氮磷钾配施对小麦植株养分吸收利用和产量的影响

采用大田试验,研究了不同氮水平与磷、钾配施对小麦植株氮磷钾含量、土壤速效氮磷钾含量和产量的影响。结果表明,在低氮（135kg N/hm ²）、中氮（225kg N/hm ²）和高氮（315kg N/hm ²）与2个磷钾用量（P₂O₅-K₂O,90-120、135-180kg/hm ²）处理组合中,各处理不同生育时期植株干重、氮钾含量、氮钾累积量随供氮水平提高而增高;等氮条件下,增施磷钾使植株含氮量降低,植株氮、磷和钾累积量随磷钾用量增加而增多。各施肥处理生育期间土壤碱解氮含量呈波动性变化,表现为起身期较冬前降低,起身至开花期不断增高,开花期至灌浆期明显下降,灌浆期至成熟期有所回升的特征。随生育进程,各处理土壤速效磷含量不断降低,土壤速效钾含量呈“V”字形变化,在开花期达到谷底。高氮水平各生育时期的土壤速效磷、钾含量低于低氮处理;等氮水平下增施磷、钾肥处理的土壤速效磷、钾含量提高。单位面积穗数随供氮增多而增加,穗粒数和千粒重以中氮处理最高;产量表现与穗数相似,但中、高氮处理差异较小。等氮水平下,增施磷钾可明显改善各产量构成因素和产量。随供氮增多,单位氮素生产子粒能力降低,氮肥利用率下降;单位磷、钾素生产子粒能力随氮素用量增多呈低—高—低变化。研究表明,中氮（225kg N/hm ²）配施磷钾（P₂O₅-K₂O,90-120kg/hm ²或135-180kg/hm ²）有利于调节生育期间土壤养分供应,改善植株养分吸收、干物质生产和产量形成能力。     

CuSO4、MgSO4、FeSO4对绿豆 N、P、K含量的影响

选用绿豆品种白绿9号,用浓度均为50mmol/L的CuSO₄、MgSO₄、FeSO₄溶液进行浸种、喷施、浸种+喷施处理,以蒸馏水处理为对照。探讨绿豆分枝期、开花期、成熟期Cu ²⁺、Mg ²⁺、Fe ²⁺各处理对绿豆根系、叶片、茎秆部位N、P、K含量的影响。结果表明：Cu ²⁺、Mg ²⁺在3个时期对N、P含量的降低作用较强,尤其降低P含量更强,且Cu ²⁺强于Mg ²⁺;Cu ²⁺、Mg ²⁺对K含量有增加作用。Fe ²⁺从分枝期到成熟期对N、P、K含量一直起着增加作用。     

Potassium Release from Soil Clays by Diammonium Phosphate, Ammonium Bicarbonate and Ammonium Chloride

We have studied the release of potassium (K) by diammonium phosphate, ammonium bicarbonate and ammonium chloride from Ca-saturated clay fractions of four Aridisols (Bhalwal, Gujiana, Miranpur and Pacca series), one Inceptisols (Miani series) and one Alfisol (Pindorian series). The six soil clay fractions contained mica, kaolinite smectites as their major mineral components and vermiculite and chlorite as minor constituents. Total K in the soil clays ranged from 2.65 to 3.55%. Of total K, 2–3% in the soil clays was extracted by the three extractants: diammonium phosphate, ammonium bicarbonate and ammonium chloride. However, there was significant (P < 0.01) main and interactive effect of soil x extractant on the amount of K extracted from soil clays. Potassium extracted from the soil clays was described by the Elovich equation. Amount of K extracted by the three extractants from six soil clays, except in Pindorian series, followed the order: ammonium bicarbonate > ammonium chloride > diammonium phosphate.
The profound influence of bicarbonate, chloride and phosphate anions on differential K replacement behaviour of NH₄ can be an important factor for K nutrition of plants in arid region soils.     

Potassium cycling in a corn-brachiaria cropping system

Growing corn mixed with forage crops can be an alternative for pasture and mulch production during relatively dry winters in tropical areas, making no-till feasible in some regions. However, little is known about nutrient dynamics in this cropping system. The objective of the present work was to evaluate K dynamics in a production system in which corn was either grown as a sole crop or mixed with Brachiaria brizantha. In the second year of the experiment, nitrogen rates ranging from 0 to 200 kg ha⁻¹ were applied to the system. Dry matter yields and potassium contents in the soil, as well as residues and plants were determined at corn planting and harvest. Potassium balance in the system was calculated. Corn grain yield in mixed crop responded up to 200 kg ha⁻¹ N. The introduction of brachiaria in the system resulted in higher amounts of straw on the soil surface and higher K recycling. Soil exchangeable K balance showed an excess K for both N rates only in the mixed system; however, when non-exchangeable K was also included in calculations, excess K was found in both mixed and sole corn systems. Large amounts of non-exchangeable K were taken up in the system involving brachiaria, which showed a considerable capacity in recycling K, increasing its contents in the surface soil layer.     

玉溪烤烟适产养分临界值施肥体系研究

为研究玉溪烤烟精准施肥方法,采用田间试验研究当季施肥量、土壤养分与‘K326’烟叶产量、净产值的关系。结果表明,各试验点产量、均价、净产值、烟叶品质表现最高的均为N2P2K2（当地推荐施肥量）处理。不同试验点缺肥处理产量与土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量之间呈正相关关系,土壤养分校正系数与土壤速效养分含量间的回归方程为y_N=0.3246-0.04lnx_N,y_P=0.7061-0.116lnx_P,y_K=0.6244-0.089lnx_K（y_N、y_P、y_K分别为土壤氮素、磷素和钾素养分有效系数,x_N、x_P、x_K分别为土壤碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾的含量）。根据最佳经济施肥量和植烟土壤中有效养分供给含量,确定在各试验点‘K326’获得优质烟叶的适产养分临界值:海拔1500~1800 m,水稻土为植烟土壤的田烟‘K326’获得2700 kg/hm ²以上优质烟叶的适产养分临界值为N (161.955±18.345) kg/hm ²,P₂O₅ (77.610±12.12) kg/hm ²,K₂O (349.95±45.675) kg/hm ²;海拔在1500~2000 m,以红壤为植烟土壤的地烟‘K326’获得2250 kg/hm ²以上优质烟叶的适产养分临界值为N (138.945±30.705) kg/hm ²,P₂O₅ (65.295±17.34) kg/hm ²,K₂O (306.48±49.905) kg/hm ²。     

长期水稻-冬油菜轮作模式下钾肥的适宜用量

研究长期施用钾肥对水稻-冬油菜轮作系统作物生产力、钾肥利用率和土壤供钾能力的影响,为水旱轮作区钾肥的统筹分配提供科学依据。2011—2016年在湖北省粮油主要生产区江汉平原布置中稻-冬油菜轮作定位田间试验。共设5个钾肥用量处理,分别为0 kg hm~(-2)(K0),45 kg hm~(-2)(K1),90 kg hm~(-2)(K2),135 kg hm~(-2)(K3)和180 kg hm~(-2)(K4),其中K2处理为当地测土配方推荐钾肥用量(K2O 90 kg hm~(-2))。在土壤供钾能力较高情况下,水稻和油菜年均产量分别为6.87 t hm~(-2)和2.25 t hm~(-2),经过一个轮作周期后施用钾肥具有明显的增产效果,且冬油菜季的产量和地上部吸钾量增幅最为明显,分别为16.9%和63.8%。长期施用推荐钾肥用量后,水稻和冬油菜的钾肥农学利用率年均分别为5.1kg kg–1和3.2 kg kg–1,而钾肥吸收利用率和钾肥贡献率水稻季明显低于冬油菜,这表明水稻吸收的钾素主要来自土壤,而冬油菜则需要较多的外源钾来满足自身对养分的需求。通过线性加平台肥效模型拟合得出,水稻季适宜钾肥用量为70.5~100.9 kg hm~(-2),平均96.6 kg hm~(-2),比推荐用量提高了7.3%;冬油菜季适宜钾肥用量为75.6~118.2 kg hm~(-2),平均107.0 kg hm~(-2),比推荐用量提高18.9%,且冬油菜对钾肥需求高于水稻。因此,在本试验条件下,长期施用年均推荐钾肥用量(180 kg hm~(-2))不仅影响作物产量的稳定性,还导致轮作系统钾素持续亏缺和土壤有效钾含量降低,故钾肥应优先施用于油菜季并且重视作物秸秆还田、归还秸秆钾素,以维持农田钾素平衡和生产力可持续性。     

Maximizing Sugarcane Yield by Increasing Plant Population Density, Minimizing NO3-N Leaching and Improving Soil Organic Matter in Different Crop Rotations

In a field experiment conducted during 1992–95 at Lucknow, India, sugarcane was planted in rows 60 and 90 cm apart in three crop rotations (rice-sugarcane-ratoon, Sesbania aculeata for green manure-sugarcane-ratoon, and cowpea-sugarcane-ratoon) with 0, 150 and 300 kg N ha⁻¹ as urea either with or without farmyard manure (FYM) at 10 t ha⁻¹. Sugarcane yields were significantly greater in the Sesbania rotation than in the other because of a larger N uptake. N uptake of the crop was significantly affected by soil organic carbon, and available N and K contents. Ratoon yields, however, were largest in the cowpea sequence followed by the rice rotation, probably due to a prolonged residual effect of cowpea and rice root residues. The residual effect of a Sesbania green manure was negligible as demonstrated by the low NO₃-N content of the soil profile after sugarcane harvest compared to the other two crop sequences. The total cane productivity (main sugarcane plus ratoon) was greater (156 t ha⁻¹) in the cowpea rotation than the Sesbania (152 t ha⁻¹) and rice (140 t ha⁻¹) rotations.     

Effect of Pulp and Paper Mill Effluent Irrigation on Carbon-di-oxide Evolution in Soils

Pulp and paper mill waste water irrigation increased pH, EC, organic carbon and exchangeable sodium content of soils. The increase in organic matter content of soils accelerated microbial activity and hence accelerated substrate decomposition with the release of CO₂. There exhibited a peak followed by a steady-decline in the rate of CO₂ evolution in effluent irrigated soils. The irrigation of pulp and paper mill combined effluent to soils did not affect microbial activity.     

Importance of P uptake efficiency versus P utilization for wheat yield in acid and calcareous soils in Mexico

There are large agricultural areas in the world where wheat yields are limited by low phosphorus (P) availability. Breeding for P uptake and P utilization efficiency may reduce this problem. This study was conducted to determine the contribution of P uptake and utilization efficiency to grain yield of selected spring wheat genotypes in different environments. Thirty-eight semidwarf spring bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) genotypes were grown in two experiments in Mexico, each on an acid Andisol under rainfed conditions and on a calcareous Aridisol with irrigation, without (−P) and with 35 kg P per ha fertilized (+P). Without P fertilization, grain yield ranged from 0.8 to 4.6 t ha⁻¹ in the acid soil and from 2.4 to 5.2 t ha⁻¹ in the calcareous soil. With P fertilization, this range was even larger. Under conditions of P deficiency, i.e. in the acid soil at −P and +P (high P adsorption) and calcareous soil at −P (P-depleted soil), P uptake explained 71–100% of the variation in grain yield, and was highly correlated with grain yield (r=0.79–0.95). In contrast, at +P in the calcareous soil, P utilization efficiency explained 60–63% of the variation in grain yield. Here, low grain P concentration was related to high grain yield (r=−0.40 to −0.59). In the calcareous soil, the harvest index was correlated with grain yield, irrespective of the P level. In the acid soil, post-anthesis P accumulation was important. It was positively correlated with grain yield, whereas in the calcareous soil, no post-anthesis-P accumulation occurred. Here, grain P accumulation at maturity was completely determined by translocation of pre-anthesis shoot P. We conclude that the combination of improved P uptake and P utilization efficiency in the same genotypes requires selection under both high and low-P conditions.     

山西省忻府区土壤养分特征

为提高山西忻府区测土配方施肥质量,2006-2010年对该区7582个土壤样品进行分析,研究该区测土配方施肥实施以来土壤养分状况及其影响因素。结果表明,测土配方施肥工作开展以来,土壤肥力比二次土壤普查时明显提高,但速效磷含量自2008年逐步降低,由2008年的23.99 mg/kg降到2010年的12.53 mg/kg;2006年以后,有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾高含量土壤的比例均明显增加,但2010年土壤碱解氮和速效钾高含量土壤比例有所降低;潮土区有机质(14.45 g/kg)和速效磷含量(17.83 mg/kg)显著高于褐土区（14.15 g/kg和14.88 mg/kg）,但速效钾含量(136.59 mg/kg)显著低于褐土(141.35 mg/kg);高海拔地区土壤肥力呈现出明显的逐年降低趋势;土壤类型、海拔等自然因素对忻府区土壤养分状况有显著影响,应综合考虑这些因素的影响,调整推荐施肥方案。在秸秆还田基础上,对低肥力土壤,特别是高海拔地区土壤,进行具有针对性的增施氮、磷、钾肥的措施,培肥地力。     

施石灰和秸秆还田对双季稻田土壤钾素表观平衡的互作效应

土壤酸化和钾素亏缺是制约南方酸性稻田生产力持续提升的重要因素。施石灰和秸秆还田分别是改良土壤酸化和补充钾素的有效措施,但二者对土壤钾素盈亏平衡的互作效应还不甚清楚。于2015—2018年,在江西省上高县开展施石灰和秸秆还田两因素田间定位试验,共设置4个处理:(1)秸秆不还田,不施石灰;(2)秸秆不还田,仅2015年施一次石灰;(3)每季秸秆全量还田,不施石灰;(4)每季秸秆全量还田,仅2015年施一次石灰。结果表明,秸秆还田显著提高了水稻钾素吸收,施石灰仅显著增加了2016年晚稻钾素吸收。施石灰和秸秆还田仅对2016年晚稻钾素吸收有显著正向互作效应。在秸秆还田下,施石灰使2016年晚稻钾素吸收增加了25.7%;而在秸秆不还田下无显著影响。试验进行4年后,施石灰和秸秆还田对土壤全钾含量无显著影响。但4年土壤钾素表观平衡估算表明,在秸秆还田下土壤总累积钾素表观平衡表现为盈余,秸秆不还田下则为亏缺,而施石灰对其无显著影响。施石灰和秸秆还田对土壤总累积钾素表观平衡有显著的互作效应。在施石灰和不施石灰条件下,秸秆还田分别使土壤累积钾素平均表观盈余19.5 kg hm^–2 a...     

Long-Term Effects of Fertilizers on the Soil Fertility and Productivity of a Rice–Wheat System

Rice–wheat cropping system to which graded levels of NPK fertilizers had been applied for 20 years were compared for yield trends, and changes in response function, soil organic-C and available N, P, K and S status. This study of system in which only chemical fertilizers had been used over a long period enabled long-term yield declines of rice and wheat at different levels and combinations of NPK fertilizers to be evaluated. The highest rate of yield decline in both rice and wheat was found when 120 kg ha⁻¹ N was applied alone. The lowest rate of decline was observed when all three nutrients (N, P and K) were applied, at 40, 35 and 33 kg ha⁻¹ for N, P and K, respectively, followed by 120, 35 and 33 kg ha⁻¹ (currently recommended levels). The yield response of rice and wheat to N fertilizer declined over the 20 years, with a higher rate of decline in wheat. In contrast, the response to applied P and K increased with time in both crops, with a higher response rate in wheat. With continuous application of N and P fertilizers, there was a marginal change in available N and K in the soil over time, but an approximately 3-fold increase in available P and an approximately 2-fold increase in available S were obtained by regular dressing of P fertilizer (SSP: 7 % P, 12 % S) over 20 years. The results revealed that balanced, high doses of NPK fertilizers are required to maintain soil fertility and raise grain yields.     

薏苡氮磷钾养分吸收分配及利用特征

旨在为薏苡科学施肥及高产潜力挖掘提供理论依据。以4个薏苡品系为试验材料,于2018—2019年进行大田试验,分析其在不同生育时期氮磷钾(NPK)元素的吸收、分配及利用规律。结果表明,4个薏苡品系的全株总生物量干重在20.5~24.7 t/hm²,地上部分生物产量干重在18.4~22.6 t/hm²之间,但是籽粒产量相对偏低,产量为1969.2~3109.1 kg/hm²。从薏苡抽穗至籽粒成熟,整个植株对NPK元素的吸收和积累量均有增加;N元素在抽穗至扬花期主要分布在茎鞘和叶片,至完全成熟籽粒中N素积累及分配均高于其他部位,而PK元素则主要分配在茎鞘部位。薏苡植株总NPK的吸收量平均为183.93 kg/hm²、62.57 kg/hm²和320.56 kg/hm²,平均吸收比例为N: P: K=2.94: 1: 5.12。薏苡NPK元素的籽粒生产效率和收获指数相对偏低,每100 kg籽粒对NPK养分需求量分别为5.6~7.3 kg,1.7~2.4 kg,8.0~15.0 kg。4个薏苡品系整体物质累积能力强、生物量大,但籽粒对NPK吸收分配和利用效率相对较低,高产潜力的挖掘仍有很大的提升空间。     

High-temperature Effects on Germination and Viability of Weed Seeds in Soil

The control of weeds by solar heating of the soil using transparent polyethylene (PE) sheets was studied in the field during the summers of 1994 and 1995. The maximum soil temperature under plastic cover at 5 cm depth averaged 53°C. At 5 cm soil depth, solarization increased temperature by about 9°C. In the non-solarized soils, such high-temperature days were fewer. A temperature of 55°C at 5 cm soil depths was recorded both in irrigated and non-irrigated mulched soils. However, mulched soil recorded 70% of the treatment period compared with 43% in unirrigated and mulched soils. Lower depths of 10 and 15 cm did not attain a temperature 55°C or 60°C on any day during the experimental period.
Solarization treatment with PE sheets significantly increased NO⁻₃—N and NH⁺₄—N in comparison with non-solarized plots. While uncovered plots showed significant increase in available phosphorus and marginally increased in potassium and electrical conductivity. Organic carbon content and pH did not vary under different treatments.
PE mulching for 30 days significantly reduced the number of weed seeds, specifically Avena fatua L. and Phalaris minor Retz., while Trianthema monogyna Linn, and Asphodelus tenuifolius Cav. were not affected much in comparison with the former. Melilotus indica (L.) All, was not at all affected by the solarization treatment studied. The solarization reduction index (SRI) was calculated for each weed species studied and it was concluded that weeds having a low SRI can be controlled more effectively than weeds with high SRI values. The heating effect from solarization decreased significantly with soil depth. The 30 days' soil solarization treatment in moist soil was more effective than the 10 and 20 days' heating treatment in moist and dry soils for weed control.     

Smut Disease and Yield Performance in Corn (Zea mays L.) as Influenced by Nitrapyrin, Urea and Zinc Applications in Coarse-textured Soils

The effects of nitrapyrin (NI), urea (U) and Zn rates on rhizosphere pH, smut incidence (S.I.), dry matter (D.M.), grain yield (G.Y.) and ear leaf N and Zn contents were studied in cemented plots, containing calcareous and non-calcareous soils. Treatments were comprised of 3 U applications (46, 92 and 138 kg N acre⁻¹), combined with 2 NI rates (0 and 0.22 kg acre-¹) and 2 levels of Zn (0 and 8 kg acre-¹). Corn seeds, cv 'Amoun' were planted in 1993 and 1994 and the seedlings were artificially infected with U. maydis-spores at the 6 and 10 leaf growth stages. Results have shown that corn plants grown in calcareous soil imposed greater advantage in D.M. and G.Y., accompanied by a relatively low smut infection than those grown in non-calcareous soil. Unlike the diversion effects of NI on soil pH and plant Zn content, its application was beneficial for improving yield and plant Zn content. Urea applications decreased the soil pH by 0.6 unit at the highest N rate and exerted stimulatory effects on ear leaf N and Zn contents. By increasing U rate to 138 kg N acre-¹, smut severity was increased by 6%. In contrast, by Zn fertilization, smut severity was decreased by 10.3%, accompanied by marked increases in G.Y. and leaf Zn content. Mixed results were detected on S.I. data, when NI was combined with U rates. In the presence of Zn, smut severity was dropped to 20.1% at 138 kg N acre-¹. The results also showed that in the absence of Zn supply, S.I. was dominated in NI-treated plants and the reverse was true when Zn was included. Satisfactory results were achieved when 92 kg N acre-¹ were combined with 0.22 and 8 kg acre-¹ of NI and Zn, respectively.     

不同种植年限设施西瓜土壤可溶性盐组分变化特征

采用田间取样及室内分析相结合的方法,研究了连续种植不同年限(0年-6年)西瓜的设施土壤可溶性盐含量及组分的变化。结果表明,与种植0年的麦地土壤相比,设施西瓜土壤pH显著降低(P < 0.01);土壤碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量显著增加(P < 0.01);电导率显著增加且随着设施西瓜种植年限的延长而显著增加趋势(R₂ = 0.90,P < 0.01)。设施西瓜土壤可溶性盐阳离子以Ca₂₊和Mg₂₊为主,阴离子以SO_42-和NO_3-为主。随着设施西瓜种植年限的增加设施西瓜土壤可溶性盐总量显著增加(R₂ = 0.93, P < 0.01),增加的可溶性盐主要为Ca₂₊、K₊、NO_3-和Cl_-,分配比例分别为31.3%、10.1%、23.6%和15.0%。相关分析表明,供试的设施西瓜土壤速效磷、速效钾与盐基离子Na₊、K₊、SO_42- 和Mg₂₊含量显著相关(P<0.05),土壤电导率(EC)与土壤可溶性盐总量相关关系达到显著水平(P<0.05)。     

土壤有效磷含量对棉花幼苗干物质积累和碳氮代谢的影响

苗期为棉花对磷吸收最敏感时期,然而现有研究未能明确土壤有效磷含量对苗期棉花干物质积累和碳氮代谢的影响以及适宜的土壤有效磷含量。本研究以"中棉所79"为供试品种,采用盆栽试验,研究了不同土壤有效磷水平下,五叶期棉苗干物质质量、碳氮代谢、功能叶片叶绿素含量及磷的吸收和利用。结果表明,随着土壤有效磷含量的增加,棉苗干物质质量逐渐增加,根冠比逐渐降低;土壤有效磷含量在9.0 mg·kg~(-1)时,棉苗干物质质量达到最大值,根冠比最小;过高的磷素营养对干物质质量的积累没有显著促进作用。叶片叶绿素含量随着土壤有效磷含量的增加呈现出先增加后减少的趋势,在土壤有效磷含量为7.2 mg·kg~(-1)时达到最大值。各处理棉苗中的蔗糖、可溶性糖、淀粉和氨基酸总量先随着土壤有效磷含量的增加呈显著增加趋势,在9.0mg·kg~(-1)时达到最大值,随后开始下降但差异不显著。土壤有效磷含量的增加可以促进棉苗的磷吸收量和磷根效率比,抑制磷利用效率,但对磷转移效率没有显著影响。因此,低磷会降低棉花幼苗叶绿素含量、糖含量和氨基酸总量,导致棉花生长受到抑制,适宜棉花幼苗生长发育的土壤有效磷的临界含量为9.0 mg·kg~(-1)。     

古田县园地土壤养分状况探析

为了调查古田县园地作物土壤养分状况,探讨土壤养分供应与土壤主要性质之间的关系。在古田县5种园地作物土壤上,采集耕层土壤样品7023个,调查园地作物状况,探讨土壤养分供应与土壤主要性质之间的关系。结果表明,供试园地土壤均值有机质含量为25.38 g/kg、pH 5.07、全氮含量1.2 2 g/kg、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量分别为143.5、29.95、59.3 mg/kg,交换性钙、镁含量分别是226.1、422.1 mg/kg,有效硼、锌含量分别为0.15、1.22 mg/kg,各养分含量均与土壤有机质含量和pH之间呈极显著正相关。供试园地土壤全氮含量中等,碱解氮、有效磷含量较高,土壤速效钾78.51%处缺乏水平、交换性钙含量缺乏比例占89.21%,交换性镁过量、有效硼缺乏样品达96.21%,有效锌处于中等水平。提高有机质含量和改良土壤酸度应该成为供试园地土壤改善养分供应状况的根本措施。     

山西省孝义市麦田土壤养分分布规律研究

采用网格取样的方法,在孝义市采集共2413 个土壤样本,涵盖全市共3 个土壤类型5 个亚类,对土壤样品的有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效钾、缓效钾、有效磷及有效态中微量元素等养分含量进行了测定与分析,以阐明孝义市麦田土壤的养分分布特征,指导孝义市科学合理施肥。研究结果表明：土壤有机质在不同亚类土壤的平均含量为8.86~23.26 g/kg,处于中等或缺乏水平,碱解氮为76.79~89.47 mg/kg,处于中等水平,有效磷为9.46~15.79 mg/kg,处于较丰富或中等水平,速效钾为139.11~207.74 mg/kg,处于较丰富、丰富或很丰富水平。这些养分在不同亚类土壤中的含量均存在显著差异,总体表现为在盐化潮土中最高,其次是石灰性褐土,在潮褐土、褐土性土、典型红粘土中含量比较低。在不同土壤亚类中,有机质、全氮和有效磷变异系数较高,而碱解氮、速效钾与缓效钾的变异则很低。而各有效态中微量元素的养分含量在不同亚类土壤中的规律则不甚一致,总体来说,除有效硼处于较低水平外,有效锰、有效铁、有效铜、有效锌均处于中等或高水平,且各有效态微量元素养分含量的变异都很低。在测土配方施肥中,应针对这些养分的分布特征,采取养分收支基本平衡策略进行优化施肥,以实现孝义市农业的可持续健康发展。     

Fixation and release of ammonium in flooded rice soils as affected by redox potential

In pot experiments with two typical paddy soils, we studied the significance of ammonium fixation under waterlogged conditions and the availability of this N fraction for wetland rice. Special attention was given to the influence of redox potential (E_h) on the fixation and release of NH⁺₄, since the E_h has been shown to affect the charge conditions of certain expandable clay minerals and may alter their cation exchange capacity (CEC). The results demonstrate that ammonium formed by mineralization after flooding was converted, to a substantial degree, into a non-exchangeable form when sufficient amounts of expandable 2:1 minerals were present. The newly fixed NH⁺₄ was protected from N losses via nitrification-denitrification processes, which may occur, especially during the drying and rewetting of the soil, but was completely available to the following rice crop. The release of fixed NH⁺₄ was highest in the rhizosphere of rice plants (where the E_h was greatly increased by the O₂ secretion of the roots) and decreased with growing distance from the roots. Correlations between the E_h and the concentration of non-exchangeable NH⁺₄ indicate that fixation and mobilization of ammonium are strongly influenced by the redox potential in paddy soils.