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1.
Martijn P. J. Smit Tim Grotenhuis Harry Bruning Wim H. Rulkens 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2008,8(2):80-85
Background, Aim and Scope
With the predicted climate change, it is expected that the chances of flooding may increase. During flood events, sediments will resuspend and when the sediments are polluted, contaminants can be transferred to the surrounding water. Mass transfer of organic compounds like Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) from soils and sediments to the surrounding aqueous phase are essential regarding fate and transport of these chemicals in the aqueous environment. The distribution of POPs between sorbed and aqueous phases and the time needed to obtain equilibrium are required to calculate the exposure to potential receptors. A reactor was designed in which the water flow is controlled and low POP concentrations could be measured by tenax extraction outside the reactor vessel. This reactor design named SPEED (Solid Phase Extraction with External Desorption) was used to study desorption from aged contaminated sediment in relation to sediment particle size.Materials and Methods
In the newly developed SPEED (Solid Phase Extraction with External Desorption) reactor, the water flow rate was set and controlled, and low aqueous POP concentrations were measured by sorption to Tenax® outside the reaction vessel. The effect of particle size on desorption rate was studied using a widely used Tenax® solid phase extraction method.Results
The experiments, by specific measurement of the aqueous dieldrin concentration at different HRT, show that desorption of dieldrin in time is faster when short HRTs were applied. However, the mass of dieldrin desorbed per liter refreshed water is higher for longer HRTs. Therefore, the mass transfer of dieldrin within the sediment particles is the rate determining process in contaminant desorption. This observation was confirmed by Tenax® solid phase extractions which were applied for different particle size fractions. Desorption rates of POPs from the sediment fraction with small particles were faster than desorption rates from the sediment fraction with large particles. Organic matter was present as separate particles in the sediment sample. All experiments demonstrated biphasic desorption. The fluxes calculated for both phases are supportive of non-stationary diffusion as the main process of mass transfer.Discussion
In the literature, the relation between particle size and desorption of organic contaminants from soils and sediments is contradictory. Most often this seems to be due to overlooking the spatial configuration of organic matter in the soils and sediments. In several papers the presence of organic matter as a thin coating around mineral particles has been overlooked. There-fore, milling had no effect on desorption behavior of contaminants, as the diffusion length will not be affected. In our opinion, both the particle size and spatial configuration of organic matter are rate determining parameters of the desorption process.Conclusions
Flood events will result in an increase of desorption rate of POPs from sediments to the surrounding water. HRT and particle size determine the concentration gradient and, thereby, the desorption rate. Furthermore, the diffusion length will be smaller when sediment particles are suspended and more water is present to decrease the aqueous concentration. We conclude that non-stationary diffusion within organic matter is the main process of mass transfer. The combination of simulated in-situ measurements of desorption from sediments with generic measurable parameters like flow rate and particle size distribution results in a quantitative measurable flux of contaminants, which resembles the in-situ (bio)availability as the result of dynamic processes in the sediment/water system.Recommendations and Perspectives
The results obtained provided a sound basis for mechanistic modeling of POP mass transfer from sediment to water. The modeling results will be presented in a separate paper. Besides the HRT, also mixing conditions can be changed to assess the desorption from sediment layers. The possibility to combine flow rate and mixing intensity enables the study of the effect of hydraulically different river systems on desorption of contaminants. In a long term perspective we foresee a link with hydrology and sediment transport with desorption in water bodies. 相似文献2.
Martijn P. J. Smit Tim Grotenhuis Harry Bruning Wim H. Rulkens 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2010,10(1):119-126
Purpose
With the predicted climate change, it is expected that the chances of river flooding increase. During flood events, sediments will resuspend and when sediments are polluted, contaminants can be transferred to the surrounding water. In this paper we discuss a numerical intraparticle diffusion model that simulates desorption of dieldrin from a suspension of contaminated porous sediment particles with a well-characterized particle size distribution. The objective of this study was to understand the desorption rate (flux) of dieldrin from a suspension of field-aged sediment at different hydraulic retention times (HRT) of the aqueous phase and to elaborate the effect of particle-size distribution on mass transfer. 相似文献3.
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to investigate the responses of the benthic soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) transfer rate to step changes in the flow velocity of the overlying water using laboratory experiments and a non-steady-state numerical model.Materials and methods
Laboratory experiments were conducted using a rectangular recirculating flume. After pre-incubation of sediments in a cavity of the experimental flume for 2?days, the step responses of the SRP transfer rate to sudden increases in the flow velocity were examined under anaerobic conditions. The benthic SRP transfer rates were obtained from the rate of increase in the SRP concentration of the overlying water. We also analysed the response using a newly constructed numerical model that consists of a one-dimensional diffusion model of the diffusive boundary layer (DBL) and a biochemical model of the sediment, in which oxygen, SRP, ferrous iron and nitrate were model variables. The non-steady-state calculation was performed to reproduce the experiments after the step change in the flow velocity.Results and discussion
The experiments revealed a rapid increase in the SRP concentration in the overlying water that continued for approximately 5?min after the step change in flow velocity and was followed by a lower, steady increase in the SRP concentration. The model analyses also demonstrated that a step increase in flow velocity leads to a drastic enhancement of the SRP transfer rate within a few minutes. The abrupt increase in the transfer rate was due to the rapid transport of SRP that had accumulated in the DBL and to enhanced diffusion caused by a temporal increase in the SRP concentration gradient in the DBL. The modelled results for the SRP transfer rate were in agreement with the experimental results.Conclusions
The temporal increase in SRP transfer was due to rapid SRP transport caused by intensified diffusion following a decrease in DBL thickness. The model-based results for the response of the SRP transfer rate were in agreement with the experimental results. Therefore, our model can simulate the response of the SRP concentration profile near the sediment?Cwater interface to temporal variations in flow velocity. 相似文献4.
Response of sediment biofilm to increased dissolved organic carbon supply in groundwater artificially recharged with stormwater 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Arnaud Foulquier Florian Mermillod-Blondin Florian Malard Janine Gibert 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2011,11(2):382-393
Purpose
Best management practices encompass diverse artificial groundwater recharge (AGR) systems that heavily rely upon the capacity of the soil and vadose zone to retain large quantities of organic matter generated during stormwater runoff on urban catchments. However, the supply of stormwater-derived dissolved organic carbon (DOC) at the water-table region of aquifers can enhance the rate of biogeochemical processes by fueling heterotrophic microbial metabolism. This study examined changes in the abundance and activity of sediment biofilm in response to increased DOC supply at the water table of an urban aquifer intentionally recharged with stormwater. Changes in microbial abundance and activity under field conditions were compared with those measured in laboratory slow filtration columns supplied with an easily biodegradable source of DOC. 相似文献5.
María L. Iglesias Rosa Devesa-Rey Rogelio Pérez-Moreira Francisco Díaz-Fierros María T. Barral 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2011,11(7):1125-1134
Purpose
The study of phosphorus (P) transfer from soils to rivers is a subject of interest as there is a clear relation between land use and water quality. P transfer in the soil/sediment system was evaluated by comparing the concentrations of total (PT) and bioavailable P (PA). 相似文献6.
Spatial distribution of sediments and transfer properties in soils in a stormwater infiltration basin 总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1
Patrice Cannavo Laure Vidal-Beaudet Béatrice Béchet Laurent Lassabatère Sylvain Charpentier 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2010,10(8):1499-1509
Purpose
The aim of our study was to characterise the heterogeneity of sediment distribution in a stormwater retention/infiltration basin (Pont de Cheviré, Nantes, France) and to determine the impact of this distribution on water transfer properties in the soil. 相似文献7.
Mathapelo P. Seopela Robert I. McCrindle Sandra Combrinck Thierry J-C. Regnier 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2016,16(12):2740-2752
Purpose
Rivers feeding into the Loskop Dam, South Africa, pass through coal mining and heavily industrialised areas. Previous studies investigating mass mortalities of crocodile and fish in the river system, revealed the presence of organic compounds, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), in their tissues.Materials and methods
Samples were collected from nine sites within the dam in winter and summer. Liquid-liquid and microwave-assisted extraction was used for preconcentrating PAHs from water and sediment samples, respectively. Extracts were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the selected ion monitoring mode to determine the presence and levels of the 16 United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA)-priority PAHs.Results and discussion
Significant levels of PAHs were found in both water and sediment samples. Concentrations were higher in sediments than in water, as well as in samples collected in winter. Levels of PAHs in sediments were generally higher than those reported by many researchers for other water bodies in industrialised areas. Zebrafish embryos were used to assess potential risks associated with the water and sediment, and to determine the effects of PAHs on aquatic life. Embryos, exposed to intact water and sediment samples, as well as to diluted sediment extracts, were monitored for 120 h post fertilisation. Sediment proved more toxic to zebrafish embryos than water, causing delayed embryo development and malformations.Conclusions
These findings are alarming as they indicate that this water system is under stress. These findings can be typical of any water system situated in a coal mining and industrial region.8.
Purpose
The significance of small farm dams in regulating water and sediment flows to downstream water storage reservoirs is identified as an important issue in South Africa where water shortages are a major current and likely future problem. The role of farm dam breaching, subsequent release of stored sediment and re-connection of the upstream sediment production areas to the downstream channels is a neglected topic in geomorphology. 相似文献9.
Arnold V. Hallare Thomas-Benjamin Seiler Henner Hollert 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2011,11(1):141-173
Purpose
Sediments serve as integral and dynamic parts of our aquatic systems. Within the last 15 to 20 years, however, the scientific community has begun noticing deterioration of sediment quality at an alarming rate worldwide. Sediments are now harboring hazardous pollutants that can directly influence water quality, thereby creating very stressful conditions for aquatic life. As a consequence, global efforts were initiated in the early 1970s, to find ways to assess sediment quality. Because of their obvious ecological and economic significance, fish have remained a major taxonomic group for appraising the general quality of aquatic systems. However, for sediment risk assessment, fish have lagged behind invertebrates due to their mobility and generally, pelagic lifestyle. To our knowledge, this is the first paper that comprehensively presents and reviews the versatile role of fish in assessing the state of health of aquatic sediments. 相似文献10.
Argos Willian de Almeida Assunção Brayan Pétrick Souza Marcela Bianchessi da Cunha-Santino Irineu BianchiniJr 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2018,18(4):1252-1264
Purpose
Aquatic macrophytes are an important source of autochthonous dissolved organic carbon in aquatic ecosystems. Yield and mass loss of aquatic humic substances released from macrophytes decomposition could be affected by the plant species and oxygen availability. Our aim was to describe the kinetics of dissolved fulvic and humic acids formed from decomposition of four aquatic macrophytes under aerobic and anaerobic conditions.Materials and methods
Samples of Eichhornia azurea (Sw.) Kunth, Egeria najas Planch, Oxycaryum cubense (Poepp. and Kunth), and Salvinia molesta (Mitchell) were incubated under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. On sampling days, the remaining particulate detritus were weighted and were measured for the pH, the electrical conductivity, and the organic carbon in the dissolved fraction. Humic substances were extracted from the dissolved fraction, separated into fulvic and humic acids, and then quantified. The mass loss of particulate and dissolved fractions were fitted to first order kinetic models.Results and discussion
Aerobic environment favored mineralization of aquatic macrophyte detritus and humification of organic dissolved carbon. Incubations under aerobic conditions formed 3.6 times more humic acid than incubations under anaerobic conditions. However, incubations in an anaerobic environment formed 1.84 times more fulvic acid. The dissolved humic compounds presented low mineralization rates probably due to the presence of the macrophyte detritus in the incubation representing a more attractive source of resource for microorganisms.Conclusions
In many cases, the mineralization of HS was not noticed, leading to an increase in humic and fulvic acid concentration in the water. O. cubense detritus presented the highest carbon concentration, were related to refractory features, and generated the highest amounts of dissolved HA (mainly under aerobic condition). Egeria najas detritus presented the lowest carbon concentration, were related to labile features, and generated the highest amounts of dissolved FA (mainly under anaerobic condition). Besides that, high humic substance concentrations in the dissolved organic carbon were related to low mineralization of this fraction.11.
Purpose
This article aims to investigate the use and benefits of using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC?×?GC) and structure?Cactivity relationship modeling for screening and prioritization of organic contaminants in complex matrices. The benefit of applying comprehensive screening techniques to samples with high organic contaminant content is primarily that compounds with diverse physicochemical properties can be analyzed simultaneously. Here, a heavily contaminated industrial area was surveyed for organic pollutants by analyzing soil, sediment, and surface water samples. The hazard of the pollutants were ranked using SARs.Material and methods
The water samples were liquid?Cliquid extracted using dichloromethane and directly analyzed by GC?× GC?Ctime-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC?×?GC?CTofMS). Soil and sediment samples were extracted with dichloromethane in an ultrasonic bath and subjected to gel permeation chromatography to eliminate lipids and humic matter. The low molecular weight fraction was then analyzed with GC?×?GC?CTofMS.Results and discussion
More than 10,000 components were found in each sample, of which ca. 300 individual compounds were unambiguously identified using the National Institute of Standards and Technology mass spectra library and authentic reference standards. Alkanes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and phthalates were generally the most abundant and were found in all matrices. In contrast, chlorinated compounds such as chlorophenols, biphenyls, and chlorinated pesticides were only detected in samples from a few hotspot regions. The toxicities of the most frequently detected compounds and of the compounds detected at the highest concentrations in samples from hotspot regions were estimated by ecological structure?Cactivity relationships. The ratio of the measured concentration to the predicted toxicity level was then calculated for each compound and used for an initial risk assessment in order to prioritize compounds for further transport and fate modeling, complementary measurements, and more advanced risk assessments.Conclusions
The advantage of using of GC?×?GC?CTofMS for preliminary screenings of contaminated areas was evaluated at a polluted area in northern Sweden. The area was found to carry organic pollutants such as polyaromatic hydrocarbons, aliphatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, phthalic compounds, and many chlorinated pesticides. Preliminary risk assessments indicate which compounds to use for subsequent remediation experiments based on their availability on the site or toxicity. 相似文献12.
Shuirong Tang Weiguo Cheng Ronggui Hu Miyuki Nakajima Julien Guigue Samuel Munyaka Kimani Satoru Sato Keitaro Tawaraya Xingkai Xu 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2017,17(7):1843-1851
Purpose
Understanding the effects of temperature and moisture on soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics is crucial to predict the cycling of C in terrestrial ecosystems under a changing climate. For single rice cropping system, there are two contrasting phases of SOC decomposition in rice paddy soils: mineralization under aerobic conditions during the off-rice season and fermentation under anaerobic conditions during the growth season. This study aimed to investigate the effects of soil temperature and moisture on SOC decomposition under the aerobic and subsequently anaerobic conditions.Materials and methods
Two Japanese paddy soils (Andisol and Inceptisol) were firstly incubated under four temperatures (±5, 5, 15, and 25°C) and two moisture levels (60 and 100% water-filled pore space (WFPS)) under aerobic conditions for 24 weeks. Then, these samples were incubated for 4 weeks at 30°C and under anaerobic conditions. Carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) productions were measured during the two incubation stages to monitor the SOC decomposition dynamics. The temperature sensitivity of SOC was estimated by calculation of the Q10 parameter.Results and discussion
The total CO2 production after the 24-week aerobic incubation was significantly higher in both soils for increasing soil temperature and moisture (P < 0.01). During the subsequent anaerobic incubation, total decomposed C (sum of CO2 and CH4 productions) was significantly lower in samples that had been aerobically incubated at higher temperatures (15 and 25°C). Moreover, CH4 production was extremely low in all soil samples. Total decomposed C after the two incubation stages ranged from 256.8 to 1146.1 mg C kg?1 in the Andisol and from 301.3 to 668.8 mg C kg?1 in the Inceptisol. However, the ratios of total decomposed C to SOC ranged from 0.29 to 1.29% in the Andisol and from 2.21 to 4.91% in the Inceptisol.Conclusions
Both aerobic and anaerobic decompositions of SOC in two paddy soils were significantly affected by soil temperature and moisture. Maintaining optimal soil temperature and medium moisture during the off-rice season might be an appropriate agricultural management to mitigate CH4 emission in the following rice growth season. Although it is high in SOC content, Andisol has less biodegradable components compared to Inceptisol and this could be a probable reason for the distinct difference in temperature sensitivity of SOC decomposition between two paddy soils.13.
Characteristics of bacterial community in the water and surface sediment of the Yellow River,China, the largest turbid river in the world 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Na Xia Xinghui Xia Ting Liu Lijuan Hu Baotong Zhu Xiaotian Zhang Jianwei Dong 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2014,14(11):1894-1904
Purpose
Few studies have described the bacterial community structures of turbid rivers. In this paper, the characteristics of the bacterial community in the water and surface sediment of the Yellow River, China, the largest turbid river in the world, were studied.Materials and methods
Water and sediment samples were collected from six sites along the river. Bacterial community composition was determined using the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene clone library technique. The relationship between environmental parameters and bacterial diversity was analyzed.Results and discussion
A total of 1,131 gene sequences were obtained and clustered into 639 operational taxonomic units (at the 97 % identity level), with Proteobacteria as the predominant phylum. The Shannon index for water samples ranged from 3.39 to 4.40 and was generally higher than that in other rivers; this was probably due to the high suspended particulate sediment (SPS) concentration in the Yellow River, which can provide more habitats for both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Also, the bacterial diversity of the water samples was slightly higher than that of the surface sediment samples. The bacterial diversity of water increased along the river in the downstream direction, while there was no trend for the sediment. Redundancy analysis indicated that pH, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and SPS were the main factors controlling the water bacterial community in the Yellow River, and pH, nitrate–nitrogen, and water content were the main factors for the surface sediment bacterial community.Conclusions
This study indicated that the bacterial diversity of the Yellow River is generally higher than that in other rivers, suggesting that SPS plays an important role in regulating bacterial diversity and community structure in aquatic environments. 相似文献14.
Magalie Delmas Olivier Cerdan Jean-Marie Mouchel Manuel Garcin 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2009,9(6):613-626
Background, aim, and scope
Sediment fluxes within continental areas play a major role in biogeochemical cycles and are often the cause of soil surface degradation as well as water and ecosystem pollution. In a situation where a high proportion of the land surface is experiencing significant global land use and climate changes, it appears important to establish sediment budgets considering the major processes forcing sediment redistribution within drainage areas. In this context, the aim of this study is to test a methodology to estimate a sediment yield index at a large spatial resolution for European river basins. 相似文献15.
Eveline C. van der Deijl Marcel van der Perk Hans Middelkoop 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2017,17(11):2620-2636
Purpose
A thorough understanding of mechanisms controlling sedimentation and erosion is vital for a proper assessment of the effectiveness of delta restoration. Only few field-based studies have been undertaken in freshwater tidal wetlands. Furthermore, studies that measured sediment deposition in newly created wetlands are also sparse. This paper aims to identify the factors controlling the sediment trapping of two newly created freshwater tidal wetlands.Materials and methods
Two recently re-opened polder areas in the Biesbosch, The Netherlands are used as study area. Field measurements of water levels, flow velocities, and turbidity at both the in- and outlet of the areas were carried out to determine the sediment budgets and trapping efficiencies under varying conditions of river discharge, tide, and wind in the period 2014–2016.Results and discussion
Short-term sediment fluxes of the two study areas varied due to river discharge, tide, and wind. A positive sediment budget and trapping efficiency was found for the first study area, which has a continuing supply of river water and sediment. Sediment was lost from the second study area which lies further from the river and had a lower sediment supply. The daily sediment budget is positively related to upstream river discharge, and in general, export takes place during ebb and import during flood. However, strong wind events overrule this pattern, and trapping efficiencies decrease for increasing wind strengths at mid-range river discharges and for the highest river discharges due to increased shear stress.Conclusions
Delta restoration, based on sedimentation to compensate for sea-level rise and soil subsidence, could only be effective when there is a sufficient supply of water and sediment. Management to enhance the trapping efficiency of the incoming sediment should focus on directing sufficient river flow into the wetland, ensuring the supply of water and sediment within the system during a tidal cycle, creating sufficiently large residence time of water within the polder areas for sediment settling, and decreasing wave shear stress by the establishment of vegetation or topographic irregularities.16.
Navas Ana Valero-Garcés Blas Gaspar Leticia Palazón Leticia 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2011,11(6):1082-1098
Purpose
The sediments accumulated in the Yesa Reservoir (Central Spanish Pyrenees) have greatly decreased its water storage capacity and are a major threat to the sustainability of water resources in the region. This study examines the contents of radionuclides and stable elements in the reservoir sediments and relates their variations with the sediment composition and local sedimentary dynamics, particularly flood frequency and intensity, which are responsible for changes in the main supply and distribution of radionuclides in the basin. 相似文献17.
Background and Scope
Lake sediment contains information on the historical development and former conditions of lakes, which is very useful when information about the undisturbed (reference) conditions of a lake is needed. Phytoplankton contains a range of different pigments, some of which are specific for individual algal groups and can be used as diagnostic markers. Phytoplankton pigments in lake sediments are indicators of prototrophic changes in lakes, since the pigments document changes in algae biomass and the composition of phytoplankton communities. Lake sediments can be dated along with pigment analysis by use of the naturally occurring radioactive isotope210Pb. 相似文献18.
Marco Parolini Andrea Binelli Valerio Matozzo Maria Gabriella Marin 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2010,10(7):1362-1379
Purpose
The Lagoon of Venice is a well-known Italian environment characterized by heavy chemical pollution. Few studies have been carried out to evaluate the probable hazards of the chemical mixtures toward the biocoenosis. This is the first comprehensive study aimed at the evaluation of the possible adverse effects for benthic organisms from the Lagoon of Venice due to some persistent organic pollutants by using three different sediment quality guidelines (SQGs). 相似文献19.
Michiel J. van der Meulen Ane P. Wiersma Marcel van der Perk Hans Middelkoop Noortje Hobo 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2009,9(6):627-639
Background, aim, and scope
The Netherlands has vast resources of clay that are exploited for the fabrication of structural ceramic products such as bricks and roof tiles. Most clay is extracted from the so-called embanked floodplains along the rivers Rhine and Meuse, areas that are flooded during high-discharge conditions. Riverside clay extraction is—at least in theory—compensated by deposition. Based on a sediment balance (deposition versus extraction), we explore the extent to which clay can be regarded as a renewable resource, with potential for sustainable use. Beyond that, we discuss the implications for river and sediment management, especially for the large engineering works that are to be undertaken to increase the discharge capacities of the Rhine and Meuse. 相似文献20.
Sara Peres M. Clara F. Magalhães Maria Manuela Abreu Sara Leitão Ana Santos Maria José Cerejeira 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2016,16(5):1612-1624