安塞县侯沟门村新农村建设与水土保持措施配置研究

根据野外天然降雨定位监测试验、野外人工模拟降雨与放水冲刷试验、土壤侵蚀类型遥感监测资料及附近纸坊沟小流域泥沙监测资料等.对安塞侯沟门村不同小流域土壤侵蚀类型及其分布规律和水土保持措施配置进行系统研究,特别是对村庄、道路、裸露坡面硬地面产流产沙规律进行了研究.明确了水土保持综合治理思路和重点及存在的问题,为今后评价土壤侵蚀变化、水土保持规划和综合治理提供科学依据.     

基于GIS的小流域水土流失综合治理研究进展

小流域水土流失综合治理是我国水土流失治理的重要经验之一。基于G IS的小流域水土流失综合治理研究是目前研究小流域治理的主要方向。从土壤侵蚀遥感制图研究、小流域土壤信息系统研究、小流域水土保持信息系统研究等方面回顾了基于G IS的小流域水土流失综合治理研究的发展过程,并从水土保持动态监测研究、土壤侵蚀模型研究、水土保持规划研究等方面综述了基于G IS的小流域水土流失综合治理的研究现状。     

王东沟小流域水土保持防蚀措施优化配置与效益分析

根据野外天然降雨定位试验,野外人工模拟降雨与放水冲刷试验,土壤侵蚀类型遥感监测资料,以及小流域泥沙观测资料等,对王东沟小流域土壤侵蚀类型及其分布规律和水土保持减沙效益进行系统研究。尤其是对硬地面产流产沙的规律研究：进一步证明了黄土塬区村落系统硬地面及农田集流槽集水径流冲刷是导致沟头迅速延伸的主要原因。     

小流域综合治理前后土地利用结构和土壤侵蚀强度变化研究

土地利用结构调整和减少土壤侵蚀面积、降低土壤侵蚀强度是小流域综合治理工程的主要效益,小流域综合治理前后土地利用和土壤侵蚀变化分析是评价工程实施效益的重要方面。以云贵鄂渝水土保持世行贷款/欧盟赠款项目重点监测小流域-盆古小流域为研究对象,基于治理前后的两期高分辨率遥感影像和eCognition、Arcgis软件,对盆古小流域治理前后的土地利用和土壤侵蚀变化情况进行了分析研究。结果表明:2008~2011年盆古小流域旱地、水田等面积减少,有林地和梯田等面积增加;小流域轻度侵蚀在有林地中分布最多,而轻度以上侵蚀主要分布在旱地中;另外,小流域土壤侵蚀这一期间整体呈现由强转弱的趋势,表明小流域综合治理工程取得了明显成效。     

基于GIS的小流域土壤侵蚀影响因子遥感监测方法探讨——以黑龙江省宾县三岔河小流域为例

RS、GIS技术支持下的小流域土壤侵蚀影响因子遥感监测,是实现小流域水土流失及水土保持现状高精度动态监测和预报的重要手段。以黑龙江省宾县的三岔河小流域为例,探讨了小流域土壤侵蚀影响因子的遥感监测技术方法。     

石漠化综合治理对喀斯特高原山地土壤生态系统的影响

为研究石漠化综合治理对喀斯特高原山地土壤生态系统的影响,以贵州省毕节鸭池示范区石桥小流域为例,结合石漠化综合治理工作的开展,对小流域内的土壤侵蚀状况、土壤理化性质和土壤呼吸强度等进行动态监测,探讨土壤生态系统的演变规律。结果表明:通过采取一系列的生物工程措施,小流域内土壤侵蚀得到控制,各种水土保持措施减沙效果明显,从而减少负熵的输出,使系统向"有序"状态发展;通过对不同等级石漠化土壤有机质及C/N比值的研究,得出土壤有机质与全氮含量呈显著相关性(P<0.01),随着石漠化综合治理的开展,土壤肥力结构得到优化;土壤呼吸强度在某种程度上也可以作为反映石漠化综合治理综合效应的间接指标,但这种相关性还有待进一步论证。通过以上研究旨在提高生态监测整体能力,为喀斯特石漠化综合治理提供决策支持。     

乌拉特中旗生态清洁小流域建设思路

乌拉特中旗位于内蒙古自治区巴彦淖尔市东北部，属阴山北麓国家级水土流失重点预防区和自治区级水土流失局部重点治理区。2021年乌拉特中旗土壤侵蚀模数最高达4 500 t/km²,水土流失面积为16 901.93 km²,占总面积的73.91%,严重影响当地社会经济发展。将全旗小流域划分为水源区小流域和集镇及重点村庄区小流域两个类型，分别按照生态自然修复区、综合治理区和河(沟)道及水库周边整治区，因地制宜制定防治目标及治理重点，并分区配置防治措施，实施生态清洁小流域建设。另外，采取加强组织领导、拓宽资金渠道、强化监测监管等措施，保障生态清洁小流域建设，推进全旗水土保持高质量发展，促进乡村振兴及美丽乡村建设。     

重庆市水土保持科技需求及重点领域

重庆市位于三峡库区腹地,库区城镇搬迁、移民后靠安置、经济建设活动等使得人为水土流失加剧,做好其水土保持工作对三峡工程长期安全运行、长江中下游防洪与生态安全等具有重要意义。根据重庆市大城市、大农村、大库区的特点,提出水土保持科技发展的7个重点领域,包括区域土壤侵蚀环境和侵蚀类型辨识、小流域水沙规律及治理模式、生产建设项目侵蚀特征及调控技术、流域水土流失面源污染机理及调控技术、水土保持措施防蚀机理及适宜性评价、流域生态补偿机制及标准、水土流失快速调查及监测评价技术等。此外,还应密切关注基础性水土保持监测站点建设、三峡库区典型小流域治理模式探索、生产建设项目水土流失定量化分析、新技术新材料新方法推广应用等。     

黄丘一区地理概况及小流域土壤侵蚀特征

<正> 黄丘一区位于北纬36°41′～40°23′、东经108°39′～120°09′之间,面积70748km~2,是黄河多沙粗沙主要产区。研究该区土壤侵蚀特性和综合治理后的土壤侵蚀变化,对于制订水土保持规划和开展流域综合治理具有重要意义。本文根据有关自然综考及调查资料,对该区地理概况及小流域土壤侵蚀特征进行论述。     

福建省水土保持科技工作回顾与展望

福建省的水土保持科技工作取得了可喜成绩:一是开展了水土流失遥感调查、山地开发水土流失现状调查、水土保持重点县小流域普查等基础工作;二是建立了水土流失预测模型和小流域数据库;三是筛选出水土保持先锋植物,研究出多项水土流失治理技术;四是推广了治理新模式,加强了交流与合作。近期研究的重点是:开发建设项目水土流失防治技术研究,侵蚀劣地植被快速覆盖技术研究,面源污染水土保持控制技术研究,水土保持优良植物的筛选、引进及推广,水土流失监测和水土保持管理信息系统的研究与推广,小流域水土保持综合治理技术研究与推广和水土保持治理示范区的建立。     

中国华北地区近40年物候春季变化

根据华北地区7个观测站物候资料,分析了华北地区1963-1996年及北京1963-2005年物候春季的变化特征及其与气温的关系。结果表明:华北地区的物候春季有明显提早来临的趋势,而造成这一变化的主要因素是本地区近40 a来冬春季气温的明显上升。其中1963-1996年间华北地区1-3月及4月的平均气温分别上升了2.3℃与1.7℃,物候春季起止日期分别提前了9d和4d,因而使得春季长度也延长了5d;北京1963-2003年间1-3月及4月的平均气温分别上升了3.5℃与2.6℃,物候春季的起止日期分别提前了11d和10d,但春季长度没有明显变化。     

Sediment denitrification in waterways in a rice-paddy-dominated watershed in eastern China

Purpose

Rice-paddy-dominated watersheds in eastern China are intensively cultivated, and lands with two crops receive as much as 550–600 kg?ha^–1?year^–1 of nitrogen (N), mainly through the addition of N-based fertilizers. However, stream N concentrations have been found to be relatively low. Waterways in the watersheds are assumed to be effective “sinks” for N, minimizing its downstream movement. We directly measured net sediment denitrification rates in three types of waterways (ponds, streams/rivers, and a reservoir) and determined the key factors that control net sediment denitrification. Such information is essential for evaluating the impact of the agricultural N cycle on the quality of surface water.

Materials and methods

The pond–stream–reservoir continuum was sampled every 2 months at nine sites in an agricultural watershed between November 2010 and December 2011. Net sediment N₂ fluxes/net sediment denitrification rates were determined by membrane inlet mass spectrometry and the N₂/Ar technique. A suite of parameters known to influence denitrification were also measured.

Results and discussion

Net denitrification rates ranged between 28.2?±?18.2 and 674.3?±?314.5 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1 for the streams, 23.7?±?23.9 and 121.2?±?38.7 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1 for the ponds, and 41.8?±?17.7 and 239.3?±?49.8 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1 for the reservoir. The mean net denitrification rate of the stream sites (173.2?±?248.4 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1) was significantly higher (p?<?0.001) than that of the pond sites (48.3?±?44.5 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1), and the three types of waterways all had significantly higher (p?<?0.01) mean net denitrification rates in summer than in other seasons. Linear regression and linear mixed effect model analysis showed that nitrate (NO₃ ^?–N) concentration in surface water was the primary controlling factor for net sediment denitrification, followed by water temperature. Using monitoring data on NO₃ ^?–N concentrations and temperature of the surface water of waterways and an established linear mixed effect model, total N removed through net sediment denitrification in the pond–stream–reservoir continuum was estimated at 46.8?±?24.0 t?year^–1 from July 2007 to June 2009, which was comparable with earlier estimates based on the mass balance method (34.3?±?12.7 t?year^–1), and accounted for 83.4 % of the total aquatic N. However, the total aquatic N was only 4.4 % of the total N input to the watershed, and thus most of the surplus N in the watershed was likely to be either denitrified or stored in soil.

Conclusions

High doses of N in a rice-paddy-dominated watershed did not lead to high stream N concentrations due to limited input of N into waterways and the high efficiency of waterways in removing N through denitrification.     

天津半干旱地区不同种植年限菜田土壤微生物变化特征的研究

对天津周边半干旱地区不同种植年限的菜田土壤微生物状况调查研究表明 ,该地区土壤微生物以细菌为主 ,夏季微生物总量大大高于冬季 ;随着种菜年限的增加 ,耕层和亚耕层微生物总量都有增加趋势 ,其中细菌和放线菌增加明显 ,真菌有下降趋势 ;真菌类群分析表明 ,少数纤维素分解菌 ,如青霉 (Penicillium)、木霉 (Trichoderma)等为优势菌 ,而糖和木质素分解菌仅占少数。用尖孢镰刀霉 (Fusariumuoxysporum)、大肠杆菌 (Escherichia coli)接种不同种菜年限土壤 ,检测土壤拮抗菌状况发现 ,拮抗菌仅在种植年限长的老菜田的放线菌中发现。表明北方半干旱地区菜田土壤细菌为优势菌 ,主要存在于土壤微孔隙中 ;而适于生活在土壤疏松大孔隙中的真菌数量极少。应注意土壤结构的改良 ,为丰富土壤微生物提供良好的生态环境     

天津半干旱地区不同种植年限菜田土壤微生物变化特征的研究

对天津周边半干旱地区不同种植年限的菜田土壤微生物状况调查研究表明 ,该地区土壤微生物以细菌为主 ,夏季微生物总量大大高于冬季 ;随着种菜年限的增加 ,耕层和亚耕层微生物总量都有增加趋势 ,其中细菌和放线菌增加明显 ,真菌有下降趋势 ;真菌类群分析表明 ,少数纤维素分解菌 ,如青霉 (Penicillium)、木霉 (Trichoderma)等为优势菌 ,而糖和木质素分解菌仅占少数。用尖孢镰刀霉 (Fusariumuoxysporum)、大肠杆菌 (Escherichia coli)接种不同种菜年限土壤 ,检测土壤拮抗菌状况发现 ,拮抗菌仅在种植年限长的老菜田的放线菌中发现。表明北方半干旱地区菜田土壤细菌为优势菌 ,主要存在于土壤微孔隙中 ;而适于生活在土壤疏松大孔隙中的真菌数量极少。应注意土壤结构的改良 ,为丰富土壤微生物提供良好的生态环境     

Trends in soil science in Switzerland

Phytoremediation is an emerging technology based on the use of green plants to remove, contain, inactivate or destroy harmful environmental pollutants. Recent developments in Europe and the USA show that the approach is somewhat different on both sides of the Atlantic. In Europe, phytoremediation has more basically been research driven and, based on the outcomes, applications have been envisaged. By contrast, the approach in the USA is more application and experience driven. In spite of a growing track record of commercial success, more demonstration projects are needed to prove that phytoremediation is effective in order to rigorously measure its underlying economics, and to expand its applications. More fundamental research is also required to better understand the complex interactions between pollutants, soil, plant roots and micro-organisms at the rhizosphere level, to increase the bioavailability of pollutants, to fully exploit the metabolic diversity of plants and, thus, to successfully implement this new green technology.     

沈阳市城市表土中微生物区系变化的初步研究

在沈阳市远郊-近郊-市区等不同城市化水平区内选取林地、草地和路边土几种不同利用方式下的表层土壤,对土壤中的微生物状况进行了初步分析。结果表明,随着城市化水平的提高,土壤中微生物的数量表现为明显的减少趋势。其中变化较大的是细菌,而真菌和放线菌的变化不明显。     

Patterns in trace elements in lichens

Water, Air, & Soil Pollution - Epiphytic lichens were sampled in a Dutch national monitoring survey, which was carried out twice within 5 yr. The samples were analyzed by neutron activation...     

Trace metals in precipitation in Sweden

Trace metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn) concentrations in atmospheric precipitation have been routinely monitored in Sweden since the autumn of 1983. Concentrations are highest in southern Sweden and decrease northward. It is postulated that the long range transport of anthropogenic pollutants from the rest of Europe is the major source of Cd, Pb, and Zn in precipitation. Evidence for this hypothesis is that enrichment factors indicate anthropogenic origin, and Swedish atmospheric emissions of Zn and Cd are 2 to 3 times smaller than deposition fluxes. Also, Cd, Pb, and Zn concentrations are correlated in both space and time and are also well correlated with exSO₄ ⁺, a substance known to be of anthropogenic origin transported long distances.     

Variation in ozone concentration in relation to local climate in south-west Sweden

Ozone (O₃) concentration and air temperature/relative humidity were monitored using diffusive samplers (weekly, 3 m above ground) and Tinytag loggers (10 min sampling, 1 m above ground, self-ventilating radiation shields), respectively, in the forested landscape of south-west Sweden, 40 km north-east of Gothenburg. Two forest sites were included, one at a hilltop (175 m a.s.l.), and one in a nearby (～1 km) valley (110 m a.s.l.). In addition, a valley site (～3 km from the forest sites, 60 m a.s.l.) in an agricultural landscape was included, where ozone was measured using both a UV-based monitor and diffusive sampling. At the agricultural site measurements of temperature and relative humidity were made using a radiation shield with forced ventilation and with Tinytags, as on the forest sites, in addition to observations of wind speed and the vertical temperature gradient. Furthermore, comparison with O₃ concentrations at urban and coastal sites in the region was made. The temperature dependent, systematic error of using a self-ventilating radiation shield was estimated and corrected for. It was found that the elevated forested site experienced higher O₃ concentrations and lower evening cooling rates in calm situations as compared to the forest site in the valley and in particular as compared to the agricultural site. This can be explained by a stronger coupling with the planetary boundary layer at the elevated site and more pronounced night-inversions at the valley sites. The difference in weekly O₃ concentration between the two forested sites was correlated with the difference in average minimum night-time temperature. The coastal site had the highest ozone concentrations, related largely, but not fully, to higher night-time O₃ concentrations. The urban site showed a depression in O₃ concentration associated with the combination of large NO emissions and slow air mixing during the morning traffic rush hours.     

不同种植模式下菜地土壤腐殖质组分特性的动态变化

通过在南京普朗克有机农场开展的9年长期定位监测,研究了有机(露地和大棚)和常规种植模式下蔬菜地耕层土壤有机碳和土壤腐殖质组分特性的动态变化。结果表明,有机露地、有机大棚和常规露地种植土壤有机碳含量分别从11.41、9.29、9.00 g k g-1提高至15.35、20.90、10.00 g kg-1;胡敏酸碳(CHA)分别从1.79、1.23、1.14 g kg-1提高至2.11、3.11、1.31 g kg-1;富里酸碳(CFA)分别从2.19、1.88、1.73 g kg-1提高至2.44、2.68、1.91 g kg-1。两种有机种植模式的土壤有机碳及腐殖质组分含量增加达到显著水平,而常规种植模式下的变化不显著。两种有机种植模式下表征土壤腐殖质品质的胡/富比(CHA/CFA)、胡敏酸占总腐殖物质的比例(PQ值)均高于常规种植模式,土壤富里酸的E4/E6值、色调系数(ΔlogK)值随着种植时间增加的幅度较常规种植模式更大,土壤胡敏酸芳化度呈现先降低后增高的趋势,但在常规种植下变化不明显。说明土壤在长期有机种植模式下不仅更有利于土壤有机碳的积累,而且能促进土壤腐殖化进程。