黄土高原丘陵沟壑区退耕还林生态效应评价

基于1986,2003年两期遥感影像解译获得的吴起县土地利用变化数据,采用生态系统价值衡量土地利用类型相对生态价值,对吴起县退耕还林的生态效应进行了综合评价.(1)1986-2003年间,吴起县土地利用类型发生了显著变化.林地、草地面积显著增加,耕地面积大幅度减少,其中,63.55%的耕地转换成林地和草地.(2)吴起县的生态环境指数从0.507上升到0.747,生态环境指数明显增加.其中,林地对区域生态环境指数增长贡献明显,从0.058增长到0.368.说明吴起县退耕还林还草带来了较好的生态效应,整体的生态环境质量得到了极大改善.     

福建省山仔水库生态安全评价

从经济状态、环境状态、社会状态3个方面建立了水库生态安全评价指标体系,应用全排列多边形图示指标法构建评价模型,对福建省山仔水库2000-2003年生态安全状况进行了评价。结果表明：2000-2003年期间,山仔水库经济状态、环境状态、社会状态总体上呈上升趋势,但仍然处于较差水平;综合考虑经济状态指数、环境状态指数、社会状态指数后,山仔水库生态安全状况优劣顺序为：2002年〉2003年〉2001年〉2000年。评价结果较为客观地反映了该区域生态环境安全状况,对于生态安全薄弱区的生态环境保护、资源利用和可持续发展具有指导意义。     

宝塔区生态环境特征及其生态建设研究

根据实地考察和资料分析 ,应用区域生态环境规划理论对宝塔区生态环境状况进行了评价 ,划分出不同的生态环境质量等级。同时 ,根据社会、经济和环境指标 ,将宝塔区划分为 3个生态经济区、8个生态经济亚区 ,对各区的生态经济特征进行了评价 ,并提出生态建设方向。结合宝塔区生态示范区建设规划 ,以生态农业和生态环境建设为生态示范区主要建设领域 ,按照区域特点 ,提出了各领域的生态建设模式     

小流域治理环境质量综合评价指标体系研究

分析、研究了小流域治理效益评价的常用指标，提出了小流域环境质量综合评价指标体系。指标体系由流域生态环境、农村环境和社会经济3类指标和17个子指标构成，从整体上反映小流域治理后环境质量的改善、生态资源储备价值的增值和区域可持续发展能力的变化，为小流域治理的规划、设计、环境质量评价和验收管理提供科学依据。     

退耕还林(草)背景下黄土丘陵沟壑区农业生态经济系统耦合发展态势——以陕西省吴起县为例

[目的] 探究黄土丘陵沟壑区农业生态经济系统的耦合协调关系与演变趋势,对科学评价该地区生态经济效益、实现农业生态经济协调与可持续发展具有重要意义。[方法] 以陕西省吴起县为研究对象,基于农业生态与农业经济数据,构建农业生态经济系统评价指标体系,运用熵权法、耦合协调度模型和耦合度模型分析了农业生态与农业经济的综合评价指数、耦合协调状态及耦合度演变趋势。[结果] 1990—2019年,吴起县农业生态综合评价指数呈现先下降后上升的发展趋势,农业经济综合评价指数经历较快速上升—稳定发展—快速上升的发展过程;耦合协调度指数由0.29上升至0.63,反映了该地区农业生态与农业经济的协调发展不断增强,耦合协调状态由轻度失调演变为初级协调水平;耦合度表现为先下降后上升趋势,系统由耗损发展阶段过渡到协调发展阶段,说明吴起县农业生态经济系统不断趋于协调发展的态势。[结论] 在丘陵沟壑区,我们应该继续以生态保护为基础,优化产业结构,调整生态与经济的发展关系,更好地实现农业生态环境与农业经济的协调发展。     

1990—2020年阿拉尔垦区生态环境质量动态监测与评价

[目的]借助遥感生态指数(RSEI)对阿拉尔垦区生态环境质量进行动态监测与评价,分析1990—2020年研究区生态环境变化及驱动因素,为阿拉尔垦区发展和生态保护提供科学参考。[方法]选取1990,2000,2011和2020年4期Landsat TM/ETM~+/OLI影像数据,耦合绿度指标(NDVI)、湿度指标(WET)、干度指标(NDSI)、热度指标(LST)构建RSEI,结合研究区气候、人口、经济等驱动因素探究阿拉尔垦区生态环境质量动态变化。[结果] 1990—2020年阿拉尔垦区RSEI均值从0.344上升至0.468,生态环境质量总体好转;1990—2020年阿拉尔垦区生态环境质量变好区域主要位于垦区北部和南部地区,改善面积达1 756.36 km~2,占总面积45.92%;生态环境质量受自然因素和社会经济因素影响,社会经济因素对阿拉尔垦区生态环境质量变化起主导作用。[结论]近30 a来阿拉尔垦区生态环境得到有效改善。遥感生态指数(RSEI)在一定程度上可以快速、有效地反映1990—2020年阿拉尔垦区生态环境质量变化。     

伏牛山区生态环境质量评价体系研究

在对伏牛山区的生态环境进行调查研究的基础上,提出建立伏牛山区生态环境质量评价体系所必须遵循的原则是综合性原则、可操作性原则、代表性原则和真实性原则,并以此为依据,选择了包括水土流失、生物多样性和人类破坏3个方面的26项指标建立了该区的生态环境质量评价指标体系,同时确定了评价标准和评价指标的权重,建立了初步的评价模型,为伏牛山区生态环境质量评价奠定了基础。     

半干旱区农业生态环境质量演化过程研究——以吉林省通榆县为例

建立了通榆县农业生态环境质量评价指标体系,用Delphi方法确定了评价指标的权重,并用TOPSIS方法对该县1930、1949、1960、1970、1983、1985、1998等7年的农业生态环境质量进行了评价,从评价结果可以看出,通榆县农业生态环境质量从1930年—1985年一直处于下降状态,1985年后,生态环境质量有所回升。     

吴起县农业生态经济系统耦合态势演变的驱动力

为了进一步研究吴起县农业生态经济系统耦合态势演变的内在驱动机制,利用吴起县统计年鉴(1990年、1999-2006年)数据,运用主成分分析方法对其进行了分析.结果表明:人为经济发展因素是农业生态经济系统演变的主要驱动力(贡献率为72.8499%),人口压力驱动因子次之(贡献率为11.5695%),而自然生态环境是影响吴起县农业生态经济系统耦合过程的基础(贡献率为8.1681%).针对目前吴起县农业生态经济系统耦合的内在驱动机制及其面临的问题,提出调整产业结构、发展林草及其相关产业链等措施来保证农业生态经济系统的稳定.     

山西省生态环境质量动态评价研究

根据山西省生态环境的特点 ,按照代表性、可操作性、层次性、主导因子原则 ,并通过专家咨询 ,建立了评价指标体系 ,利用双基点法对 1997～ 2 0 0 1年间生态环境综合质量的动态变化进行了系统评价。结果表明 ,山西省生态环境综合质量、社会经济条件、抗逆水平在 1997～ 2 0 0 1年间呈现出渐好的态势 ,但自然条件、环境水平呈现出下降趋势。在得出结论的基础上 ,提出了山西省生态环境整治的对策与建议。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.