多肽在荔枝上的应用试验

为探求多肽在荔枝上的应用效果,以妃子笑和南岛无核品种为试材进行了应用试验.结果表明:施用多肽对成花、坐果、产量和果实品质均有明显的促进作用,与CK相比,妃子笑和南岛无核荔枝单株花穗数分别增加15.76%和20.60%,单穗雌花数分别增加40.59%和28.90%,单果重分别增加4.95%和6.49%,株产分别增加9.48%和12.10%,可溶性固形物含量分别增加7.14%和12.12%,Vc含量分别增加217.64%和202.05%,可滴定酸含量分别减少17.68%和18.18%,差异均极显著.     

碳水化合物、矿质元素及活性氧代谢与富士苹果水心发生的关系

以新疆阿克苏地区水心（冰糖心）富士苹果为试材,分析讨论了果实碳水化合物、矿质元素和活性氧代谢与水心发生的关系。结果表明：果实可溶性固形物（SSC）含量越高,水心指数越高,呈显著正相关（P < 0.05）;而单果质量、果实纵横径比及L、b*、h°值与水心果率和水心指数相关不显著;进一步分析发现,与正常果实和组织相比,水心果实和组织中,山梨醇和蔗糖含量均显著升高,尤其是山梨醇含量,分别是正常果实和组织的2.19倍和2.86倍,果糖和葡萄糖含量相对较低;此外,水心组织中K和B含量显著高于正常组织,而Ca、Zn及Fe含量则显著降低;同时,水心果实和组织中超氧阴离子和过氧化氢含量较正常果实和组织显著升高,分别高282.39%、68.17%和12.6%、107.62%;POD、SOD和CAT等抗氧化酶活性显著降低,MDA含量和相对电导率显著升高,膜质过氧化水平严重。     

行道树木的修剪与环境的和谐统一

本文以龙柏和国槐作为行道树木修剪的研究对象,努力探索能够和整体建筑相匹配,适合公园园林发展需求的大型行道树木的修剪方法,提升人文和整体景观效果。作为行道树,受环境因素和空间的影响,龙柏的修剪要保持其结构的完善和挺拔的树形,采取底部规整上部自然的修剪方法,使得植物在自然美的基础上,与建筑相得益彰,烘托出整体的园林氛围。国槐为大型落叶乔木,可根据周围具体空间情况和植物生长的主次关系以及人工管理的需求和安全性出发,进行适当的修剪,主要对上部生长过于旺盛和底部旁逸斜出的枝条进行短截或者回缩,抑制整体树势高度和冠幅不断扩大,保持整体树形紧凑,达到植物总体生长与管理的和谐统一。     

镉、铅胁迫对白三叶种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

以白三叶为试材,采用不同浓度Cd和Pb胁迫的方法,研究了重金属Cd和Pb胁迫对白三叶种子萌发和幼苗生长特性的影响,以期为进一步研究白三叶对重金属污染土壤的修复作用提供理论参考。结果表明:Cd和Pb胁迫对白三叶发芽率和发芽速率具有显著影响,随着Cd和Pb浓度的增加,对白三叶种子发芽率和发芽速率抑制作用逐渐增加。Cd和Pb对幼苗的苗长、根长和苗重均有严重影响,随Cd和Pb浓度的增加,抑制作用越明显。     

毛花猕猴桃‘华特’果实采后糖代谢研究

【目的】探究毛花猕猴桃果实采后在常温和低温贮藏下果肉与果心的糖代谢特性。【方法】以毛花猕猴桃新品种‘华特’为材料,将采后果实分别在常温(20℃)和低温(1℃)贮藏28 d和56 d,检测果肉和果心的淀粉、蔗糖、果糖和葡萄糖含量、淀粉酶和蔗糖代谢相关酶活性的变化。【结果】‘华特’果肉和果心均以积累己糖为主,两者总糖含量相近,但不同糖的分配存在差异,特别是果心的蔗糖含量极显著高于果肉的含量。果肉和果心的淀粉和糖含量的变化趋势基本一致,即淀粉伴随着淀粉酶活性的升高迅速降解,果糖和葡萄糖快速积累,而蔗糖含量逐渐下降。果肉和果心糖含量的差异变化是蔗糖代谢各种酶协同作用的结果。果肉和果心的蔗糖分解酶活性,即酸性转化酶(AI)和中性转化酶(NI)活性高于蔗糖合成酶(SS)和蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性,使蔗糖含量逐渐下降。【结论】‘华特’果实采后果肉与果心的蔗糖、果糖和葡萄糖含量变化表现差异,果肉具有较高AI和NI活性,及较低SPS活性是导致其蔗糖含量显著低于果心的重要原因。低温贮藏有效降低了果实淀粉酶、AI、NI、SPS和SS活性的变化幅度,从而缓解了果肉和果心蔗糖和淀粉的降解,也延缓了果糖和葡萄糖的积累。     

不同播种期对水培生菜产量和品质的影响

以生菜品种绿领和弘农为材料,研究了春季不同播种期对水培生菜生长发育、产量和品质的影响。结果表明,不同播种期下生菜的产量和品质有显著差异,早播和晚播均降低生菜的产量和品质,播期为3月17日时产量最高,绿领和弘农分别为271.19 g/株和243.67 g/株;此播期的2个生菜品种VC含量也最高,且硝酸盐含量相对较低,表明选择适宜的播种期有助于提高生菜的产量和品质。     

臭氧水对菠菜幼苗生理特性及营养成分的影响

以大田菠菜为试验材料,采用1.0 mg·L~(-1)臭氧水土壤浇灌和0.6 mg·L~(-1)臭氧水叶片喷施处理,测定菠菜幼苗相关生理指标和营养成分。结果表明,臭氧水浇灌和喷施处理显著增加菠菜幼苗鲜质量,分别比对照增加了80.07%和14.49%,明显促进菠菜幼苗生长;显著降低菠菜叶片质膜透性,分别比对照降低了53.85%和46.15%,提高了菠菜幼苗的抗逆能力;显著增加菠菜叶片氮素含量、SPAD值和叶绿素含量,浇灌处理分别比对照增加了30.74%,54.17%和125.32%,喷施处理分别比对照增加了12.45%,26.28%和89.87%,明显提高了菠菜幼苗的光合能力;显著增加菠菜叶片Fe、B和Mn含量及维生素C和可溶性糖含量,浇灌处理分别比对照增加了62.69%,30.08%,70.48%,22.58%和100.69%,喷施处理分别比对照增加了52.24%,21.59%,20.75%,9.68%和29.95%,明显改善了菠菜幼苗生理特性,提高了产量和品质。与叶片喷施处理相比,臭氧水浇灌处理的效果更好。     

不同坐果方式对设施西瓜产量和品质的影响

以植物生长调节剂CPPU(氯吡脲)为对照,研究了CPPU处理、人工授粉和蜜蜂授粉3种坐果方式对西瓜果实产量和品质的影响。结果表明,采用蜜蜂授粉的西瓜商品果率、商品果产量显著高于CPPU处理,分别提高了11.76%和14.99%。采用蜜蜂授粉和人工授粉的西瓜果实品质无显著差异,但蜜蜂授粉的商品果率和商品果产量显著高于人工授粉,分别提高了5.56%和19.27%。采用CPPU处理的西瓜果皮硬度显著高于蜜蜂授粉和人工授粉,其果皮亮度L值最小,果肉硬度和质地最大,可溶性固形物含量和口感等级最低。与蜜蜂授粉相比较,CPPU处理的西瓜果实可溶性固形物含量和口感分级分别下降了5.03%和8.21%。采用蜜蜂授粉坐果的西瓜果实可溶性固形物含量、固酸比和口感最佳。因此,设施栽培条件下采用蜜蜂授粉坐果效果最佳,其果实产量最高,品质也最好,可替代人工授粉和CPPU处理坐果,值得在设施西瓜栽培中推广应用。     

纽荷尔和清家脐橙果实大量矿质营养元素含量与累积变化

在重庆北碚,以30年生枳砧清家脐橙和纽荷尔脐橙为材料,分析果实生长发育过程中N、P、K、Ca、Mg和S等6种大量营养元素含量和累积量变化。结果表明,果实生长发育过程中,纽荷尔和清家果实中N、P、Mg和S含量4月最高,Ca在10月最高,纽荷尔和清家K含量分别在9月和7月最高;Ca的主要累积时期,纽荷尔脐橙果实为6—7月和9—10月,清家脐橙果实为6月、8月和10月;除Ca外的其他大量矿质营养元素累积量较大的时期,纽荷尔和清家脐橙果实的总体上均为6—9月和11月,但清家脐橙累积最高峰一致出现在6月,纽荷尔脐橙累积最高峰至少推迟1个月左右。     

塑料大棚栽培生姜的增产效应

研究了大棚和大棚加地膜覆盖对生姜生长和产量的影响。结果表明 ,大棚内地膜覆盖和大棚栽培生姜可提早播种和延后收获 ,具有早出苗 ,生长量大 ,叶面积扩展快 ,增加株高、茎粗和分枝数以及促进养分充分运输到根茎中的作用 ,产量大幅度提高 ,大棚内地膜覆盖栽培的增产效果尤为突出     

甘蔗渣培养基栽培木耳过程中主要组分的降解和有关酶活的变化

实验以甘蔗渣加少量麦麸栽培毛木耳和光木耳,在栽培的不同阶段分析测定培养物的的主要化学组成成分和有关酶活性的变化。结果表明,两种木耳利用栽培底物的能力有明显差别;在栽培后期,毛木耳和光木耳分别消耗纤维素为74%和43%,半纤维素为78%和61%,木质素寿60%和35%。不过它们对这些底物的消耗又具有相似的阶段性变化的特点,即在子实体形成期的消耗速率都比菌丝生长期快。培养物的纤维素酶和半纤维素酶的活性也有阶段性变化特点。底物降解速率的变化与酶活水平的变化之间有一定对应关系,其中尤以毛木耳较明显。实验还分析培养物的过氧化物酶和多酚氧化酶的活性变化,简要地讨论了它们在栽培底物降解中的作用。     

不同光周期下黄瓜和番茄幼苗生长与ZT和IAA的相关性

 研究不同光周期（12、14、16、18 和20 h · d^-1）对黄瓜和番茄幼苗生长的影响,探讨不同 光周期下幼苗生长与ZT 和IAA 含量的关系。结果表明：随着光周期的延长,黄瓜和番茄幼苗株高有降 低趋势,番茄幼苗的可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量逐渐升高;光周期达到16 h · d^-1 时,叶面积达到最大值, 壮苗指数显著高于12 和14 h · d^-1 处理;随着光周期的延长,番茄叶片中ZT 和IAA 含量逐渐升高,茎中 逐渐降低,且与番茄叶面积和株高成线性回归相关,黄瓜幼苗株高与茎中IAA 含量、根鲜质量与根中ZT 含量成正线性回归相关。总体而言,光周期设置在16 h · d^-1 时有利于促进黄瓜和番茄幼苗的生长,培育 壮苗。推测光周期通过调控黄瓜和番茄幼苗ZT 和IAA 含量的变化来影响其生长发育。     

Fractal characteristics of two-dimensional images of ‘Fuji’ apple trees trained to two tree configurations after their winter pruning

The structural diagrams of apple trees are the comprehensive reflection of the effects of their training and pruning as well as their physiological and ecological characteristics and yield. However, there have been few research reports on the characteristics of the structural diagrams of apple trees. The study investigated the fractal dimension numbers and fractal characteristics of the two-dimensional images of 5-year-old and 10-year-old ‘Fuji’ apple trees trained to the tall spindle configuration and the open-center configuration employing box-counting in combination with the image processing technology of the Photoshop. The two-dimensional images of apple trees with the different configurations differed and varied with their ages. The fractal dimension numbers of the two-dimensional images of the 10-year-old apple trees with the tall spindle configuration and with the open-center configuration were 1.6625 and 1.6531 respectively while the fractal dimension numbers of the two-dimensional images of the 5-year-old apple trees with the tall spindle configuration and with the open-center configuration were 1.6429 and 1.6377 respectively. As the age of the apple trees increased, the spatial quantities and distributions of trunks and branches got slightly intensified, and the fractal dimension numbers of their two-dimensional images and the apple yield increased correspondingly. The comparison of the fractal characteristics of the apple trees with the same age, which were trained to the different configurations, revealed that under the same age, the branch quantities and the apple yield of the apple trees with the tall spindle configuration were higher than those with the open-center configuration, so that under the same age the fractal dimension numbers with the tall spindle configuration were higher than those with the open-center configuration. These results showed that the fractal dimension number of the two-dimensional images of apple trees depended upon their trunk and bough distribution and at the same time it increased with their apple yield as well. Therefore, the fractal dimension numbers of the two-dimensional images of apple trees could be employed as an indicator for assessing training and pruning effects on apple trees and their fruit yield.     

碱胁迫下杜鹃花抗氧化体系的响应及亚细胞分布

为探讨杜鹃花属（Rhododendron）植物的耐碱性机理，以3个杜鹃花园艺栽培品种‘胭脂蜜’（R. obtusum‘Yanzhimi’）、‘红珊瑚’（R. obtusum‘Hongshanhu’）及‘红月’（R. obtusum‘Hongyue’）为试验材料，对植株进行为期2个月的NaHCO3和Na2CO3混合碱胁迫处理，观察植株在碱胁迫下的形态变化并测定叶片叶绿体、线粒体和细胞溶质3个亚细胞部位中活性氧及抗氧化体系的活性。结果表明：根据碱害指数，3个杜鹃花品种耐碱性从高到低依次为‘胭脂蜜’>‘红珊瑚’>‘红月’。在碱胁迫下，3个品种的3个亚细胞部位中H2O2和超氧阴离子水平显著提高，导致MDA含量增加，抗氧化酶的变化存在品种间差异。‘胭脂蜜’的3个亚细胞部位中SOD、POD、CAT和GR酶活性显著提高，APX在叶绿体和细胞溶质中的活性显著上升；而‘红珊瑚’仅叶绿体中的CAT和APX、线粒体中的SOD、POD和CAT以及细胞溶质中的SOD、GR活性显著提高；‘红月’的SOD活性在线粒体和细胞溶质中显著提高，CAT活性在叶绿体和线粒体中显著提高，POD及APX活性显著下降，GR活性无显著变化。碱胁迫下，3个品种的非酶促抗氧化剂AsA和GSH含量在叶绿体中降低，在线粒体和细胞溶质中增加。抗碱性强的‘胭脂蜜’在碱胁迫后ROS水平较稳定，MDA含量较低，SOD、POD、APX和GR活性较高。3个亚细胞部位比较发现，细胞溶质中H2O2和超氧阴离子的水平显著高于线粒体和叶绿体，抗氧化酶SOD、POD和GR及抗氧化剂AsA和GSH也主要分布在细胞溶质中，活性氧与抗氧化系统的亚细胞分布具有较高的一致性；APX主要分布在叶绿体中；CAT在线粒体活性最高。碱胁迫下不同亚细胞部位活性氧积累和过氧化损伤程度不同，相应的抗氧化防御体系在各亚细胞的响应也不同，细胞溶质是杜鹃花活性氧产生和清除的主要场所。     

茄子砧/穗残株高效再利用及效益评价

为了明确茄子嫁接后砧木、接穗残株的再生进程及再次嫁接利用的可行性,以茄砧1号、园杂471为砧木和接穗品种,研究砧木、接穗残株再生苗的生长发育进程,并比较残株再生苗嫁接与初次嫁接苗的愈合情况和生长指标。结果表明:茄子嫁接后砧木残株扦插再生、接穗残株腋芽再生30 d左右均可形成健壮的幼苗,植株茎粗可达2.5 mm左右,与播种育苗相比,砧木、接穗分别缩短育苗时间约45、10 d;利用砧木、接穗残株进行嫁接,嫁接苗成活率、木质部输导能力、砧/穗接合力及35 d嫁接苗净生长量与初次嫁接苗无显著差异。茄子残株嫁接苗砧木与接穗培养成本明显低于初次嫁接苗,按万株嫁接苗计,可节约生产成本696.4元。综上,茄子嫁接后砧/穗残株可以嫁接再利用,并可提高经济效益。     

Relationships between landforms,geomorphic processes,and plant communities on a watershed in the northern Chihuahuan Desert

The close correlation of plant communities to landforms and geomorphic surfaces resulted from differences in the redistribution of water and organic matter between landform in the northern Chihuahuan Desert. Biotic processes are limited by water and nitrogen, and the interactions between landforms, geomorphic processes, soils, and plant communities control the redistribution of these limiting resources within internally drained catchments. Geomorphic processes are regulated by the geologic structure and gross topographic relief of internally drained catchments over geological time scales. Land forming processes can be viewed as static at time scales of 10's to 100's of years, with individual landforms regulating geomorphic processes, namely erosion and deposition resulting from the horizontal redistribution of water within the catchment. The vegetation composition is a critical feedback, reinforcing the erosional or depositional geomorphic processes that dominate each landform. The Jornada Long-Term Ecological Research site may be one of the simplest cases in which to decipher the relationship between landforms, geomorphic processes and plant communities. However, these geomorphic processes are common to all internally drained catchments throughout the Basin and Range Province, and result in the development of characteristic landforms and associated vegetation communities. Although the patterns may be modified by differences in parent material, watershed size, and land use history — erosional, depositional, and transportational landforms can still be identified. The sharpness of ecotones between plant communities on individual landforms is related to the degree to which landforms are linked through the flow of water and sediment. Sharp ecotones occurred at the transition from depositional to erosional landforms where little material was transferred and steep environmental gradients are maintained. Gradual ecotones occurred at the transition from erosional to depositional landforms where large quantities of material were transferred leading to the development of a gradual environmental gradient. The relationships between geomorphic processes and vegetation communities that we describe have important implications for understanding the desertification of grasslands throughout semi-arid regions of North America. Disturbances such as grazing and climate change alter the composition of plant communities, thereby affecting the feedbacks to geomorphic processes, eventually changing drainage patterns and the spatial patterns of plant communities supported within the landscape.     

桃果实和叶片中糖分的季节变化及其与碳代谢酶活性的关系研究

以晚熟的艳丰一号桃为试材,研究了果实和叶片中可溶性糖、淀粉及相关酶活性的变化。结果表明,在果实生长发育早期,果实和叶片中的可溶性糖主要是还原糖,中后期,还原糖维持在相对较低的水平上,非还原糖大量积累;在整个果实生长发育期间,果实中蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖含量显著地高于叶片,而叶片中山梨醇和淀粉含量则显著地高于果实;叶片中蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖含量和果实中山梨醇含量较稳定,在整个生长季节中差异较小;在整个生长发育期间蔗糖在果实中持续积累,尤其是在成熟前急剧增加,果实内葡萄糖和果糖含量在生长发育前期总体呈下降趋势,中后期维持在一个相对较低的水平上;叶片中山梨醇含量在生长前期下降,之后维持在相对稳定状态。在整个果实生长发育期间果实中果糖含量与NI、SS和SDH活性及葡萄糖含量与SS和SDH活性呈显著正相关;叶片中葡萄糖含量与SDH活性呈显著正相关且果糖含量与SS和ADPGPPase活性呈显著负相关,此外叶片中蔗糖含量与SPS活性呈显著正相关,但果实中蔗糖含量与SPS不存在任何相关性。因此认为各主要糖的合成与转化在叶片和果实中可能存在着不同的酶调控机制。     

Reconstructed corneal endothelial tissue on allo-stroma in vitro

AIM: In order to search carrier material and better tissue culture method, the morphology and structure of the cultured cat corneal endothelium was observed. METHODS: The cat corneal endothelial cells were seeded on the Descemet's membrane of the dehydrated swine corneal stroma, and then cultured in the medium with epidermal growth factor and laminin for 7 days. The morphology and structure of reconstructed tissue was tested by the inverted microscope and the scanning electron microscope. RESULTS: As shown by the morphological observations, the cultured cat corneal endothelial cells formed an integrated membrane, and attached to the Descemet's membrane, which was similar to the nature tissue. The cells connected tightly to each other, and some of them arranged in hexagon approximately. CONCLUSION: The cat corneal endothelial cells could be rebuilt on the carrier of the dehydrated swine corneal stroma successfully, which is similar to the nature tissue.     

方位及冠层对核桃内果皮木质素形成及相关酶活性的影响

【目的】明确核桃果实发育过程中不同光照强度对内果皮中木质素、相关酶活性影响的动态变化规律。【方法】以核桃品种’新新2号’为试验材料,研究了树冠不同方位、不同冠层对内果皮中木质素含量、相关酶活性的变化规律,并进行了相关性分析。【结果】在不同方位、不同冠层上,木质素含量随着核桃果实的生长发育呈持续增加趋势;PAL、POD酶活性强弱的排序依次为:南面上层>南面中层>南面下层>北面上层>北面中层>北面下层>中部上层>中部中层>中部下层;PPO酶活性强弱的排序依次为:北面下层>北面中层>北面上层>中部下层>中部中层>中部上层>南面下层>南面中层>南面上层。相关性分析表明,木质素含量与POD酶活性呈极显著正相关(p<0.01,r=0.808**),与PPO酶活性呈负相关。【结论】树冠南面和上层接受的光照强度最大,木质素含量最高,PAL、POD酶活性最强;PPO酶活性最低;木质素含量与POD酶活性呈极显著正相关(p<0.01,r=0.808**),表明光照强度诱导了核桃果实内果皮中木质素的积累及相关酶活性的增强。