奈曼旗土地退化遥感监测研究

奈曼旗是土地退化比较严重的旗县,为查清该旗的土地退化类型、分布及程度,监测其土地退化的发展趋势,该文选取土地利用/覆被方式、复合植被指数、风蚀土地占像元面积百分比和土壤含水率作为土地退化评价体系的4个指标,利用TM数据获取4个指标的反演数据。采用层次分析法构造4个指标的判断矩阵,通过判断矩阵特征向量的计算得到土地退化指标的权重,构建土地退化综合评价公式。结合综合评价公式,计算出奈曼旗的土地退化结果,并将土地退化分为未退化、轻度退化、中度退化、重度退化和严重退化5个等级。1987年、1991年、1996年、1999年、2002年和2007年的土地退化评价结果表明,奈曼旗的土地退化在1987-1999年期间处于"局部好转、整体恶化"的局面,2000年以后土地退化扩展趋势得到遏制,土地退化治理取得了一定的效果。该研究对奈曼旗的土地退化防治和生态建设具有一定的指导意义。     

亚热带典型地区土地退化对生态环境的影响——以江西兴国县为例

土地退化不仅是当前全球重大的环境问题之一,而且是重大经济和社会问题之一。以兴国县的实地调研为依据,简述了兴国县的土地退化状况,分析了土地退化的原因和过程,论述土地退化对生态环境的影响,提出了土地退化调控对策。     

猕猴桃汁维生素C降解动力学的研究

以猕猴桃原汁为试材，采用控制温度、调节pH值以促使维生素C氧化降解的方法，探讨猕猴桃汁中维生素C的降解动力学，为控制猕猴桃汁加工中维生素C损失提供理论依据。结果表明：猕猴桃汁中的维生素C降解十分复杂，存在多种降解途径，但主要是有氧降解；其还原型维生素C不经氧化型维生素C生成其他产物的不可逆途径可能存在，但不占主导地位。猕猴桃汁中维生素C无氧降解速度比有氧降解速度慢，温度升高，维生素C有氧降解速度加快，无氧降解速度变化不明显。     

我国土壤污染退化状况及防治对策

土壤污染退化已成为我国乃至全球性土壤退化的主要表现形式之一。本文在分析我国土壤资源污染退化状况和发展态势的基础上,着重分析了土壤污染退化对食物安全和生态环境效应的影响,并探讨了其原因,提出了防治我国土壤资源污染退化的对策。     

金沙江干热河谷典型区土壤退化机理研究——土壤侵蚀对土壤退化的作用

云南省金沙江干热河谷典型区土壤侵蚀普遍而严重 ,对土壤退化有关键性影响。通过对该区不同退化土壤的侵蚀状况 ,从土壤侵蚀对土壤退化的空间分布格局 ,土壤侵蚀对土壤退化类型的发生和作用机制 ,探讨了土壤侵蚀对土壤退化的作用和影响。结果表明 :(1)侵蚀和水土流失是造成土壤退化的要因 ,不同侵蚀类型及其强度控制了土壤退化的空间分布 ;(2 )土壤侵蚀对土壤退化的作用机制主要是 :不同土壤侵蚀强度 ,决定了土壤退化发生类型的数量和程度 ;通过对该区几类主要土壤退化类型发生机制进行分析 ,看出土壤侵蚀是以冲刷剥蚀、搬运扩散和沉积掩埋等作用为主 ,造成和加速了土壤退化的发生和发展。     

A FRAMEWORK FOR NATIONAL ASSESSMENT OF LAND DEGRADATION IN THE DRYLANDS: A CASE STUDY OF SOMALIA

Land degradation is a gradual, negative environmental process that is accelerated by human activities. Its gradual nature allows degradation to proceed unnoticed, thus reducing the likelihood of appropriate and timely control action. Presently, there are few practical frameworks to help countries design national strategies and policies for its control. The study presented here developed a framework for the national assessment of land degradation. This framework is envisaged to support governments in formulating policies on land degradation. It uses time‐series remote sensing data to identify the rate and extent of land degradation, local experts to identify prevalent degradation types and drivers of the degradation and field observations to validate the overall assessment. Its simplicity, use of freely downloadable input data and self‐triangulation of the assessment methods make it suitable for rapid assessment of land degradation on a national scale. It was tested in Somalia, where it exhibited accuracy greater than 60 per cent when assessing land degradation. This framework is relevant for designing national strategies and policies that address land degradation and provides an opportunity for accurate identification of areas to target with comprehensive local assessment. Testing of the framework in Somalia showed that about one‐third of the country was degraded because of loss of vegetation cover, topsoil loss and to the decline of soil moisture. Overgrazing, excessive tree cutting and poor agronomic practices in agricultural areas were identified as the primary drivers of the country's land degradation. These drivers are encouraged by the prevailing communal land tenure practices, poor governance and civil war. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

黄河三角洲典型生态脆弱区土壤退化遥感反演

黄河三角洲是典型的生态环境脆弱区,土壤质量不高,盐渍化状况普遍,快速准确掌握该区土壤退化状况,对退化土壤恢复重建、可持续利用具有重要意义。该研究选择黄河三角洲垦利县为研究区,以2008年实测数据为依据,通过建立土壤退化评价指标体系,以参评因素权重与隶属度值加权组合构建土壤退化综合指数,在GIS支持下对土壤退化进行了综合评价;采用与实测同时相的TM影像数据,结合不同程度退化土壤光谱特征、土壤退化综合指数与波段灰度值的相关性分析,筛选土壤退化敏感波段,进而构建土壤退化敏感光谱指数,并建立基于敏感光谱指数的土壤退化综合指数反演模型,最终筛选出拟合程度最高的指数模型作为研究区土壤退化的反演模型,对模型进行精度分析,并利用2008年遥感影像验证反演结果;将该反演模型应用于2011年和2013年的遥感影像,并对研究区2008-2013年的土壤退化状况及动态变化进行了分析。结果显示:基于土壤退化综合指数评价结果,研究区土壤退化程度从沿海到内陆呈现由高到低过渡的趋势;TM1、TM2、TM3波段为土壤退化敏感波段,基于此3个波段组合的土壤退化光谱指数构建的土壤退化遥感反演模型有较高的精度,R2为0.7182,其验证均方根误差、相对误差和决定系数分别为0.0241、3.66%和0.6724,反演结果与同年基于实测数据的综合评价结果相一致;研究区2008-2013年土壤退化状况总体变化不大,有逐渐改善趋势。     

Environmental Risk Assessment of Emerging Contaminants Using Degradation Data

The degradation behavior of an emerging contaminant is a key factor in its environmental risk assessment. Existing risk assessment methods based on EC degradation data commonly neglect the time-varying volatility of the degradation, the possible correlations in degradation between different ECs, and the estimation errors. To fill the gaps, this paper proposes an EC risk assessment framework based on the Wiener process. We first focus on degradation data from competitive experiments, which are adopted to evaluate a useful risk indicator, i.e., the bimolecular rate constant of a degradation reaction. A two-dimensional Wiener process model is developed to capture the degradation behaviors of the target EC and a reference contaminant in the experiment. Point and interval estimations of desired quantities, including the rate constant and the degradation half-life, are developed. We further extend the model to the multivariate case, which is applicable to waste water treatment where multiple ECs degrade in a mixed solution. A risk indicator for the mixed solution is proposed, based on which a minimal treatment time can be determined. Both point and interval estimation procedures of the risk indicator and the minimal treatment time are proposed. Two EC degradation datasets are used to demonstrate the proposed methodologies.   Supplementary materials accompanying this paper appear on-line.     

Assessing land degradation in the Monduli District,northern Tanzania

One of the many contentious issues facing the appropriate and accurate assessment of land degradation is the varying emphasis placed on vegetation degradation and soil degradation processes. This has led to the compartmentalization of land degradation assessment methods, depending on the particular perspective adopted. The land degradation assessment method presented here attempts to take into account both vegetation and soil degradation. This methodology is applied to the southern part of the Monduli District of northeast Tanzania, an area typifying the so‐called ‘affected drylands’ of Africa. Three sets of land cover maps synchronized against long‐term rainfall data (1960s, 1991 and 1999) were used to assess land degradation in the area. Utilizing these three sets of land cover maps as a basis for change detection, it is possible to distinguish areas that experienced changes in vegetation due to rainfall variability from those areas that were subject to changes consequent upon anthropological factors. All areas that displayed overall depletion of natural and semi‐natural vegetation due to human factors were deemed to have undergone land degradation, whereas areas that experienced inter‐annual land cover changes due to rainfall variability were classified as experiencing cover change due to ecosystem dynamics. This method provides a complete and appropriate assessment of land degradation in the study area and can be used to improve degradation assessment in other semiarid areas. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

使用因素对发动机润滑油劣化影响的层次分析

为了有效控制发动机实际使用过程的润滑油衰变劣化。论文结合层次识别理论对发动机润滑油劣化的实际使用因素进行了识别。通过构建发动机润滑油劣化影响因素的指标体系和层次诊断结构图,运用层次判断矩阵识别出了影响发动机润滑油劣化的主要实际使用因素。结果发现温度是构成润滑油劣化的最主要影响因素,发动机工况变化、外界环境也会对润滑油劣化构成一定影响。     

晋西北地区土地退化特征及危害研究

土地退化是当前世界重要的环境问题,它严重地制约着社会经济的可持续发展。根据野外调查和前人的研究成果,探讨了晋西北地区土地退化的表现特点,成因和危害,并提出了土地退化的防治对策。     

杨梅澄清汁及浓缩汁中花色苷热降解动力学的研究

杨梅花色苷易受温度、pH值等因素的影响而发生降解，是导致产品外观品质变劣的主要原因。本文研究了杨梅澄清汁及浓缩汁内花色苷在不同pH值和不同加热温度下的热稳定性。花色苷降解动力学数据的分析结果表明：杨梅花色苷热降解属动力学一级反应，随着pH值和温度的升高，杨梅花色苷降解的半衰期(t_1/2)和热降解活化能(Ea)显著下降，即花色苷的降解速度增大；同一处理条件下，浓缩果汁的t_1/2明显低于澄清汁。而反应速率常数k和Ea值大于澄清果汁，说明澄清汁花色苷的热稳定性优于浓缩汁。     

我国南方亚热带丘陵山地土地退化研究

我国南方土地退化的形成是由其生态环境的脆弱性决定的。土地退化不仅表现为土壤退化,还表现为植被退化和土地状况恶化,具有明显的坡面分带性。从50年代到80年代,不同人类活动地区土地退化变化的特点不同。土地退化的动态变化主要是由于土地的开垦及人类活动对植被的破坏。土地退化严重的地区既不是人口较少和经济落后的基岩山区,也不是人口较密、经济发达的低丘岗地区,而是人口增长较快、经济较落后的低山丘陵区。     

Degradation Study of Carnosic Acid, Carnosol, Rosmarinic Acid, and Rosemary Extract (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) Assessed Using HPLC

Rosemary, whose major caffeoyl-derived and diterpenoid ingredients are rosmarinic acid, carnosol, and carnosic acid, is an important source of natural antioxidants and is being recognized increasingly as a useful preservative, protectant, and even as a potential medicinal agent. Understanding the stability of these components and their mode of interaction in mixtures is important if they are to be utilized to greatest effect. A study of the degradation of rosmarinic acid, carnosol, carnosic acid, and a mixture of the three was conducted in ethanolic solutions at different temperatures and light exposure. As expected, degradation increased with temperature. Some unique degradation products were formed with exposure to light. Several degradation products were reported for the first time. The degradation products were identified by HPLC/MS/MS, UV, and NMR. The degradation of rosemary extract in fish oil also was investigated, and much slower rates of degradation were observed for carnosic acid. In the mixture of the three antioxidants, carnosic acid serves to maintain levels of carnosol, though it does so at least in part at the cost of its own degradation.     

土壤侵蚀退化研究

土壤退化是全球性的重大环境问题之一,直接威胁人类的生存。在引起土壤退化的诸因素中,土壤侵蚀是最普遍和最重要的因素。在前人土壤侵蚀退化研究成果的基础上简单回顾了其发展现状,重点综述了土壤侵蚀退化机理,并针对性地提出了土壤侵蚀退化防治措施。     

青藏高原土地退化类型及其退化程度评价

以基于县域为单位划分青藏高原的29个亚区为研究对象,通过计算土地退化度以及综合土地退化度,分析沙漠化、草地退化、土壤侵蚀、盐渍化和冻融5种退化类型及其综合土地退化程度在空间的分布特征。结果表明:冷湖亚区和祁连山北麓的沙漠化程度最严重;藏北高原东部亚区和甘南高原区的草地退化程度最严重;泽库沙区、平安亚区和湟源-湟中亚区的土壤侵蚀程度最严重;格尔木亚区和冷湖亚区盐渍化程度最严重;阿里高原北部亚区、藏北高原西部亚区和阿里高原南部亚区的冻融荒漠化最严重;土地综合退化程度最严重的区域是冷湖亚区、甘南高原和祁连山北麓区。     

岩溶塌陷诱发水土资源退化模式研究——以鲁中南岩溶塌陷区为例

在岩溶塌陷区,资源环境受到岩溶塌陷地质灾害的严重影响和危害,生态环境也发生恶化现象,尤其以水资源和土地资源的退化最为突出。以鲁中南典型岩溶塌陷区为例,阐述了岩溶塌陷诱发的3种水土资源退化模式:水土流失、水土污染和土壤退化,并分析了该区水土资源退化的现状,研究了水土资源退化的机理和特征。     

Dynamic economic management of soil erosion,nutrient depletion,and productivity in the north central USA

Physical scientists have presented a wealth of evidence regarding the effects of cropland soil degradation. Because soil degradation has both on‐site and off‐site effects, public policies have often tried to increase rates of conservation over privately optimal rates. Where private incentives leave off and public incentives start up is somewhat controversial, however. Physical evidence, while necessary, is not sufficient to predict conservation actions by farmers in response to the threat of degradation. This paper provides a partial explanation for why farmers may adopt differing conservation strategies, even though they share similar preferences. A model is constructed that divides soil degradation into reversible and irreversible components. We portray nutrient depletion as a reversible facet of soil degradation and soil profile depth depletion as an irreversible facet of soil degradation. Predictions of optimal management response to soil degradation are accomplished using a closed‐loop model of fertilizer applications and residue management to control future stocks of soil nutrients and soil profile depth. Our model is applied to degradation data from nine soils in the north central United States. Three principal findings result: First, due to differences in initial soil properties, susceptibility to degradation, sensitivity of yield to soil depth, and yield response to alternative management practices, dynamically optimal economic strategies cannot be inferred directly from physical results but are inferred from the associated economic implications. Second, optimal residue management is more variable with respect to soil type than to the erosion phase of the soil, implying that substantial gains to targeting are possible. Third, nutrient depletion is a more compelling motivator for adopting residue management than soil profile depth depletion. This implies that motivating residue management requires programs that pay even greater attention to reversible degradation, and therefore the overall farm management implications, rather than strictly to protect topsoil from irreversible degradation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Explanation and policy in land degradation and rehabilitation for developing countries

The paper examines why land management practices are not carried out, and what can be done about this. It focuses on the need to obtain an accurate explanation of why degradation has occurred, and highlights the need to examine: whether degradation really is taking place; the identification of those for whom land degradation is, or will be, a problem; the identification of why land degradation is taking place; the need to find solutions and means to reach them (i.e. policy formulation).