Comparison of Antioxidant Activity and Antioxidant Components in Lettuce,Onion and Tomato Obtained with Different Levels and Forms of Nitrogen Fertilization

The effect of N levels and sources on the antioxidant components in vegetable is not completely understood. Therefore, greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the changes in antioxidant capacity diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl （DPPH） and ferric reducing antioxidant power （FRAP）, total phenolics, ascorbic acid, total carotene and lycopene contents in edible portions of lettuce, onion and tomato due to different nitrogen levels and sources. The experiment included three N levels （20, 40 and 60 kg/ha for lettuce trial and 60, 120 and 180 kg/ha for either onion or tomato） and four nitrogen sources （calcium nitrate, ammonium sulphate, ammonium nitrate and urea）. The antioxidant capacity and phenolic contents in lettuce was enhanced under low nitrogen level, while the antioxidant capacities, phenolics, carotenoids and lycopene in tomato fruits were not significantly affected by the nitrogen dose applied. Application of calcium nitrate caused 50% increase in DPPH and 20% in FRAP of lettuce compared to other nitrogen forms. Tomato treated with calcium nitrate or ammonium sulphate had higher phenolic and ascorbic acid contents than treated plants with ammonium nitrate or urea. Antioxidant tested parameters of onion were not significantly affected by the nitrogen treatments. Nitrogen concentration in tomato fruits significantly correlated with FRAP antioxidant capacity, phenolics, ascorbic acid, carotene and lycopene contents.     

Effects of Nitrogen Sources on Nitrate Reductase Activity and Some Physiological Parameters in Psyllium （Plantago ovata F.） under Salinity Stress

The effects of three nitrogen sources （ammonium, nitrate and ammonium＋nitrate） and three salt treatments （0, 100 and 200 mM NaCl） on nitrate reductase activity, proline, soluble protein and carbohydrate contents in psylliom （Plantago ovata） plants were Studied. The nitrate reductase activity tended to increase when NO3- was included in the root-zone solution, but decrease as salinity increased. All N sources stimulated plant growth and nutrient uptake. Shoot and root dry matter tended to decrease as salinity increased, but less so when both NH4＋ and NO3- were present. Shoot biomass accumulated to significantly greater quantities under the mixed-N treatments than when produced using either NH4＋ or NO3- N-form alone. Although not statistically significant, the root biomasses showed a similar tendency. Generally, leaf proline and soluble shoot carbohydrate contents increased with increasing salinity in contrast to soluble protein which decreased regardless of the N source. Under salinity conditions, the concentration of Na＋ in shoot and root tissues was highest in ammonium-N treatment, while that of K＋ was highest in the mixed-N treatment.     

A 15N-Labeling Study of the Capture of Deep Soil Nitrate from Different Plant Systems

The objective of this study was to determine the efficiency of different plant systems in capturing deep soil nitrate (NO₃⁻) to reduce NO₃⁻ leaching in a field plot experiment using ¹⁵N labelling. The study was conducted on a calcareous alluvial soil on the North China Plains and the plant systems evaluated included alfalfa (Medicago sativa), American black poplar (Populus nigra) and cocksfoot (Dactylis). ¹⁵N-labelled N fertilizer was injected to 90 cm depth to determine the recovery of ¹⁵N by the plants. With conventional water and nutrient management, the total recovery of ¹⁵N-labeled NO₃⁻-N was 23.4% by alfalfa after two consecutive growth years. The recovery was significantly higher than those by American black poplar (12.3%) and cocksfoot (11.4%). The highest proportion of soil residual ¹⁵N from the labeled fertilizer N (%Ndff) was detected around 90 cm soil depth at the time of the 1st year harvest and at 110-130 cm soil depth at time of the 2nd year harvest. Soil %Ndff in 0-80 cm depth was significantly higher in the alfalfa treatment than those in all the other treatments. The soil %Ndff below 100 cm depth was much lower in the alfalfa than those in all the other treatments. These results indicated that ¹⁵N leaching losses in the alfalfa treatment were significantly lower than by those in the black poplar and cocksfoot treatments, due to the higher root density located in nitrate labeling zone of soil profile. In conclusion, alfalfa may be used as a plant to capture deep soil NO₃⁻ left from previous crops to reduce NO₃⁻ leaching in high intensity crop cultivation systems of North China Plain.     

Investigation of Spring Waters to Assess the Geo-ecological State of Landscape and Soil

The purpose of the investigation was to assess the opportunity to use spring waters as indicator for the load state of rural landscape ecosystems. In the periods from 2000-2003 and 2011-2012, the physical and chemical water quality of 55 freshwater springs in the German federal state of the Saarland was investigated in monthly intervals. The catchment areas of the springs represented the prevailing geological formations in the Saarland as well as the main land use types such as forest, grassland and arable land. The results show a clear correlation between the nitrate content and the share of arable land in the closer catchment area of the springs. The problem of acidification and related processes occurs mainly at the sites with acid parent rock material and accordingly substrates deficient in lime. Very low pH-values between 4 and 5 are observed and the aluminum concentration levels are consistently increased. Especially at sites with low calcium content in the geological substrate, a progressive destruction of the clay minerals can be assumed. In the extremely acidic spring waters, which showed the highest aluminum contamination during the measurement 10 years ago, the aluminum-values decreased slightly. This indicates that the clay minerals in these locations are already completely destroyed. Thus, it can be concluded that the investigation of spring waters provides information on the geo-ecological conditions in catchment areas. By means of the multi-temporal approach, changes of land use or other influences by human activities can be detected.     

Improvement of Forage Production Sustainability in the Leningrad Region under Climate Change

The increase of probability and depth of weather anomalies, which is important characteristic of climate change process, leads to higher risk of loss of perennial grasses forage yield, rise of price volatility on forage grain market. Increase of sustainability of dairy production supposes development of adapted to new weather conditions technologies of forage production, which are characterized by different investment and current costs. It generates a need of economic evaluation and comparative analysis of technologies taking into account climate change forecast and need of sustainable forage production guarantee. Purpose of the research project is the development of approaches to assessing adaptive technologies in forage production, increasing of dairy farming sustainability to changes in the external environment, including climate change. We assessed changes in forage production technologies in the Leningrad region of Russia, analyzed the implications of these changes for production and financial performance of dairy farming, proposed and tested methods for determination of the optimum harvesting time of perennial grasses. Special attention is paid to the long-term effects of changing the structure of cows＇ diet--shortening the productive use of animals, which reduces the efficiency of dairy herd use and limits the possibility of expanded reproduction. The primary method of the study is the analysis of milk production statistics in the Leningrad region and the Russian Federation. As a result of the study, the necessity to improve the production and investment planning quality, as well as the use of forecasts during planning of dairy production, is grounded.     

肥料运筹对杂交狼尾草氮素利用效率和硝酸盐含量的影响

在江苏南京地区,研究了肥料运筹对杂交狼尾草氮素吸收利用效率和植株硝酸盐含量的影响。结果表明:施用有机肥67 500 kg/hm2 无机氮肥(纯氮)270.0 kg/hm2处理,杂交狼尾草干物质产量和氮素积累总量均达到最大值,氮素干物质生产效率较低,第3、第4、第5刈次植株硝酸盐含量均高于0.25%,单独饲喂家畜存在硝酸盐中毒的潜在危险;施用有机肥45 000 kg/hm2 无机氮肥(纯氮)270.0 kg/hm2和67 500 kg/hm2 无机氮肥(纯氮)67.5 kg/hm2处理,杂交狼尾草氮素干物质生产效率显著最高,总干物质产量也较高,分别为9 922.3 kg/hm2和9 219.6 kg/hm2,第2、第3、第4刈次植株硝酸盐含量均低于0.25%,饲喂家畜无任何硝酸盐中毒的危险。因此,综合考虑氮素吸收利用效率和植株硝酸盐含量,有机肥45 000 kg/hm2 无机氮肥(纯氮)270.0 kg/hm2和67 500 kg/hm2 无机氮肥(纯氮)67.5 kg/hm2均为杂交狼尾草较适宜的肥料运筹方案。     

硝酸铵在旱地土壤中后效的研究

本文采用玉米、高梁~(15)N示踪微区试验,对硝酸铵在白浆土、草甸黑土、淡黑钙土上施用的后效与残留分布进行了研究,结果表明:硝酸铵在三类土壤上施用,当年的残留氮平均占施入氮量的15～30％,施后第2、3年分别为12～22％,8～10％。在各类土壤中的残留量,三年结果都是白浆土>淡黑钙土>草甸黑土。残留氮集中分布在0～40cm的土层中,其量占残留氮量的84～93％,只有7～16％分布于40cm以下的土层中。硝酸铵施后三年总利用率平均为61.21％,硝酸铵施后第2、3年的总利用率为2.12％。硝酸铵有明显后效。     

Simulation of Cotton Production for Precision Farming

Most crop simulation models do not directly consider the spatial variability of inputs nor do they produce outputs that show the expected spatial variability of yield across a field. If such models were available for precision farming, then researchers could much better evaluate the effects of soil sampling densities to determine the number of samples necessary to adequately model a particular field. The objectives of this study were: (1) to design and implement a spatial simulation methodology for examining details of precision farming and (2) use this to evaluate the effects of different soil sampling resolutions on predicted yield and residual nitrates through spatially variable nitrogen applications. The GOSSYM/COMAX cotton growth model/expert system and the GRASS geographic information system were used to develop a spatial simulation that produces spatially variable outputs. Inputs to the model were collected from a 3.9-ha cotton field. Soil nitrate, a primary driver in fertilizer recommendations, was sampled on a 15.2-m regular grid for depths to 15 cm and on a 30.5-m regular grid at six 15-cm depth intervals (down to 90 cm). COMAX was used to determine spatially variable fertilizer recommendations. GOSSYM was used to simulate perfect application of these recommendations and predicted spatially variable yield and residual nitrates. Reductions in sampling density or resolution were simulated by systematically reducing the amount of data available to COMAX for calculating spatially variable fertilizer recommendations. GOSSYM subsequently used these recommendations (based upon less and less knowledge of soil nitrates) to simulate the effects of differing sampling resolutions on predicted yield and residual nitrates. For recommendations based upon a 15.2-m grid of inputs, 41.4 kg/ha of nitrate fertilizer produced 801.7 kg/ha of cotton and left an average of 9.4 ppm of nitrate in the soil profile. For a 30.5-m grid, 42.8 kg/ha of nitrate fertilizer resulted in a yield of 811.2 kg/ha and residual soil nitrate of 8.3 ppm. For 45.7-m and 61.0-m grids, the results were 43.3 kg/ha and 41.2 kg/ha of nitrate fertilizer, 755.3 kg/ha and 794.3 kg/ha of cotton, and 11.5 ppm and 8.1 ppm of residual soil nitrate, respectively. This study concluded that crop simulations and geographic information systems are a valuable combination for modeling the effects of precision farming and planning variable rate treatments. Simulation results indicate that excessive fertilization, while potentially damaging to the environment, may also have a negative impact on yield.     

Basic Soil Productivity of Spring Maize in Black Soil Under Long-Term Fertilization Based on DSSAT Model

Increasing basic farmland soil productivity has significance in reducing fertilizer application and maintaining high yield of crops. In this study, we defined that the basic soil productivity （BSP） is the production capacity of a farmland soil with its own physical and chemical properties for a specific crop season under local environment and field management. Based on 22-yr （1990-2011） long-term experimental data on black soil （Typic hapludoll） in Gongzhuling, Jilin Province, Northeast China, the decision support system for an agro-technology transfer （DSSAT）-CERES-Maize model was applied to simulate the yield by BSP of spring maize （Zea mays L.） to examine the effects of long-term fertilization on changes of BSP and explore the mechanisms of BSP increasing. Five treatments were examined： （1） no-fertilization control （control）; （2） chemical nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium （NPK）; （3） NPK plus farmyard manure （NPKM）; （4） 1.5 time of NPKM （1.5NPKM） and （5） NPK plus straw （NPKS）. Results showed that after 22-yr fertilization, the yield by BSP of spring maize significantly increased 78.0, 101.2, and 69.4% under the NPKM, 1.5NPKM and NPKS, respectively, compared to the initial value （in 1992）, but not significant under NPK （26.9% increase） and the control （8.9% decrease）. The contribution percentage of BSP showed a significant rising trend （P〈0.05） under 1.5NPKM. The average contribution percentage of BSP among fertilizations ranged from 74.4 to 84.7%, and ranked as 1.5NPKM〉NPKM〉NPK〉NPKS, indicating that organic manure combined with chemical fertilizers （I.5NPKM and NPKM） could more effectively increase BSP compared with the inorganic fertilizer application alone （NPK） in the black soil. This study showed that soil organic matter （SOM） was the key factor among various fertility factors that could affect BSP in the black soil, and total N, total P and/or available P also played important role in BSP increasing. Compared with the chemical fertilization, a balanced chemical plus manure or straw fertilization （NPKM or NPKS） not only increased the concentrations of soil nutrient, but also improved the soil physical properties, and structure and diversity of soil microbial population, resulting in an iincrease of BSP. We recommend that a balanced chemical plus manure or straw fertilization （NPKM or NPKS） should be the fertilization practices to enhance spring maize yield and improve BSP in the black soil of Northeast China.     

Soil Organic Carbon Accumulation Increases Percentage of Soil Olsen-P to Total P at Two 15-Year Mono-Cropping Systems in Northern China

Soil organic carbon （SOC） and soil Olsen-P are key soil fertility indexes but information on their relationships is limited particularly under long-term fertilization. We investigated the relationships between SOC and the percentage of soil Olsen-P to total P （PSOPTP） under six different 15-yr （1990-2004） long-term fertilizations at two cropping systems in northern China. These fertilization treatments were （1） unfertilized control （control）; （2） chemical nitrogen （N）; （3） N plus chemical P （NP）; （4） NP plus chemical potassium （NPK）; （5） NPK plus animal manure （NPKM） and （6） high NPKM （hNPKM）. Compared with their initial values in 1989 at both sites, during the 1 lth to 15th fertilization years annual mean SOC contents were significantly increased by 39.4-47.0% and 58.9-93.9% at Gongzhuling, Jilin Province, and Urumqi, Xinjiang, China, under the two NPKM fertilizations, respectively, while no significant changes under the no-P or chemical P fertilization. During the 1 lth to 15th fertilization years, annual mean PSOPTP was respectively increased by 2.6-4.2 and 5.8-14.1 times over the initial values under the two chemical P fertilizations and the two NPKM fertilizations, but was unchanged in their initial levels under the two no-P fertilizations at both sites. Over the 15-yr long-term fertilization SOC significantly positively correlated with PSOPTP （r^2=0.55-0.79, P〈0.01）. We concluded that the combination of chemical P plus manure is an effective way to promote SOC accumulation and the percentage of soil Olsen-P to total P at the two mono-cropping system sites in northern China.     

Soil Organic Carbon,Black Carbon,and Enzyme Activity Under Long- Term Fertilization

The present study aims to understand the effects of long-term fertilization on soil organic carbon （SOC）, black carbon （BC）, enzyme activity, and the relationships among these parameters. Paddy field was continuously fertilized over 30 yr with nine different fertilizer treatments including N, P, K, NP, NK, NPK, 2NPK （two-fold NPK）, NPK＋manure （NPKM）, and CK （no fertilization）, N, 90 kg urea-N ha^-1 yr^-1; P, 45 kg triple superphosphate-P205 ha^-1 yr^-1; K, 75 kg potassium chloride-K20 ha^-1 yr^-1; and pig manure, 22 500 kg ha^-1 yr^-1. Soil samples were collected and determined for SOC, BC content, and enzyme activity. The results showed that the SOC in the NPKM treatment was significantly higher than those in the K, P, and CK treatments. The lowest SOC content was found in the CK treatment. SOC content was similar in the N, NP, NK, NPK, 2NPK, and NPKM treatments. There was no significant difference in BC content among different treatments. The BC-to-SOC ratios （BC/SOC） ranged from 0.50 to 0.63, suggesting that BC might originate from the same source. Regarding enzyme activity, NPK treatment had higher urease activity than NPKM treatment. The urease activity of NPKM treatment was significantly higher than that of 2NPK, NP, N, P, K, CK, and NPKM treatment which produced higher activities of acid phosphatase, catalase, and invertase than all other treatments. Our results indicated that long-term fertilization did not significantly affect BC content. Concurrent application of manure and mineral fertilizers increased SOC content and significantly enhanced soil enzyme activities. Correlation analysis showed that catalase activity was significantly associated with invertase activity, but SOC, BC, and enzyme activity levels were not significantly correlated with one another. No significant correlations were observed between BC and soil enzymes. It is unknown whether soil enzymes play a role in the decomposition of BC.     

Antinecrotic and Antiapoptotic Effects of Different Concentrations of Copaiferalangsdorffii Essential Oil in Macrophages and Lymphocytes of Mice

Purpose： to evaluate the in vitro influence of Copaiferalangsdorffii essential oil on the antinecrotic activity in macrophages, and on the antiapoptotic activity in macrophages and lymphocytes of Swiss mice. Methods： lymphocytes and macrophages were obtained from ten 60-day-old male mice weighing 42-45 g, and then cultured in 24-well plates. Cells were treated with concentrations of 2%, 5%, 10% and 20% of oil from Copaiferalangsdorffii before or after induction of apoptosis with ultraviolet light. We used positive and negative controls. Hoechst staining was performed, and then images of cells under fluorescence microscope were captured and digitalized. We used Image J_1.46o to quantify the fluorescence intensity/brightness of condensation of the chromatin ofapoptotic cells. We used one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni＇s and Tukey＇s multiple comparison tests. Results are expressed as the means of relative densities after adjustment and 95% confidence intervals; P 〈 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results： oil from Copaiferalangsdorffii at different concentrations has decreased necrosis and apoptosis of both lymphocytes and macrophages from mice, when compared to C＋ （all P 〈 0.05）. Discussion： Copaiferalangsdorffii is typically Brazilian and found in the Amazon region, with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antineoplastic effects due to its oil compounds, such as xyloglucans and kaurenoic acid. Its potential therapeutical usage was demonstrated in a national study. The present study showed that its oil has significant in vitro antiapoptotic and antinecrotic activity and it should be tested experimentally in vivo.     

Challenges and Opportunities of On-farm Tree Planting as an Alternative Wood Source on Mt. Marsabit,Northern Kenya： Towards Mitigating Climate Change

Constraints and probable pathway towards increasing tree density and diversity within farmlands as a means of reducing human dependency on Mt. Marsabit forest for wood are addressed. The forest provides a carbon sink to counteract the risks and hazards associated with climate change. A structured questionnaire was administered to a sample of 205 respondents that were selected from a population of 3075 farming households using a systematic random sampling procedure. While majority of the farms （53%） had low tree density （1-10 trees）, only 8% of the farms had high density （≥ 20 trees）. About 50% and 15% farms had Grevelia robusta and Eucalyptus cammudelensis, which were grown for timber production, respectively. Broad leafed trees, like Croton megalocarpus and Moringa stenoptella had been established in 17% of the farmlands, respectively. With only 20% of the households having a fence around the crop fields, coupled by widely inter-household sharing of crop residues for grazing, tree browsing by livestock was a constraint to tree establishment. The challenges present an opportunity to establish governance structures and processes for communal responsibility and management of tree resources in the farms. A plausible approach entails the Adaptive Collaborative Management （ACM） as a process that facilitates to experiential learning and negotiation for probable actions and policies in management of natural resources.     

潮褐土冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系氮肥后效及去向研究

【目的】在华北平原地区,研究肥料氮在两个轮作季四茬作物中的后效和去向。【方法】采用田间微区15N示踪试验,前茬设置5个氮素水平：0、75、150、225、300 kgN•hm-2（表示为N0、N75、N150、N225、N300）,副处理为小麦品种：科农9204和河农822,共计10个处理。【结果】在该试验条件下,后三茬作物均能吸收利用第一茬冬小麦残留在土壤中的15N标记肥料。第二茬夏玉米、第三茬冬小麦和第四茬夏玉米对残留15N的利用率分别为6.5%-14.1%、0.9%-2.9%和1.2%-1.6%。四茬作物的叠加利用率显著高于氮肥当季利用率,N75、N150、N225和N300处理叠加利用率分别是53.8%、58.7%、58.6%和55.8%（第一茬为河农822小麦品种）;60.0%、61.3%、60.9%和55.2%（第一茬为科农9204小麦品种）。经过四季作物种植后,土壤剖面中仍有22.3-96.2 kgN•hm-2的氮素残留,残留率为22.1%-32.8%,累积总损失量可达9.3-55.3 kgN•hm-2,损失率为8.9%-18.6%。【结论】在小麦当季,高施氮量条件下肥料主要残留在土壤中,后茬作物可以吸收土壤残留氮肥。土壤中15N含量随施氮量的增加而增加,随着茬口的增多有垂直向下运移的趋势,第一茬作物品种间无显著差异。     

黑土硝酸还原酶活性的分布特征

通过在东北黑土带典型地块取样测定的方法,研究了黑土硝酸还原酶活性的分布特征。结果表明,黑土硝酸还原酶活性在土壤剖面中由上至下呈现递减的规律,这种分布特征与土壤养分的分布有着直接和间接的关系;不同黑土地域、不同植被类型、不同黑土类型对硝酸还原酶活性的分布也都有着不同程度的影响:随纬度的降低硝酸还原酶活性也随之下降;杂草、玉米、大豆生长的黑土硝酸还原酶活性的顺序为杂草>大豆>玉米;在三个黑土亚类中硝酸还原酶活性以白浆化黑土酶活性最低,草甸黑土和典型黑土酶活性较高;在不同熟化度黑土中硝酸还原酶活性分布的顺序为厚层黑土>中层黑土>薄层黑土。     

Effect of Seed Sizes on the Growth and Establishment of Seedlings of Sheanut Tree （Vitellaria paradoxa）

Seed size can influence germination, emergence and further development of plants to produce high yield. Therefore, pot trial was conducted to assess the effects of seed sizes on growth and establishment of sheanut tree seedlings （Vitellaria paradoxa） in tlae southern Guinea savanna of Nigeria. Seedlings produced from large sized seed had higher germination （80%） than those from medium （70%） and small （65%） sized seeds. Number of days to emergence of seedling from large-sized seed planting was 30 days, 49 days for small- and medium-sized seeds. Large sized seeds had higher N, P, K, Ca and Mg contents compared with small and medium sized seeds. Generally, seedlings from large sized seeds had about 1.5 times more leaves than medium sized seeds and about 2 times more leaves than small sized seeds at 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 weeks after planting （WAP）. Seedlings from large sized seeds were taller and had larger stem girth （at 16WAP） than those from medium sized seeds. Variations in seedling growth from seed sizes could be of operational importance in nursery management as seeds can be sown according to size to improve uniformity. However, further studies to ascertain if the superior growth of seedlings from large sized seeds will lead to higher yield is recommended.     

供应铵态和硝态氮对苹果幼树生长及15N利用特性的影响

【目的】揭示大田栽培条件下,苹果矮化中间砧幼树生长及对不同形态15N的利用、分配特性。【方法】以1年生宫藤富士/SH6/平邑甜茶幼树为试材,采用15N同位素示踪法,研究硝态氮和铵态氮对苹果幼树生长及15N利用和分配的影响。【结果】施肥46 d后,15NO3-15N利用率为3.43%,显著高于15NH4-15N利用率（1.19%）。施用NO3--N后树体生物量、根冠比显著高于NH4+-N,根系中15NO3-15N分配率为27.91%,显著高于15NH4-15N分配率（25.13%）。施肥118 d后,NO3--N肥效降低,表现为树体生物量显著低于NH4+-N处理,15NO3-15N利用率为4.08%,与15NH4-15N利用率相比差异不显著;根系15NO3-15N分配率为31.19%,显著高于根系15NH4-15N分配率（25.10%）。【结论】大田栽培条件下,硝态氮肥效快于铵态氮,利于树体生长和根冠比的迅速提高,但随着生长期的延长铵态氮与硝态氮肥效无显著差异。     

耕层施磷对土壤剖面深层累积NO3——N运移及后效的影响

 【目的】在华北平原,研究前茬小麦耕层施磷对土壤深层累积NO3--N运移及后效的影响。【方法】采用15N微区注射技术,耕层设3个不同的施磷水平,布置田间微区试验,将15N标记于110 cm土层处。【结果】在该试验条件下,小麦收获后标记15N在土壤中的残留量为P60处理＜P120处理＜P0处理,且发生垂直运移,向上层土壤运移了50 cm,向下移动了70 cm,累积峰出现在120～140 cm土层,较标记位置下移了30 cm。玉米收获后, 15N主要分布在100～180 cm土层,累积峰在小麦季基础上又向下移动了20 cm。玉米能利用前茬残留于土壤深层的15N,P0、P60、P120处理15N的利用率分别为1.2%、2.5%、2.2%。前茬施磷对后作玉米下层根系发育仍有促进作用,增加了80～150 cm土层根长密度和根干重比例,提高了施磷处理对残留15N的利用率。【结论】前茬耕层施磷仍影响土壤深层累积NO3--N后效,促进后作玉米中下层根系发育,提高深层氮素利用率,进而减少其在土壤剖面中的残留。     

耕层水氮调控对土壤深层累积NO3——N运移及后效的影响

 【目的】在华北平原地区,研究前茬小麦耕层水氮调控对后茬玉米土壤深层累积NO3--N的运移及后效的影响。【方法】设置0（N0）、150 kgN·hm-2（N150）两个施氮水平,同时设传统灌溉（W1）和根据土壤水分监测的优化灌溉（W2）两种方式,采用15N微区注射技术,布置田间微区试验,将15N标记于110 cm土层。【结果】在该试验条件下,小麦收获后标记15N在土壤中总体残留趋势：N0W2＜N150W2＜N150W1＜N0W1,且发生垂直运移,上移30 cm,下移50 cm,除N0W2处理外,其余处理累积峰较标记位置下移30 cm;玉米收获后, 15N主要分布在100—160 cm土层,与前茬比较峰值未出现下移,其中N0W1处理15N 残留量明显减少;玉米对前茬残留的深层15N的利用率N0W1＞N150W2＞N150W1＞N0W2,依次为：5.5%、2.2%、1.7%和1.5%;玉米地上部生物量及总吸氮量均表现为施氮高于不施氮,优化和传统灌溉处理间差异不显著;玉米根系主要分布在0—20 cm土层,且施氮处理根系比例高于不施氮处理,耕层水氮调控影响后作玉米中下层根系发育,N0W1处理80—150 cm土层根长密度明显高于其它处理。【结论】耕层适度节水减氮有利于后茬作物根系下扎,促进其中下层根系的发育,进而促进其对深层累积NO3--N的吸收利用;耕层供氮及传统灌水加剧了硝态氮在深层的累积,对地下水安全造成威胁。