我国块菌采收和贸易问题浅议

在对我国块菌产地块菌贸易中块菌质量作了调查和统计分析的基础上，结合我国块菌采收和贸易过程中存在的问题和国外黑孢块菌等采收的经验，提出了改进我国块菌产地资源保护和利用方式以及开展黑孢块菌等人工栽培的建议。     

欧洲块菌人工栽培技术研究

黑孢块菌、白块菌、勃良第块菌等是分布于西欧地区的著名美味食用菌。法国科学家最早开展了块菌人工驯化及其栽培技术研究，开创了菌根食用菌人工栽培的先河。这一技术在欧洲得到了推广，成为新兴产业；近年来，新西兰和澳大利亚等国也试验成功。本文对块菌菌根化苗生产及种植园经营技术进行综述。     

云南楚雄地区永仁县块菌生态的调查研究

本文对云南楚雄地区永仁县块菌的分布、生长条件、共生树种、块菌发生林的生态环境特征及菌根组织形态等内容进行调查研究，旨在为科学合理利用块菌自然资源和开展块菌的半人工栽培技术与途径提供理论基础。     

块菌资源多样性及其地理分布

块菌属真菌为地下真菌类的子囊菌 ,通常与林木根系具有共生关系。块菌又是重要的野生食用菌 ,其子囊果含有较高的营养成分 ,商业价值为世人所瞩目。块菌主要分布在北半球的西欧地区 ,全球描述的块菌属真菌在 6 0种以上 ,其中 ,黑孢块菌TubermelanosporumVit tad、白块菌TubermagnatumPico、夏块菌T .aestivumVit tad、勃良第块菌TuberuncinatumChatin等 ,均为重要的商业块菌。被誉为林中“黑钻石”的黑孢块菌 ,是其中价值较高的一种 ,为西欧许多国家最喜爱的食品之一 ;该菌最早发现于法国的P啨ｒｉｇｏｒｄ省 ,法国、意大利、西班牙为其主产区。我国自 80年代中期以来开展了块菌资源及生态学研究 ,先后发现二十多种块菌 ,其中 ,中国块菌T .sinenseK .TaoetLiu、太原块菌T .taiyuanseLiu、巨孢块菌T .gigantosporumY .Wang、刘氏块菌T .liuiA .S .Xu、西藏块菌T .xizangenseA .S .Xu等为块菌属新种。喜峰块菌TuberhimalayenseZhangetMinter、拟喜峰块菌Tu berpseudohimalayenseMorensetal.等 ,为我国特有的高山块菌 ,西南横断山区及喜马拉雅山系为其主要分布区。我国目前出口欧洲的块菌种类主要是西南出产的印度块菌 ,该菌子囊果与黑孢块菌极其相似。在综合国内外有关文献资料的基础上 ,本文分别列举了分     

黑孢块菌及其驯化初探

黑孢块菌（Ｔｕｂｅｒｍｅｌｏｎｏｓｐｏｒｕｍ）又名黑块菌、黑孢菇、隔山撬、无娘藤。块菌属盘菌，块菌目，块菌科，种类达 1 0多种。块菌是一种极为名贵的食用菌，香味独特，营养丰富，价值昂贵，开发这一资源，前景广阔。1　形态特征　块菌是一种不规则的圆球形或椭圆形的块茎，表皮呈咖啡色或棕黑色，有疣状，实心，体重，内部组织由黑白分枝的网络组成，象大理石花纹，肉质较硬脆、清香。直径 1～ 8ｃｍ，孢子椭圆形 2 0× 2 8ｍｍ。2　生态环境　块菌在我省主要分布在绵阳、广元、西昌、马尔康等川西北地区。一般生长在林中地下 1 0…     

三种国产块菌的病害调查

在我国川西南及滇北地区开展调查发现，印度块菌、拟喜峰块菌及中华块菌上有两种病害、即粉红腐病和自腐病。本文就有关病害1病原、发生情况及防治对策等，做一简介。     

四川的块菌资源

块菌是一种珍贵的地下真菌,具有较高的商品价值,世界上许多国家十分重视块菌资源的开发利用和研究工作。自1987年张大成在四川会东县发现当地称为“无娘藤”的一种地下真菌,即块菌以来,引起了许多学者的重视,先后有刘波、陶恺、张斌成、王云等对四川产的块菌属种类进行了报道。 经过近年来的多次调查,四川产的块菌属种类不断被发现,估计四川和其邻区产的块菌属有以下8种:     

澳大利亚今年首度出口块菌

澳大利亚的西澳州本年度产季首次出口块菌。这家块菌公司位于西澳洲西南部的Manjimup，预计该公司今年块菌产量为400kg。这些块菌将以3000澳元／kg的价格出口到法国、丹麦、美国和日本。     

块菌与板栗培育菌根苗技术探讨

印度块菌(Tuber indicum Vittadini)、夏块菌(Tuber aestivum Vittadini)和白块菌(Tuber panzhihuanense DengWang)是经济价值较高的菌根食用菌。通过对印度块菌、夏块菌和白块菌与板栗(Castanea mollissima Blume)合成菌根苗的技术进行探讨,结果表明使用印度块菌、夏块菌和白块菌孢子液接种板栗树苗,10个月后均能形成大量外生菌根。菌根苗移栽后,接种夏块菌的板栗苗苗高最高,与接种白块菌和印度块菌的板栗苗相比高差异显著,但接种白块菌的板栗苗与接种印度块菌的板栗苗相比苗高差异不显著。接种夏块菌的板栗苗与接种白块菌板栗苗间地径差异不显著,二者与接种印度块菌的板栗苗间地径差异均显著。     

印度块菌在我国东北地区的分布及其生态学意义

通过形态学观察和系统发育分析我国东北地区黑龙江省和辽宁省采集的块菌属(Tuber)标本。结果表明:该"黑块菌"在形态特征上与印度块菌(T.indicum)较为相近,在系统发育树上均位于印度块菌复合群所在的分支,但采自黑龙江省齐齐哈尔市和牡丹江市的样品分别位于不同的亚分支,辽宁省朝阳市的样品与齐齐哈尔地区的样品亲缘关系更近。结合宿主植物与地理位置等数据,本文将其定义为印度块菌的不同地理生态型。本研究是印度块菌在黑龙江省的首次发现,拓宽了对印度块菌资源分布范围的认识,对深入研究块菌属生物多样性与地理分布型及指导菌根合成、人工种植均具有较重要的科学意义。     

黑孢块菌的菌根合成及其超微结构研究

采用纯培养的黑孢块菌菌丝体接种红椎实生苗 ,对菌根感染情况及其超微结构进行了研究。实验表明 ,在适宜条件下 ,该菌在红椎根系上形成的菌根具有块菌菌根典型的形态结构。本文探讨了名贵菌根食用菌在我国的半人工栽培途径     

The assessment of mulch sheets to inhibit competitive vegetation in tree plantations in urban and natural environment

Weed control is often crucial for successful tree establishment. Removal or suppression of competitive vegetation has most often been done by either mowing or the use of herbicides. The Institute of Forestry and Game Management in Flanders (Belgium) has been conducting a three-year experiment (as part of a five-year programme) to assess 18 treatments for newly planted deciduous trees established on ex-agricultural sites. On grass-covered sites mortality of English oak(Quercus roburL.) decreased significantly when mulch sheets were applied. Mulch sheets increased growth of all species in a pasture. An unequivocal relation was found between the diameter of the weed-free area around the tree and the Relative Growth Rate of Common alder (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.). Rigid sheets, such as those made of polypropylene could severely damage the trunk of the trees. Bark mulch decreased growth of English oak in the first year, but increased it significantly after 3 years. The application of bark mulch was time-consuming compared to the other treatments. Usage of herbicides on a clay soil was nefarious to both survival and growth of the treated trees. Mowing, often used by the Flemish Forestry Service, had no significant effect on the growth of the trees.     

基于TrnL-F序列的葡萄科各属分子特征及系统发育学研究

【目的】探讨葡萄科内各属间系统发育关系,为该科植物的研究提供分子系统学方面的资料。【方法】以葡萄科14个属共计103个样品基于trnL-F的序列为材料,用Clustalx1.83软件分析各属的分子特征;并以五桠果属(Dillenia L.)为外类群,分别使用Mega,Paup,Phylip常用的系统分析软件进行葡萄科各属间的分子系统学研究。【结果】结果表明,在GC含量方面,火筒树属含量最高,为35.12%~35.44%,葡萄属含量最低,为32.98%~33.63%;葡萄科各属的trnL-F序列间存在着不同的序列差异,部分属具有显著的分子特征,可用于属间鉴定。【结论】应用Mega、Phylip和Paup系统分析软件的聚类结果表明,3种软件分析均支持将葡萄科分为5个分支,而其中Paup和Phylip软件构建的系统发育树较符合葡萄科基于形态学的系统学关系。     

松口蘑与青冈蕈的生态和营养价值比较

本文报道了松口蘑和表冈蕈的生态习性，以及氨基酸、蛋白质等营养成分的组成和含量，调查结果表明，松口蘑的寄主植物为松属植物，而青冈蕈的寄主植物为栎类植物。松口蘑所需的温度、光照高于青冈蕈、但湿度低于青冈蕈，松口蘑子实体中的蛋白质、脂肪、粗纤维和灰分等含量均高于青冈蕈，但氨基酸总量以青冈蕈为最高，青冈蕈子实体中缺蛋氨酸。     

Urban salt contamination impact on tree health and the prevalence of fungi agent in cities of the central Lithuania

An analysis of tree health in urban greeneries exposed to winter road salt contamination was carried out in the cities of Alytus and Kaunas, Lithuania, during spring and summer 2009–2014. Trees were assessed for crown dieback, crown defoliation and foliage discolouration. In addition, the prevalence of saprotrophic pathogenic fungi that cause sooty mold disease was assessed in street and recreational plantings. Tilia cordata Mill. (small-leaved lime) was found to be the most common tree species among urban deciduous trees. Summarising the tree foliage results, saprotrophic fungi were detected on 16 species plants belonging to 13 genera. Three species of fungal pathogens belonging to two genera, two families, two classes, and two divisions, and 12 species of anamorphic fungi from nine genera were isolated and identified from Tilia cordata leaves. The most frequent sooty mold disease agents were Aspergillus brasiliensis and Cladosporium herbarum. Nonetheless, a weak correlation between salt contamination and lime tree damage by sooty mold was found.     

Installing cables did not affect annual radial increment in co-dominant stems of red oaks

Arborists install cables to support co-dominant stems. The adaptive growth hypothesis predicts that doing so will alter radial increments in the stems because their motion will have been restricted. To facilitate the wind-induced motion of cabled stems, cables made of more extensible material have been suggested as an alternative to systems made of steel. Cables made of steel and polypropylene were installed in red oaks (Quercus rubra L.). Trees were harvested after five years and annual radial increment was measured for the previous sixteen years in four directions (incident with and perpendicular to the direction of the cable) on five discs removed from two co-dominant stems that were cabled in each tree. Annual radial increment did not change in response to the installation of cables with one exception: in the three years following installation, it was greater incident with the cable on two discs immediately proximal and distal to the eyebolt in each co-dominant stem to which steel cables were attached. The exception appears to be due to the formation of wound wood. The results contradict the adaptive growth hypothesis, but this was likely due to cables not restricting wind-induced motion to the extent achieved in previous studies.     

块菌菌根合成及其形态研究

本文对影响菌菌根合成有关因素（包括土壤因素及竞争菌）和菌根形态研究进展进行综述。     

Characteristics of the urban forests in arctic and near-arctic cities

The urban forest of three arctic and near-arctic cities (Murmansk in Russia, Nuuk in Greenland, and Reykjavik in Iceland) were surveyed to determine tree species composition and structure. Interviews with local authorities were conducted to learn about the history of urban tree planting. The urban forests of all three cities were composed of a limited number of trees and tree species due to abiotic constraints of the arctic and near-arctic environment. These limitations include: low temperature, short growing season, high wind velocity and permafrost. A total of 28 species were observed in the three cities. Only three of these (Alnus incana (L.) Moench, Picea abies (L.) Karst., Betula pubescens Ehrh., and Salix glauca L.) were observed in all three of the cities. Planting designs that created windbreaks for pedestrians were common along streets in Murmansk and Reykjavik. Street trees have not yet been introduced in Nuuk, but trees were found in cemeteries, parks, and on private property. Older portions of cemeteries in all three cities were characterized by trees planted directly on graves. These grave trees were the first trees to be introduced in these cities. Subsequently, ‘trial and error’ was used by local residents to plant trees. Much of these plantings failed. In recent times arboreta were established near all three cities to identify species suited for planting under arctic and near-arctic conditions. Trees identified in these test gardens are now being planted in Murmansk and Reykjavik.     

Tree establishment practice in towns and cities – Results from a European survey

A working group within the European Union funded COST Action E12, “Urban Forests and Trees”, carried out a survey between 1999 and 2001 to study current tree establishment practice in European towns and cities. An extensive questionnaire requesting information on the urban area, selection of tree species, establishment and aftercare practices and the main damaging factors was sent to tree professionals in urban areas in each of 17 countries.Indicators such as the relationship between the urban population and the number of street trees were used to compare urban areas. While most central European cities have a ratio of 50–80 street trees per 1000 inhabitants, the tree density was as low as 20 street trees per 1000 inhabitants for Nice. Often only a few species are planted and this may give cause for concern, since species diversity is considered an important factor in increasing the resilience of the urban tree population to abiotic and biotic stresses.The planting of larger street trees of 20–30 cm circumference, usually with hessian-wrapped rootballs, is becoming increasingly common practice. However, some countries report the use of mostly bare-rooted stock of much smaller trees (less than 12 cm circumference). Establishment costs for street trees range from less than 200 Euro to over 1500 Euro each. Poor site conditions, and impacts such as utility trenching are considered to be major restrictions to healthy tree life. Vandalism affects up to 30%of newly planted street trees in some towns and cities.Overall, the survey reveals large differences in tree establishment and management practices among European cities. There is a need to provide urban tree managers with guidance on good practice for tree selection and establishment based on empirical information. The survey was a first step towards collecting the necessary urban forest information from across Europe.