1950年以来中国学者对苜蓿属的研究：历史脉络与启示

苜蓿自汉朝被引入中国，距今历两千余年，当前已发展成为第一大栽培牧草，相对而言，我国苜蓿研究起步较晚，在近年始得以迅猛发展，但目前对其研究的历史脉络尚未见报道。为此，通过文献计量学的方法，获取 CNKI、WOS 数据库及相关的统计数据的资料，综合分析了1950年以来中国学者对苜蓿的研究轨迹，探究了近65年来成果数量、热点演进、关键节点等，并对比了国内、国际苜蓿研究的发展轨迹。结果表明，1）1950年来，中国学者在苜蓿方面的研究论文数量呈现强劲的增加态势，根据其自然增长特征，可分为5个时期，2000年以后进入极速增长阶段；2）近年来，中国学者对苜蓿研究的国际化程度逐年提高，目前中国已跃居全球第二大苜蓿研究国；3）中国学者最早较为注重对地方品种及其遗传资源的挖掘，近年对高产、优质、抗逆育种与栽培理论的研究较多，更加注重苜蓿产业发展相结合，相比于国外，对分子基础、种间互作等机理性研究尚显不足；4）苜蓿产业的成长、科技期刊的发展、科研项目资助强度的增大是近65年来苜蓿研究得以迅猛发展的重要因素。研究认为，在未来的食物结构转型、草地农业发展等历史趋势下，中国苜蓿研究将会从偏重于产业相关的技术研究，过渡到基础理论研究，从而全方位支撑国家重大战略需求和基础科学理论需要。     

欧债危机原因及对中国经济影响的研究综述

中国与欧盟在经济上具有高度关联性。在欧债危机愈演愈烈的今天，中国经济不可避免地受到欧债危机的影响。通过文献梳理，发现学者们就欧债危机对中国经济影响的研究主要集中于欧债危机概念、形成和演化原因以及对中国经济的影响途径、领域和前景探讨等方面。研究视角广阔，成果丰硕，但研究方法单一，多以定性描述为主。今后应加强的方面是：欧债危机演化的动力机制研究，定性与定量相结合研究，个案对比与尺度多样化研究，以及对我国经济影响趋势的预测研究。     

再生混凝土的研究现状和存在问题

再生混凝土是一种环保材料，对再生混凝土的研究，可以促进建筑行业的可持续发展。再生混凝土是指对废弃的混凝土进行回收再利用，是按照一定程序对废弃混凝土进行加工，并按照一定级配进行混合加工，可以将废弃混凝土当做粗骨料进行配制。本文对再生混凝土研究的意义进行了分析，还对再生混凝土的研究现状进行了介绍，指出了研究过程中存在的问题，希望可以对相关研究人员带来一定帮助。     

基于CiteSpace的人心果研究热点与趋势分析

为掌握国内外人心果研究的研究热点与趋势。本文借助文献计量学方法和CiteSpace可视化软件，以1991-2021年中国知网（CNKI）数据库和Web of Science（WOS）数据库关于人心果研究的文献为数据来源，分析检索获得的中英文文献年度发文数量与学科分布、国家合作网络、关键词突现和演变趋势。结果显示，人心果研究的中文文献发文数量呈波动变化趋势，英文文献整体呈上升趋势；国家合作网络显示研究人心果的国家主要有印度、墨西哥、美国等，中国与美国、印度、巴基斯坦等国家存在不同程度的合作关系；国内人心果研究方向主要侧重于农业领域，研究热点主要有人心果栽培技术、病虫害研究和品种资源，国外研究方向趋于多元化，研究热点主要有抗氧化活性、生物柴油和果实品质。综上所述，人心果是一种非常具有发展潜力的水果作物，但国内仅在农业领域研究，未来的研究应加强多学科领域的交叉融合，充分挖掘与利用其价值。     

橄榄（Canarium album）研究的文献计量与可视化图谱分析

摘 要：客观整体分析橄榄研究动态，为橄榄研究以及产业发展提供数据参考。选择CNKI和Web of science数据库，通过文献计量学方法分析橄榄研究文献的发文量、研究国别、机构、基金、研究方向等指标，利用CiteSpace可视化功能进行作者、关键词共性分析,阐述橄榄研究热点和前沿动态。橄榄研究自1995年后，进入高速发展阶段，2010年后橄榄相关sci文献增长较快；对橄榄的研究以我国科研机构和专家学者为主，福建地方计划项目以及国家计划项目对橄榄研究资助较大，高质量文献产出较多的机构是福建农林大学、江南大学、福建农科院果树研究所；我国橄榄早期研究侧重生产实践应用，良种选育、传统中药研究、果实贮藏等，随着科学技术快速发展，橄榄遗传多样性、功能基因、以及深加工、药用成分、药用机理方面的研究逐渐深入。     

循环经济模式下旅游业与饲料产业发展的契合性——评《中国饲料经济与管理研究》

由张利庠主编的《中国饲料经济与管理研究》对于开展中国饲料经济与管理的研究具有重大意义。全书共分为两本，两本书是姊妹篇，一本侧重于理论研究，一本侧重于案例实践研究，两者相互补充，相互联系发展。从中国饲料产业管理、中国饲料安全问题、中国饲料企业战略关键因素以及企业产业链整合研究等多个板块出发，从九个角度分别论述了中国饲料经营管理的新型特征，作为研究饲料业的相关教材，为饲料业的经营管理塑造了较为完备的理论体系和实践研究。     

宠物犬寄生虫感染情况及流行病学的调查研究

为进一步研究宠物犬寄生虫病发原因，笔者参与了某宠物研究中心调查研究，通过实地走访、查阅有关资料，依据寄生虫感染强度进行归类，确定感染类型，并研究以掌握寄生虫种类形成流行病的规律，为科学防治提供有价值参考。     

国外学界对文化政策研究的定义

我国的文化产业相关研究已经全面展开并且取得了很好的成绩，但是在有关文化政策研究方面却有很大不足。国内对文化产业和文化事业的划分，造成了我国学界针对文化产业的政策研究较多，而对于文化政策的整体研究却非常缺乏的情况。另外，我们已有的少数文化政策研究也往往局限在政策的实际操作以及效果的层面上。必须要注意，文化政策研究绝不是政策的简单反映。笔者试图通过介绍国外著名学者对文化政策的界定，建构文化政策研究作为人文学科的基本定义、研究内容和方法论。     

禽流感的研究与体会

作为技术贮备，１９９５年，华南农业大学动物医学系禽病研究室获批准，开展对禽流感的研究。几年来，已获得资助的省部级研究项目包括：禽流感基因诊断的研究，禽流感防治技术的研究，禽流感疫苗的研究，禽流感、新城疫、传染性喉气管炎快速鉴别诊断的研究，禽流感分子流行病学的研究，禽流感病毒遗传衍化关系的研究，禽流感疫苗产业化生产的研究等。其中，“禽流感预防与控制的研究”已获２０００年广东省科技进步二等奖。上述研究，不仅丰富了动物流感的研究资料，及时为生产上提供一些行之有效的防制技术，同时也得到一些体会和启发。１…     

蜂胶的最新研究进展

本文总结了蜂胶药理学研究的最新进展，讨论了由于蜂胶化学成分差异性而引起的生物学研究的问题，概述了近期蜂胶研究的进展及趋势，即对化学特性已知蜂胶的生物学研究、生物活性原理研究、不同来源和不同化学组成蜂胶的比较生物学研究。这些研究对于制订蜂胶的质量标准和在医疗中的实际应用具有参考价值。同时，这些研究将蜂胶的特定化学成分与其生物活性联系起来，对从业者具有重要意义。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.