛选出最佳的节水技术模式。从生产、社会经济和生态环境等方面综合评价。得到的结论是:咸水直灌模式最优,旱地模式次优,淡水模式最差。     

山东现代农作制特征及其发展策略

从山东省的农业自然资源状况入手,简要介绍了山东省60多年农作制度的演变特征。针对山东省发展现代农作制面临的资源消耗、区域经济发展、劳动力转移、农村社会化服务体系及农业基本建设等方面的问题与挑战,提出了向现代经营体制转变、全面改善和提高农业生态环境、强化投入和政策支撑及全面实现农作制度现代化技术支撑等发展对策。     

农作制度对江河源区域生态环境演变的作用机理

农业生产活动是人类对区域生态环境的演变影响最为深远的人文因素之一,系统研究了农业在不同发展阶段的技术措施,提出了农作制度是农业生产干扰环境演变的主要因素,系统论述撂荒制、休闲制、轮作制、集约制4种农作制度在区域生态环境演变中的作用机理,并对不同阶段农作制度对江河源区生态环境演变作用程度进行比较和分析。     

河南省农业自然资源与农作制度浅析

河南省地域辽阔，人口众多，地形、土壤、气候条件均较复杂。就农业生产而言，作物种类也异常繁多，群众在长期的生产实践中形成了不同的间、套、轮作制度。为了科学合理地改革种植制度，发挥资源优势，适应市场经济需要，取得社会、经济、生态效益的协调发展，本文对河南省气候资源和土壤资源作了浅析，对种植结构、种植制度及复种等作了总结。最后在挖掘河南农作制度中存在的问题的基础上，结合该省农业资源及生产条件，提出了农作     

基于DPSIR模型的农业节水生态补偿机制评价研究——以甘肃省酒泉地区为例

农业节水生态补偿政策评价及影响因素可以促进政策的顺利实施与改进。本研究选取了甘肃省酒泉地区,从驱动力、压力、状态、影响、响应5个角度对影响农业节水生态补偿的因素进行分析,建立了农业节水生态补偿评价体系,应用层次分析法(AHP)原理分析和计算评价指标体系中各项指标的权重。结果表明,农业节水生态补偿的因素涉及社会经济因素、国家政策及其环境影响,是制约农业节水生态补偿发展的最主要因素,为中国的农业生态补偿法律法规以及国家政策的制定提供理论支撑,能够增强农业节水生态补偿的针对性和实用性,促进农业节水具有更广泛的影响和重要的现实意义。     

作物水分利用率的影响因素及其提高途径探讨

综述了作物水分利用率的研究进展。在探讨水分利用率内涵的基础上，阐述了作物水分利用率的影响因素如作物，环境因素，化学制剂，栽培措施和耕作制度等人类活动等影响因素，重点分析了土壤因素和化学制剂对作物水分利用率的影响，探讨了作物水分利用率的提高途径，包括优化种植结构；选用节水高产型品种；农田覆盖保水技术；水肥耦合技术；化学调控节水技术和节水灌溉技术等     

我国南方地区旱作农业发展概况与对策分析

近年来中国南方地区频繁遭遇干旱,给农业生产和人民生活造成了巨大危害。为促进中国南方地区旱作农业的发展,保障南方地区粮食和经济作物安全,总结了中国南方地区旱作农业发展的现状、意义;重点分析了南方地区旱作农业发展中存在的主要问题;提出了南方旱作农业发展的主要对策：加强农田工程建设、选育抗旱品种、加强抗旱保水技术的开发和应用、利用节灌补水技术,提高水资源利用率。     

The farming system component of European agricultural landscapes

Agricultural landscapes are the outcome of combined natural and human factors over time. This paper explores the scope of perceiving the agricultural landscapes of the European Union (EU) as distinct patterns of farming systems and landscape elements in homogeneous biophysical and administrative endowments. The focus is on the farming systems component of the agricultural landscapes by applying a typology to the sample farms of the Farm Accountancy Data Network and scaling up the results to the landscape level for the territory of the EU. The farming system approach emphasises that agricultural landscapes evolve from the praxis of the farmers and takes into account the scale, intensity and specialisation of the agricultural production. From farming system design point of view, the approach can be used to integrate the landscape in the design process. From a policy point of view, the approach offers handles to implement policies that design agricultural landscapes by targeting the farming system pattern.     

Molecular markers to exploit genotype–environment interactions of relevance in organic growing systems

One of the substantial differences between conventional and organic growing systems is the degree to which the farmer can control biotic and abiotic stresses; for organic growing systems varieties are needed with a broad adaptation to annually varying factors, while at the same time a good specific adaptation is necessary with respect to more constant climate and soil conditions. This combination of requirements implies that varieties for organic farming need to be better characterised with respect to genotype × environment interactions than varieties for conventional farming. Such interactions, which often are found for quantitatively expressed traits, are in general difficult to deal with in phenotypic selection. New approaches for QTL analyses (e.g. using physiological models) facilitate estimation of effects of genes on a trait (the phenotype) as a response to environmental influences. From such analyses, markers can be identified which may help to predict the trait expression of a plant genotype in relation to defined environmental factors. The application of markers to select for loci with specific interactions with the environment could, therefore, be especially important for plant breeders targeting organic farming systems.     

A new method for analyzing agricultural land-use efficiency,and its application in organic and conventional farming systems in southern Germany

Improving the land-use efficiency (LUE) of farming systems could satisfy increasing global food, feed, biomass and bioenergy demand in a sustainable manner. This study presents a new method for calculating LUE, beginning with an overview of different approaches to assessing agricultural LUE. This new method takes into account the quality and function of agricultural products and the relationship between the yield of the assessed farm and the average yield of the reference region with comparable soils, climate and socio-economic conditions.The new approach was tested using data from long-term experiments at the Scheyern Research Farm in southern Germany, which include different farming systems (organic mixed farming, arable farming, and agroforestry; conventional arable farming and agroforestry). In our case studies, the LUE of conventional systems (arable farming: 1.00; improved arable farming: 1.06; agroforestry: 0.98) was higher than those of the organic systems (mixed farming: 0.69; arable farming: 0.33; agroforestry: 0.43) due to different crop rotations, dry matter yields, and biomass usage (harvest ratio). The conversion of high-input arable farming systems (conventional farming) to agroforestry systems is an extensification with negative effects on the dry matter yield and land-use efficiency. Nevertheless, the conversion to agroforestry systems can increase dry matter yield and land-use efficiency in low-input arable farming systems (organic farming). LUE should be used in combination with agri-environmental indicators, in order to ensure both efficient and sustainable land use.     

河西地区沙产业可持续发展刍议

通过对河西走廊荒漠化现状的分析评价,从河西地区的资源与区位优势、水土资源条件、农林牧业发展状况、产业结构布局等方面,分析了河西地区沙产业发展的必要性和现实意义。提出了河西地区沙产业发展的方向是:以水资源的持续、合理利用为目标,农林牧、粮经草全面、协调发展,发展生态产业,培育产业经济带,延伸产业链,形成结构合理的沙产业发展格局。引进节水、高效的植物种、品种和优良家畜,发展苜蓿草产业、麻黄、甘草、黄芪等中药产业、肉羊和肉牛等暖棚式舍饲畜产业、棉花和马铃薯产业、酿造葡萄产业和日光温室蔬菜、花卉产业等,构建河西走廊复合的农林牧生产系统,促进荒漠绿洲沙产业的持续发展。     

植物分子农业研究中的问题与策略

植物分子农业是一个新兴的产业,人们对此很是关注。目前,植物分子农业的发展仍然有许多的限制因素。如蛋白产量低、下游加工困难、蛋白产品的异质性等等。研究人员正致力于对这些问题的研究,提出了许多技术方案。这些问题的解决,将使植物分子农业的发展进入一个新阶段。     

The Optimization for Crop Planning and Some Advances for Water-Saving Crop Planning in the Semiarid Loess Plateau of China

The establishment of water-saving crop planning is an inevitable choice of the water-saving agriculture for the water-deficiency region in the arid and semiarid Loess Plateau of China and the world. The water-saving crop planning refers to the planting structure that centres the adjustment of the crop's adaptation to water, the optimization of temporal and spatial layout for crops, the local natural resources, marketing resources, human resources and financial input to enable region or basin with limited water resources to achieve the maximum economic, social and ecological benefits of planting industry under certain technology and economy. After the analysis on the research progress of optimization theory, optimization goals, optimization methods of water-saving cultivation structure and macro-control measures, it is pointed out that the main deficiencies of the current research of water-saving cultivation pattern optimization are lacking of a strong theoretical basis, and the immaturity of optimization technologies. The future crucial research direction will focus on five aspects such as the special optimization theory system, the division methods by studying the watershed unit and using 3S technology, optimization model based on multi-objective evolutionary algorithm, evaluation of rationality and macro-control measures on the basis of the public participation.     

福建沿海丘陵山地果园节水技术的发展现状与展望

简要介绍福建沿海丘陵山地果园节水技术的发展历史,并从渠道防渗、低压管道输水灌溉、喷灌、微灌、渗灌等节水工程技术以及覆盖保墒、选用抗旱品种、化学调控等节水农业技术方面论述福建沿海丘陵山地果园节水技术的现状,指出当前果园节水技术虽然发展较快,但存在着设施不完善、管理水平低、投资水平低等不足,提出水利措施与农艺措施的优化组合,将节水工程技术、节水农业技术因地制宜进行有机结合,加强果树需水规律和灌溉制度的研究,把有限的水量集中用于作物需水关键期,形成高效节水的新型果园综合技术节水技术体系。     

Breeding for low input conditions and consequences for participatory plant breeding examples from tropical maize and wheat

Participatory plant breeding (PPB) has been suggested as an effective alternative to formal plant breeding (FPB) as a breeding strategy for achieving productivity gains under low input conditions. With genetic progress through PPB and FPB being determined by the same genetic variables, the likelihood of success of PPB approaches applied in low input target conditions was analyzed using two case studies from FPB that have resulted in significant productivity gains under low input conditions: (1) breeding tropical maize for low input conditions by CIMMYT, and (2) breeding of spring wheat for the highly variable low input rainfed farming systems in Australia. In both cases, genetic improvement was an outcome of long-term investment in a sustained research effort aimed at understanding the detail of the important environmental constraints to productivity and the plant requirements for improved adaptation to the identified constraints, followed up by the design and continued evaluation of efficient breeding strategies. The breeding strategies used differed between the two case studies but were consistent in their attention to the key determinants of response to selection: (1) ensuring adequate sources of genetic variation and high selection pressures for the important traits at all stages of the breeding program, (2) use of experimental procedures to achieve high levels of heritability in the breeding trials, and (3) testing strategies that achieved a high genetic correlation between performance of germplasm in the breeding trials and under on-farm conditions. The implications of the outcomes from these FPB case studies for realizing the positive motivations for adopting PPB strategies are discussed with particular reference for low input target environment conditions. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.