屠宰猪肝脏病变的特征

屠宰猪肝脏检验、处理是动物卫生检验工作中的重要环节。猪肝脏上的病变多而且比较复杂。现对猪肝脏的常见病变做初步归纳。1 间质性肝炎肉眼观察肝脏表面有局灶性或片状增厚的白色斑纹，触之坚硬，有的呈云雾状。切面小叶间结缔组织增生变宽，但肝脏外形无变化。早期镜检可见包膜下局部及邻近小叶间质结缔组织增生，有大量嗜酸性白细胞和少量单核细胞，并且淋巴细胞浸润；后期浸润的嗜酸性白细胞数量减少，淋巴细胞增多，结缔组织中粗大的胶原纤维明显。病变严重时，病灶边缘的肝细胞萎缩变窄。     

牛和猪人工感染牛带绦虫的囊尾蚴形态与肝组织的病理变化

将试验动物牛和猪分为4组：A组(从江牛带绦虫感染牛组)、B组(从江牛带绦虫感染猪组)、C组(都匀亚洲牛带绦虫感染牛组)及D组(都匀亚洲牛带绦虫感染猪组)。分别灌喂从江牛带绦虫和都匀亚洲牛带绦虫的孕节，并于感染后第67d剖检，对牛带绦虫人工感染牛、猪的囊尾蚴形态与肝组织的病理变化进行了观察比较。结果显示，A组、B组、C组囊尾蚴分布在肝，C组囊尾蚴分布在肝、心、肾及四肢肌肉等；A组、B组囊尾蚴外有少量纤维组织包绕，A组囊尾蚴囊壁向囊腔内突出生长，周围有少量嗜酸性粒细胞浸润；B组、D组囊尾蚴发生坏死、钙化，周围有大量嗜酸性粒细胞及中性粒细胞浸润，D组肉芽肿形成，B组、D组均有大量纤维组织增生。     

雏番鸭感染"白点病"后某些生理指标的变化

试验用“白点病”病毒人工感染雏番鸭，建立番鸭“白点病”病理模型。在攻毒后第1，3，5，7，10，14天分别采血测定红细胞总数、血红蛋白含量、白细胞分类计数以及体温等生理指标。结果表明：雏番鸭感染“白点病”后红细胞和血红蛋白含量显著下降．导致动物机体严重贫血；攻毒组雏番鸭的淋巴细胞和分叶嗜中性粒细胞在感染后第1，3，5，7天显著高于对照组．而嗜酸粒细胞与杆性嗜中性粒细胞则显著低于对照组。在感染“白点病”的早期，雏番鸭体温呈上升趋势，但感染末期呈下降趋势。     

蜱感染后兔体炎性细胞数量的变化

通过应用免疫增强剂或免疫抑制剂改变兔体的非特异性免疫功能，观察长角血蜱幼虫感染后兔体炎性细胞数量的变化，结果发现免疫增强组兔淋巴细胞和嗜中性粒细胞在长角血蜱幼虫感染前和感染后变化不大；免疫抑制组淋巴细胞数量降低，而嗜中性粒细胞数量增加；不用药组幼虫叮咬后相比淋巴细胞数量稍降低，嗜中性粒细胞数量稍增加，嗜酸性粒细胞、单核细胞和嗜碱性粒细胞数量变化不明显。     

西藏鸡肝肿大病的病理学研究

对收集的１２只鸡肝肿大病的肝脏病理组织学检查表明，显微病变以淋巴细胞，嗜酸性白细胞浸润和小胆管增生为特征。肝脏典型的病变主要表现为局灶性的肝细胞变性和坏死，胆管炎和胆管周围炎，间质性肝炎。     

实验性鸭疫里氏杆菌病病理学动态变化

对90只11日龄鸭通过颈部皮下人工接种鸭疫里氏杆菌,分别在感染后12h、24h、36h、48h、60h、72h剖杀,观察其动态病理变化。结果表明,鸭在感染24h后就开始出现浆液纤维素性心包炎、肝周炎、气囊炎,并持续整个病理过程。组织学病变主要为肝脏、心脏、脾脏、气囊等表面增厚,有大量浆液纤维素性渗出物,其中有嗜中性粒细胞和单核细胞浸润;心肌细胞和肾小管上皮细胞颗粒变性,肝细胞脂肪变性和凝固性坏死,脾脏淋巴细胞减少,脑膜水肿充血。证实了鸭疫里氏杆菌主要侵害浆膜和肝脏,引起多发性浆膜炎和肝坏死。     

华支睾吸虫感染FVB小鼠的试验研究

为了观察华支睾吸虫感染FVB小鼠肝脏组织病理变化,将12只健康雌性FVB小鼠随机分成2组,分别为正常组与感染组,每组6只。感染组小鼠经口灌饲45个华支睾吸虫囊蚴。于感染后25d用NaOH消化法检测粪便虫卵阳性率,感染后第112天收集肝脏组织,进行HE染色及Masson染色观察肝脏病理变化情况;收集外周血,ELISA检测血清中华支睾吸虫特异性IgG抗体。虫卵检查结果显示,感染组小鼠在感染后25d检查到虫卵,肉眼观察小鼠肝小叶边缘有白色结节样病变,肝脏表面有白色透明水泡。感染组小鼠血清中华支睾吸虫特异性IgG水平显著高于正常组(P0.01)。HE染色观察小鼠肝脏组织,见到虫体,炎症细胞浸润严重,纤维化明显并伴有点状坏死。肝细胞肿胀,肝窦狭窄,胆管扩张增生显著,胆管上皮细胞水肿、坏死,部分胆管上皮细胞胞浆均质红染。Masson染色显示肝脏组织尤其是虫体周围出现大面积纤维化。试验结果表明,华支睾吸虫感染FVB小鼠肝脏病变严重,因此可利用该品系小鼠建立华支睾吸虫感染模型,为深入研究华支睾吸虫的致病机制奠定基础。     

家兔实验性豆状囊尾蚴病不同感染时期组织病理学变化规律研究

为研究家兔感染豆状囊尾蚴后其实质器官的组织病理学变化,用不同数量六钩蚴人工感染家兔(分为高剂量感染组和低剂量感染组,同时设对照组,每组各6只),隔离饲养2个月,分别在感染7 d、30 d和60 d捕杀,取肝脏,经10%的中性福尔马林溶液固定,制作石蜡切片,H.E染色,光镜观察。结果表明,感染后7 d,高剂量组兔有死亡,低剂量组兔出现腹泻、消瘦,剖检可见肝脏肿大、有出血点,肠壁菲薄;镜检可见中央静脉和肝窦扩张、充血,肝细胞空泡变性,间质中可见六钩蚴。感染30 d后,高、低剂量组家兔均消瘦,肝脏仍肿大、色泽变淡、有散在出血点,表面和切面均见数量不等未成熟的囊尾蚴;镜下可见虫体移行道,其中有大量的嗜酸性粒细胞和巨噬细胞,含铁血黄素沉积,肝细胞发生严重的空泡变性;间质中观察到发育程度不同的豆状囊尾蚴,囊壁、囊腔和虫体已经形成,头节尚未发育完全。感染60 d后,各剂量组家兔肝脏肿大消失、呈恢复状态,表面有灰黄色或灰白色结节,成熟囊尾蚴从肝脏中移行出来进入腹腔,黏附在大网膜和肠系膜上;肝脏增生明显,肝细胞空泡变性和颗粒变性,但较感染中期程度轻,较感染初期严重,肝细胞分裂增殖,可见双核和三核的肝细胞;形成特异性肉芽肿,肉芽肿中心呈典型的凝固性坏死。     

猪,犬感染犬旋毛虫后其嗜酸性粒细胞的变化情况

猪，犬感染犬旋毛虫后，其体内的嗜酸性粒细胞显著增高，而基佗各类细胞无明显变化，嗜酸性粒细胞于感染后第７ｄ开始升高，１４～３５ｄ之间达到高峰，以后呈逐渐下降趋势，但仍比对照组高，嗜酸性粒细胞的增多可作为早期诊断旋毛虫病的重要临床指标之一。     

鸭坦布苏病毒对雏鸭的致病性研究

为研究鸭坦布苏病毒对雏鸭的致病性,对1周龄樱桃谷雏鸭肌肉接种坦布苏病毒FX 2010株,建立雏鸭感染模型,动态观察感染雏鸭的临床表现、病理变化、组织病毒含量及免疫反应。结果显示,雏鸭攻毒后第3天食欲下降,排黄白色稀粪,第5天时出现神经症状,部分雏鸭急性死亡,死亡率高达22.5%(9/40)。剖检病、死鸭可见心内膜出血,脾肿胀、坏死,肝、肾变性肿胀,脑膜充血。感染雏鸭的组织病理学变化主要表现心、肝、肾实质细胞变性、坏死,间质炎性细胞浸润或见出血;脾淋巴细胞局灶性坏死并伴有大量异嗜性粒细胞浸润;大脑呈典型的病毒性脑炎变化。雏鸭感染后第1天各器官就能检测到坦布苏病毒,第3天器官病毒含量除脾外均达峰值,后逐渐下降。雏鸭攻毒后第5天血清中出现微弱的中和抗体,以后逐渐升高,第17天时达峰值。以上结果表明,鸭坦布苏病毒感染雏鸭后能迅速入侵机体各组织器官并大量复制,呈组织泛嗜性特征,造成全身广泛性组织损伤,重症雏鸭死于急性败血症病变。雏鸭接种病毒后能快速产生中和抗体以抵抗感染并迅速清除病毒。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.