应用GM（1，1）包络灰平面对林木年采伐限额的控制

赤峰市松山区现有林木年蓄积量虽然呈增加趋势，但由于各种因素的影响，使全区林木年蓄积增加量变化幅度较大，为合理采伐利用林木资源，本文根据全区林木年蓄积增长量原始数据列，建立GM（1，1）包络灰平面，并按GM模型建模机理，用微分自吹自擂心合原始数据，求得预测曲线，使预测值落在某一范围内，为确定最佳年采伐限额提供了科学依据。     

间伐次数与林分密度的关系以及对日本落叶松大径木林培育产生的效应分析

根据林龄和已经采取的抚育间伐次数,选择日本落叶松(Larix kaempferi)中龄林小班2个,通过布设样地来调查树高、胸径、林木数量等林分因子,分析间伐次数与林分密度的关系以及对蓄积量和径阶的影响。随着间伐次数的增加,林分密度减小,同时林分的平均径、平均高和单株蓄积量增加,且随间伐次数的增多,增加量越大;其中单株蓄积量的变化最为明显,间伐增加1次可提高37.95%,增加2次可提高76.35%。基于抚育间伐而实施的密度控制技术,有效地促进了日本落叶松的生长、提高了单株蓄积量和林分中大径木的数量,是培育日本落叶松大径木林最为核心的技术措施之一。     

甘肃省天然林区森林资源蓄积量及用材林消长变化

通过对甘肃省天然林区5次森林资源连续清查蓄积量及用材林蓄积量变化的分析，初步得出结论：1979-1988年甘肃省天然林区蓄积量为增长阶段，1988-1996年蓄积量属减少阶段，1996-2001年为增长阶段。通过对3个阶段的分析，说明甘肃省20多年来，天然林区蓄积量呈波浪式的增长、减少、再增长趋势，也充分说明了国家实施天保工程的正确性。     

福州地区人工杉木林分蓄积量表的研究

本文提出以林分构成因子——林分胸高总断面积及林分平均高，估计林分蓄积量的办法，选取９种方程求解参数，配合了最优林分蓄积量经验方程，制定出《福州地区人工杉木林分蓄积量表》，对完善我省林业数表的种类、形式和内容，进行了初步尝试。     

采用林分平均胸径和株数推算亩蓄积量的研究

通过建立杉木标准地，实测标准地内每株树木胸径，查一元材积表求算亩蓄积量，并算出标准地的平均胸径和林木株数．选择林分平均胸径和株数为辅助变量，林分蓄积量为因变量，采用最小二乘法，建立林分蓄积量预估模型，该模型经检验适用．调查取得杉木平均胸径和亩株数后，利用林分蓄积量预估模型，即可推算亩蓄积量，在林业生产上有推广应用价值．     

浅谈回归估测在玉白顶林场森林资源二类调查中的应用

１９９６年玉白顶国营要场的森林资源二类调查采用了角规典型选择调查蓄积量与随机抽取有疏林地小班数的１５％实测蓄积量配置回归方程估计总蓄积量的方法，调查结果，回归估测精度９７．８％，对比精度９７．８％，对比精度９８．７％，实测小班与调查小班的单位蓄积量相近，二者相关紧密，表明调查蓄积量可靠，典型选择调查结合回归估测的调查方法减少了抽样误差，保证了较高的蓄积量调查精度，降低了工作量，在森林资源二类调查中     

森林资源二类调查面积积蓄积精度计算与衡量

森林资源二类调查各类土地面积来源于调绘的基本图，以小一般说来为单位逐级控制求算。计算精度时应考虑误差产生的因素，选用适宜的公式求算误差值，衡量调查面积与实际面积的精度。各林分蓄积量，都是先测得某林分单位面积的蓄积量，再乘以该林分的面积而得的蓄积量，在计算精度时应考虑材积表误差，面积误差和单位面积蓄积量误差，以衡量林分蓄积量实际精度。     

一类调查与二类调查森林蓄积量数据对接方案分析研究

我国一类调查(森林资源连续清查)与二类调查(森林资源规划设计调查)两种监测体系因调查目的及方法不同，因此监测获取的森林资源数据存在不一致。鉴于此，以保定市为例，开展一类调查与二类调查森林蓄积量数据对接方案分析研究。采用非线性指数模型分树种组构建小班蓄积量预估模型，通过模型反演更新调整保定市内所有小班蓄积量信息，从而获取保定市各县(市、区)森林蓄积量信息；采取平差调整法实现保定市一类调查与二类调查蓄积量监测值对接。研究结果显示：1)分树种组研建的小班蓄积量预估模型评价指标均表现较好，表明模型具有较好的预估能力；2)相比二类调查而言，采用小班蓄积量预估模型监测获取的保定市森林单位蓄积量(34.98 m³/hm²)与一类调查蓄积量监测值对比，其精度为91.06%,较大程度上降低了相对误差，表明了小班蓄积量预估模型监测值的可靠性；3)对模型预估值进一步进行平差调整后，最终实现了一类调查与二类调查蓄积量监测成果对接，表明了研究方案的可行性。可见，研究的技术方案可为各省级行政区历年小班蓄积量监测数据对接更新及今后实现“一套数，一张图”提供技术方法参考。     

年可采伐木材蓄积量的灰色预测

应用灰色系统建模方法。建立年可代伐木材蓄积量的ＧＭ（１，１）灰色动态预测模型，并结合实例对年可采伐木材蓄积量进行预测，取得了良好的预测效果。     

森林伐区蓄积量鉴定误差及解决对策

针对森林采伐后的伐区蓄积量鉴定结果与其实际蓄积量的误差产生原因及鉴定方法进行了分析，指出了存在的问题,提出了相应的解决办法。为正确评估森林采伐伐区蓄积量提供了科学的方法，对破坏森林资源犯罪司法认证及定罪量刑、林业资产评估等方面有较强的参考价值。     

杉木、观光木混交林群落细根N、P养分现存量动态变化

通过对杉木、观光木混交林和杉木纯林细根的养分现存量动态进行研究 ,结果表明 ,混交林细根N、P养分现存量分别是纯林的 1.3和 1.2倍 ;年归还量分别是纯林的 1.2 3倍和 1.14倍 ,且分别占混交林凋落物N、P养分年归还量的 38.3%和 6 7.4 % ;年分解量分别是纯林的 1.2 6和 1.2 3倍 ,而年累积量分别是纯林的 1.2 3和 1.14倍 ,可见混交林细根具有比纯林更高的养分累积和周转能力。混交林和纯林群落中林下植被细根在群落细根N、P养分循环中占有重要地位 ,而杉木和观光木 <0 .5mm径级细根则是其细根养分循环功能的主体。混交林和纯林杉木活细根N养分现存量动态变化呈单峰型 ,P则呈双峰型 ;死细根N、P养分现存量动态变化均呈倒“S”型。混交林中观光木细根的N、P养分现存量动态变化与杉木的较相似 ,但其活细根P养分现存量动态变化呈单峰型。混交林与纯林中林下植被活细根N、P养分现存量动态变化均呈双峰型 ,而死细根的动态变化则呈单谷型     

立地管理措施对2代8年生杉木林生长的影响研究

在福建省南平峡阳国有林场选择20地位指数级、29 a生第1代杉木人工林建立固定标准地并调查其生长量,随后采伐,设置5种不同立地管理措施进行试验并营造第2代杉木林,开展杉木人工林连栽后的生产力变化研究.研究结果表明,加倍保留采伐剩余物处理的8 a生2代杉木林生长最好,平均胸径、平均树高、平均立木蓄积生长量分别为13.01 cm、9.20 m、16.23 m3/(hm2.a),而炼山(火烧采伐剩余物)处理的生长最差,其生长量分别为11.68cm、8.61 m、11.61 m3/(hm2.a).炼山处理的8 a生杉木林立木蓄积生长量分别为不炼山(保留采伐剩余物)和加倍保留采伐剩余物处理的90.03%和71.50%,但各处理杉木生长量均无显著差异.8 a生第2代杉木林立木蓄积量与采伐前的第1代的无显著相关,但与第1代的地位指数有极显著的正相关.     

Effects of selective thinning on growth and development of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forest stands in south-eastern Slovenia

We studied the effects of two types of selective thinning on beech stands formed by a shelterwood cut in 1910 — with lower number of crop trees and higher thinning intensity (T1) and higher number of crop trees with lower thinning intensity (T2). The stands were thinned in 1980, 1991 and 2001. Despite a lower stand density after thinning, the annual basal area increments of thinned stands in both thinning periods (1980–1991 and 1991–2002) were around 20% higher compared to those of the control (unthinned) stands. The mean annual basal area increment of dominant trees was 30–56% larger in the thinned plots compared to the control plots. Of 176 initial crop trees in the T1, 72% were chosen again during the last thinning. In the T2, 258 crop trees were chosen in the first thinning, and only 62% of these trees were chosen again during the last thinning. Only crown suppression and diameter classes of crop trees significantly influenced their basal area increment when diameter classes, crown size, crown suppression, and social status were tested. In the thinned stands, the dominant trees are more uniformly distributed if compared to the dominant trees in the control plots. Finally, the herbaceous cover and the species diversity were higher in the thinned plots.     

山杨和白桦天然林凋落物周转比较

通过对帽儿山白桦和山杨天然次生林凋落物产量、林地枯落物现存量及其周转时间进行研究,结果表明:(1)白桦林和山杨林的年凋落量分别为435g!m-2和464g!m-2,两种林型凋落物的主要组分均为叶,占60%以上,其次为枝和碎屑,繁殖器官最少;(2)白桦林总枯落物现存量为1 421g!m-2,林地枯落物、小枝、未分解层和半分解层现存量各占1/3;山杨林总枯落物现存量为1 647g!m-2,林地枯落物小枝、未分解层和半分解层现存量比例分别为25%、45%和30%;(3)白桦林小枝、叶、碎屑周转时间分别为17.4a、1.6a和8.1a;山杨林小枝、叶、碎屑周转时间分别为6.9a、12.5a和11.5a,白桦和山杨林总体周转时间接近,分别为3.3a和3.5a。     

Acacia cyanophylla for forage and fuelwood in North Africa

Forage and wood yield of Acacia cyanophylla, also known as Acacia saligna, was studied in a 300–400 mm precipitation zone in Tunisia. Yields were measured during and after drought. This short (2–8 m) evergreen leguminous tree is used as a forage drought reserve in frost free regions where mean annual precipitation exceeds 250 mm. The standing crop of leafy forage builds up year after year for at least four years or until the tree is cut. It rapidly regrows after cutting from coppice shoots. The leaves provide high protein forage for sheep and goats during the long dry summer season typical of the Mediterranean climate as well as emergency forage during drought. The tree is used to stabilize moving sand dunes, and as a windbreak to protect cropland. It also provides fuelwood and increasaes soil nitrogen by fixation. The need for supplemental irrigation during establishment is a major constraint. Research in the 350 mm precipitation zone of Tunisia found 3.2 year old trees to yield over 1400 kg of forage standing crop per hectare after a severe drought. Trees harvested at 2.5 years of age in May, during the worst drought in over 30 years, yielded a standing forage crop of 724 kg per hectare. Forage regrowth 8 months after cutting and 4 months after rains returned was 700 kg/ha. The forage standing crop for trees harvested only once during the 3.2 year period was double the amount of forage regrowth from trees harvested the previous year, but mean annual forage yield similar. This demonstrates that it is possible for forage to be conserved as a living forage reserve for later use during drought. Total wood yield was only 1621 kg/ha for trees cut twice compared to 3683 kg/ha for trees cut only once. Annual cutting will substantially reduce the amount of forage available during drought and reduce the production of fuelwood. It may also reduce the vigor, productivity and life of the tree. Acacia cyanophylla alley cropped on cereal farmland can protect the soil from erosion, protect the associated crop from wind damage, fix nitrogen, provide fuelwood and provide a reserve of high quality forage for use during drought. This work was supported by the Government of Tunisia and the U.S.A.I.D. Tunisia Range Development and Management Project (664-0312.8).     

气候变化对中国森林生产力的影响 Ⅰ.中国森林现实生产力的特征及地理分布格局

本文从生产力与环境关系角度,比较分析了森林第一性生产力的地理分布特征,阐述了层的生产力与环境间的关系以及种生产力与群落结构间的关系。结果表明:森林净生产力,地上部年凋落量随纬度和海拔高度的增加而减少,而凋落物现存量呈相反的变化趋势,森林生产力的地理分布与环境水热条件密切相关;森林生物量无明显的地理规律性变化,但多物种复杂结构的成熟天然林生物量较高;层的生产力随环境条件产生相互排斥或补充各异变化;种的生产力反映了种在群落中的地位和作用,决定群落的结构特征。     

气候变化对中国森林生产力的影响 Ⅰ.中国森林现实生产力的特征及地理分布格局*

本文从生产力与环境关系角度,比较分析了森林第一性生产力的地理分布特征,阐述了层的生产力与环境的关系以及种生产力与群落结构间的关系。结果表明：森林净生产力,地上部年凋落量随纬度和海拔高度的增加而减少,而凋落物理存量呈相反的变化趋势,森林生产力的地理分布与环境水热条件密切相关;森林生物量无明显的地理规律性变化,但多物种复杂结构的成熟天然林生物量较高;层的生产力随环境条件产生相互排斥或补充各异变化;种的     

Maintenance and growth respiration of the aboveground parts of young field-grown hinoki cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa)

Aboveground respiration of five 8-year-old trees of field-grown hinoki cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa (Sieb. et Zucc.) Endl.) was nondestructively measured at monthly intervals over 1 year with an enclosed standing tree method. The relationship between monthly specific respiration rate and monthly mean relative growth rate at the individual tree level was described by a linear equation. During the dormant season, respiration was used mainly for maintenance purposes, whereas during the growing season, more than 40% of the respiration was used for growth purposes, i.e., 60 to 70% in May. We conclude that annual maintenance and growth respiration of a tree are directly proportional to the aboveground phytomass and its annual increment, respectively. The maintenance coefficient was estimated to be 0.504 +/- 0.039 (SE) kg kg(-1) year(-1), indicating that the amount respired for maintaining already existing phytomass was equivalent to about half of the existing phytomass. The growth coefficient was estimated to be 0.772 +/- 0.043 (SE) kg kg(-1), indicating that the amount respired for constructing new phytomass was equivalent to about three-fourths of the annual phytomass increment. The annual stand maintenance and growth respiration were, respectively, 8.8 Mg ha(-1) year(-1) for an aboveground biomass of 17.4 Mg ha(-1) and 5.0 Mg ha(-1) year(-1) for an annual stand aboveground biomass increment of 6.5 Mg ha(-1) year(-1). About two-thirds of the total respiration was used to maintain already existing biomass, and about one-third was used to construct new biomass.     

Site Index Equation for Smallholder Plantations of Gmelina arborea in Leyte Province, the Philippines

The equation SiteIndex = Height × Log(IndexYear+0.5)/Log(Age+0.5) is suggested as a robust way to classify site index of small private Gmelina arborea plantations in Leyte province in the Philippines. Estimates of site index from this equation correlate well with other indicators of site productivity, including the observed mean annual volume increment and soil depth. An alternative equation based on slope and soil depth offers an indication of potential site productivity on unforested sites where no crop trees are present.     

安徽省青阳县栎类阔叶林树木生长规律研究

本文以46年生栎类解析木为基础,运用DPS统计软件进行回归分析,分别采用Logistic、Richards、Compertz、Mitscherlich、Gauss、Log-modified、Density7种理论方程与二次曲线对栎类进行拟合,建立栎类树高、胸径、材积的最优数学模型,对其生长规律进行分析。结果表明：建立的生长模型中Richards方程拟合效果最好、精度最高。故选择Richards方程为栎类树高、胸径、带皮材积、去皮材积生长模型。栎类树高的平均生长量在20年时达到最大值,而树高的连年生长量最大值出现在14年,在20年时平均生长量与连年生长量相等。栎类胸径的连年生长曲线与平均生长曲线在24年时相交。栎类材积生长量在14年前生长较缓慢,在46年内还未出现材积平均生长量的最大值。材积的连年生长量曲线与平均生长量曲线在46年内还未相交,说明其未达到成熟龄。探讨了安徽省青阳县天然次生栎类阔叶林的生长规律,为栎类阔叶林合理利用和培育提供参考。