不同抗性小麦根与菲利普孢囊线虫(Heterodera filipjevi)互作的表型特征

菲利普孢囊线虫(Heterodera filipjevi)是最近在我国新发现的小麦病原线虫,在黄淮冬麦区对小麦生产构成威胁。2009-2011年2个生长季在河南省许昌市进行的田间病圃抗性鉴定中,小麦－黑麦6R(6D)染色体代换系(带有抗病基因CreR)对H. filipjevi Hfc-1致病型表现高抗反应型(HR),小麦品种太空6号表现中抗反应型(MR),其亲本品种豫麦49表现高感反应型(HS)。利用Pluronic F-127胶体为介质,研究了不同抗性小麦品种根尖对线虫的吸引性。结果显示,无论品种的抗性水平如何,其根尖单独存在时均能够吸引线虫的二龄幼虫;当3个品种(系)的根尖同时存在时,6R(6D)根尖吸引的二龄幼虫数量显著少于太空6号和豫麦49。采用酸性品红－次氯酸钠染色法观察线虫对根系的侵染,发现不论抗性水平高低,二龄幼虫都能侵入寄主根的组织,但至侵染后期,6R(6D)和太空6号根中的线虫数量显著少于豫麦49。这些结果表明,虽然线虫能够侵入抗病品种的根组织,但是大部分二龄幼虫却不能继续发育而形成孢囊。这为了解小麦对H. filipjevi的抗性机制提供了实验证据。     

河南省小麦主推品种对2种禾谷孢囊线虫的抗性及其评价方法

通过室内人工接种和田间自然病圃鉴定,以单株白雌虫数法、相对抗病指数法和繁殖系数法评价河南省47个主推的小麦品种对燕麦孢囊线虫Heterodera avenae荥阳群体和菲利普孢囊线虫H.filipjevi许昌群体的抗性。室内人工接种条件下,依据单株白雌虫数评价,所有小麦品种对两种孢囊线虫均表现感病或高度感病;但依据相对抗病指数评价,有4个品种(太空6号、新麦11、中育6号和新麦18)对H.avenae表现抗病,其余品种表现中度以上感病。田间病圃鉴定条件下,依据单株白雌虫数评价,太空6号和新麦18对H.avenae表现高抗,中育6号、新麦11等10个品种表现中抗,其余品种均表现为感病或高感;中育6号和太空6号对H.filipjevi表现高抗,偃展4110、濮麦9号和豫农201表现中抗,其余品种均表现感病。依据相对抗病指数评价,太空6号对H.avenae表现高抗,新麦18、中育6号和新麦11表现抗病;中育6号、太空6号对H.filipjevi表现高抗,偃展4110、濮麦9号、豫农201、豫农949表现抗病。依据繁殖系数Pf/Pi评价,太空6号、新麦11、中育6号和新麦18对H.avenae表现抗病,太空6号、中育6号、濮麦9号和濮优938对H.filipjevi表现抗病,其余品种表现感病。3种方法的抗性评价结果不完全相同,相对抗病指数法与单株白雌虫数法的评价结果在一定程度上有一致性,可部分克服因感病程度悬殊而导致评价不一致的问题,因而可作为小麦品种抗禾谷孢囊线虫新的鉴定方法。     

河南省小麦主推品种对两种禾谷孢囊线虫的抗性及其评价方法

通过室内人工接种和田间自然病圃鉴定,以单株白雌虫数法、相对抗病指数法和繁殖系数法评价河南省47个主推的小麦品种对燕麦孢囊线虫Heterodera avenae荥阳群体和菲利普孢囊线虫H. filipjevi许昌群体的抗性。室内人工接种条件下,依据单株白雌虫数评价,所有小麦品种对两种孢囊线虫均表现感病或高度感病;但依据相对抗病指数评价,有4个品种(太空6号、新麦11、中育6号和新麦18)对H. avenae表现抗病,其余品种表现中度以上感病。田间病圃鉴定条件下,依据单株白雌虫数评价,太空6号和新麦18对H. avenae表现高抗,中育6号、新麦11等10个品种表现中抗,其余品种均表现为感病或高感;中育6号和太空6号对H. filipjevi表现高抗,偃展4110、濮麦9号和豫农201表现中抗,其余品种均表现感病。依据相对抗病指数评价,太空6号对H. avenae表现高抗,新麦18、中育6号和新麦11表现抗病;中育6号、太空6号对H. filipjevi表现高抗,偃展4110、濮麦9号、豫农201、豫农949表现抗病。依据繁殖系数P_f /P_i评价,太空6号、新麦11、中育6号和新麦18对H. avenae表现抗病,太空6号、中育6号、濮麦9号和濮优938对H. filipjevi表现抗病,其余品种表现感病。3种方法的抗性评价结果不完全相同,相对抗病指数法与单株白雌虫数量法的评价结果在一定程度上有一致性,可部分克服因感病程度悬殊而导致评价不一致的问题,因而可作为小麦品种抗禾谷孢囊线虫新的鉴定方法。     

抗禾谷孢囊线虫小麦新种质H3714和H4058的培育与鉴定

在我国小麦主产区均有禾谷孢囊线虫(CCN,Heterodera spp.)发生。限于有效抗源的严重匮乏,抗CCN育种研究一直难以规模化开展。Madsen是一个抗孢囊线虫的美国冬小麦品种,但抽穗偏晚使其很难在育种上迅速利用。本研究利用中国小麦品种烟农21和济麦19与Madsen杂交和回交,从BC1F4代中选育出稳定品系H3714和H4058。田间病圃和温室接种鉴定结果表明,这2个品系对河南省H.avenae荥阳群体(致病型Ha43)和H.filipjevi许昌群体(致病型Hfc-1)的抗性显著优于烟农21和济麦19。在接种条件下,两个品系表现成株期白粉病抗性,H4058苗期还可抗不同白粉菌菌株。2个品系的抽穗期与烟农21和济麦19相似,明显早于Madsen。利用偏凸山羊草2NS染色体特异分子标记VENTRIUP-LN2及该染色体上Vrga1D基因特异分子标记Vlr2.6-3′-Vlr2.4-5′和VRGA-F11-VRGA-R5分析,发现H3714和H4058含有偏凸山羊草2NS染色体片段,且该染色体片段来自Madsen。根据Illumina i Select 90K SNP分析结果,两个品系的染色体构成存在差异。在检测到两个品系共有的4918个多态性SNP中,2/3的SNP位点在2个姊妹系间表现相同,另外1/3的SNP位点表现不同。本研究培育的抗禾谷孢囊线虫小麦新种质H3714和H4058可作为培育抗线虫小麦品种的抗源。     

两种小麦孢囊线虫在河南的侵染动态基本明确

<正>近年来,小麦孢囊线虫病已成为我国小麦生产上的重要病害之一,而掌握病原线虫的侵染动态是病害防控的基础。为此,河南农业大学植物保护学院有关科研人员在田间条件下,对2种孢囊线虫—禾谷孢囊线虫(Heterodera avenae)和菲利普孢囊线虫(H.filipjev)i在河南郑州的侵染动态进行了比较研究。研究结果显示:小麦出苗后2周即可发现孢囊线虫的二龄幼虫侵入到小麦根内,4周后少量二龄幼虫发育为三龄,6周后     

普通小麦–簇毛麦种质对菲利普孢囊线虫的抗性分析

菲利普孢囊线虫(Heterodera filipjevi)是在我国新发现的一种小麦病原线虫, 已严重威胁我国小麦的安全生产。小麦近缘种属具有改良小麦所需的许多目标性状, 是丰富小麦遗传变异、选育抗病品种的重要基因资源。采用室内接种鉴定法, 从20份小麦近缘属种材料中发现簇毛麦(Dasypyrum villosum)高抗H. filipjevi。分别对3套普通小麦–簇毛麦染色体附加系和6VS易位系进行接虫抗性鉴定, 结果6V染色体附加系高抗H. filipjevi;含6VS的易位系则表现感病。据此推测, 簇毛麦6V染色体上可能含有抗H. filipjevi基因, 且可能位于6VL上。     

中科院在小麦抗禾谷孢囊线性的抗性分子机制研究中获进展

正小麦禾谷孢囊线虫在世界分布广泛,是对小麦、大麦等禾本科作物和牧草有严重危害的重要病原性线虫。在小麦现有品种资源中CCN的抗性相关基因较少,但在其近缘物种中却较丰富。易变山羊草1号(Ae.variabilis No.1)是禾本科山羊草属植物,具有很好的抗根结线虫(RKN)和禾谷孢囊线虫(CCN)特性,是小麦抗性育种研究中的重要基因资源。中国科学院成都生物研究所农业生物技术研究中心科研人员以Ae.variabilis No.1为材料,对前期CCN侵染诱导下的RNA-Seq分析筛选得到的候选基因Ae VTDCs进行功能分析。TDC     

土质沙性越大越不利于禾谷孢囊线虫的发生危害

<正>河北省农林科学院植物保护研究所研究发现,土质沙性越大越不利于禾谷孢囊线虫的发生危害。为明确不同土壤质地对禾谷孢囊线虫(Heterodera avenae)发生危害的影响,研究人员分别测试了6种土壤质地中禾谷孢囊线虫的侵染、发育及其种群动态。结果显示:在整个小麦生长季,不同土质中禾谷孢囊线虫2龄幼虫(J2)的种群变化趋势一致。冬前土壤中少量线虫孵化,11月下旬各种土质中J2种群密度达到10.8~14.2条/100毫升土壤;4     

CIMMYT小麦种质资源对菲利普孢囊线虫(Heterodera filipjevi)河南许昌群体的抗性

菲利普孢囊线虫(Heterodera filipjevi)是我国新发现的一种小麦病原线虫。通过室内盆栽接种和田间病圃鉴定, 采用相对抗病指数法和Pf/Pi比值法评价75份CIMMYT小麦品种资源材料对菲利普孢囊线虫河南许昌群体的抗性, 为抗病育种提供了种质资源信息。在供试材料中未发现免疫品种, 其中6R(6D)抗性最好, 2种鉴定条件下均表现高抗;MACKELLER、CROC_1/ AE.SQUARROSA(224)//OPATA^*1、CROC_1/AE.SQUARROSA (224)//OPATA*2、CPI 133842、CPI 133814和TRIDENT等6份品种材料在室内接种鉴定中达到抗病水平;田间病圃鉴定中除6R(6D)表现高抗水平外, 另有CPI 133842、CPI 133814、DURATI和TURCAN#39表现高抗, ID-2150、BAXTER和MACKELLER等14份品种材料达到抗病水平。室内接种鉴定较田间病圃鉴定发病严重, 且简便易行, 鉴定结果更可靠。鉴定结果表明, 相对抗病指数法可以作为一种评价小麦品种对孢囊线虫病抗性的有效方法。     

小麦品种太空6号对Heterodera avenae郑州群体的抗性遗传分析

通过多年接虫和田间病圃抗性鉴定,发现普通小麦品种太空6号对燕麦孢囊线虫(Heterodera avenae)郑州群体具有较好的抗性。以抗病品种太空6号为父本、感病品种豫麦47为母本配置杂交组合构建遗传分离群体,通过田间病圃鉴定和室内接虫鉴定对太空6号进行了抗性遗传分析,发现豫麦47×太空6号杂种F₂代单株孢囊量为连续分布,具有数量性状特征;F₂代群体单株孢囊量分布图呈偏态分布,说明存在明显的主效基因。应用植物数量性状主基因+多基因混合遗传模型单个分离世代分析方法,分析豫麦47×太空6号杂种F₂代群体在室内接种二龄幼虫和田间病圃中对H. avenae郑州群体的抗性遗传效应均符合B-2模型,推测太空6号对H. avenae的抗性由2对主基因+多基因控制,主基因表现为加性-显性效应,在室内人工接种和田间病圃鉴定条件下主基因的遗传率分别为73.54%和86.90%,说明太空6号对燕麦孢囊线虫郑州群体的抗性是主效基因起主要作用。     

RFLP mapping of a new cereal cyst nematode resistance locus in barley

Cereal cyst nematode (CCN) ( Heterodera avenae Woll.) is an economically damaging pest of barley in many of the worlds cereal growing areas. The development of CCN-resistant cultivars may be accelerated with the application of molecular markers. Three resistance genes against the pest have been mapped previously to chromosome 2 ( Ha 1, Ha 2 and Ha 3). In this study, a third gene present in the Australian barley variety 'Galleon' derived from the landrace 'CI3576' was located. Segregation analysis of CCN resistance data derived from doubled haploid populations of the cross 'Haruna Nijo'×'Galleon' identified a single major locus controlling CCN resistance in the variety 'Galleon'. This locus mapped to the long arm of chromosome 5H estimated to be 6.2 cM from the known function restriction fragment length polymorphism marker XYL (xylanase). While five genes for CCN resistance, including Ha2, have been mapped to group 2 chromosomes in the Triticeae, no gene other than Ha4 has been identified on group 5 chromosomes.     

普通小麦-卵穗山羊草种质的菲利普孢囊线虫抗性

菲利普孢囊线虫(Heterodera filipjevi)是我国黄淮麦区新发现的一种病原线虫,但在小麦属中缺乏有效抗源。为从小麦亲缘种属中发掘抗病资源,采用室内接种平均单株雌虫鉴定法,从34份卵穗山羊草(Aegilops geniculataRoth)材料中筛选出6份抗H. filipjevi的种质材料,其中PI542187表现高抗,PI564186、PI573396、PI374365、PI361880和PI374365表现抗病。对中国春–卵穗山羊草染色体附加系抗性鉴定发现,卵穗山羊草7U^g和5M^g附加系的单株白雌虫数明显低于中国春。连续两年又对17份小麦?卵穗山羊草5M^g-5D易位系材料的抗性鉴定发现,5M^g464、5M^g466和5M^g457抗性较好。     

Morphological and physiological differences in the response of cereals to zinc deficiency

Greenhouse and growth chamber experiments were carried out using seven bread wheat (Triticum aestivum), three durum wheat (T. durum), two rye (Secale cereale), three barley (Hordeum vulgare), two triticale (x Triticosecale Wittmack) and one oat (Avena sativa) cultivars to study response to zinc (Zn) deficiency and Zn fertilisation in nutrient solution and in a severely Zn deficient calcareous soil. Visual Zn deficiency symptoms, such as whitish-brown necrotic patches on leaf blades, developed rapidly and severely in the durum wheat and oat cultivars. Bread wheat showed great genotypic differences in sensitivity to Zn deficiency. In triticale and rye, visual deficiency symptoms were either absent or appeared only slightly, while barley showed a moderate sensitivity. When grown in soil, average decreases in shoot dry matter production due to Zn deficiency were 15% for rye, 25% for triticale, 34% for barley, 42% for bread wheat, 63% for oat and 65% for durum wheat. Differential Zn efficiency among and within cereal species was better related to the total amount of Zn per shoot, but not to the Zn concentration in the shoot dry matter. However, in leaves of Zn efficient rye and bread wheat cultivars, the activity of Zn-containing superoxide dismutase was greater than in Zn inefficient bread and durum wheat cultivars, suggesting higher amounts of physiologically active Zn in leaf tissue of efficient genotypes. When grown in nutrient solution, there was a poor relationship between Zn efficiency and release rate of Zn-chelating phytosiderophores from roots, but uptake of labelled Zn (⁶⁵Zn) and its translocation to the shoot was higher in the Zn efficient rye and bread wheat cultivars than in inefficient bread and durum wheat cultivars. The results demonstrate that susceptibility of cereals to Zn deficiency decline in the order durum wheat > oat > bread wheat > barley > triticale > rye. The results also show that expression of high Zn efficiency in cereals was causally related to enhanced capability of genotypes to take up Zn from soils and use it efficiently in tissues. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Genetic variation for carotenoid pigment content in the amphiploid Hordeum chilense × Triticum turgidum conv. durum

Hexaploid tritordeum, the amphiploid Hordeum chilense x Triticum turgidum conv. durum has a higher grain carotene content than durum wheat. In order to decide strategies for introgressing this character into durum wheat, the effect on the carotene content of tritordeum synthesized with H. chilense and durum wheat differing in carotene content was analysed. Carotene content was evaluated in 35 primary tritordeum lines and their parents, 27 H. chilense accessions and 19 durum wheat cultivars. Some amphiploids have either one barley or wheat parent in common. In general, the influence of H. chilense is more important than that of wheat in the amphiploid carotene content. Nevertheless, the interactions between both parents on the amphiploid carotene content are also important.     

Development of an ISSR-derived PCR marker linked to nematode resistance (Ha2) in spring barley

Cereal cyst nematodes ( Heterodera avenae Woll.) are economically damaging barley parasites in most cereal growing areas of the world and the development of resistant cultivars is the best measure against the pathogen. An ISSR (inter-simple sequence repeat) marker identified as closely linked with the H. avenae race 1 and 2 resistance gene ( Ha2 ) has been converted into a codominant sequence characterized amplified region marker ( Ha2S18 ) and mapped in barley 'SW Buddy' × 'SW Cecilia' DH population at 4.3 cM from the Ha2 locus on the long arm of chromosome 2H. The potential usefulness of Ha2S18 in large scale marker assisted selection schemes has been evaluated in a broad genetic background and is an important complement to the bioassay and to other linked DNA-markers for this trait.