土壤水分胁迫对胡杨、灰叶胡杨光合作用-光响应特性的影响

采用盆栽试验研究正常供水(土壤相对含水量70%～80%)、中度水分胁迫(50%～60%)和重度水分胁迫(30%～40%)条件下,胡杨和灰叶胡杨2年生幼苗光合作用-光响应特性.结果表明:胡杨、灰叶胡杨光合作用-光响应曲线符合非直角双曲线函数.在正常供水条件下,胡杨、灰叶胡杨的最大光合速率(Pn max)分别为24.59、16.68 μmol CO2· m-2s-1,表观光合量子效率(AQY)分别为0.059、0.036 μmol CO2·μmol-1photons,光饱和点(LSP)分别为603、517 μmol photons·m-2s-1,光补偿点(LCP)分别为42、41 μmol photons·m-2s-1、暗呼吸速率(Rd)分别为2.99、1.45 μmol CO2·m-2s-1.土壤水分胁迫能显著降低胡杨、灰叶胡杨Pn max、AQY、LSP,而对LCP及Rd无显著影响.无论在正常供水还是在土壤水分胁迫条件下,胡杨均表现出更高的光合活性,其Pn、Pn max、LSP、AQY及Rd值均比灰叶胡杨高,而LCP值,二者之间无显著差异.表明生长在同一生境中的胡杨对光照、土壤水分的生态适应能力高于灰叶胡杨.     

幼龄和成龄锯叶竹节树的光合特性

比较研究了幼龄和成龄锯叶竹节树净光合速率对光强的响应特性及主要生理和环境因子的日变化进程。结果表明,成龄树的光饱和点(LSP)、光补偿点(LCP)、光饱和光合速率(Pmax)和表观量子效率(AQY)分别为836、6.18、9.52和0.047μmol.m-2.s-1;幼树的LSP、LCP、Pmax和AQY分别为359、2.79、5.05和0.036μmol.m-2.s-1。成龄树的Pmax和LSP较高,LCP较低,对强光和弱光的适应性均较强;幼树的Pmax、LSP、LCP和AQY均较低,对弱光的适应性强,但较低的光合能力和量子效率延长了锯叶竹节树的幼龄期。幼树和成龄树的环境最大光强均低于其LSP,其净光合速率日进程也均为单峰曲线,没有明显的"午休"现象;气孔导度和蒸腾速率的日变化趋势也均基本与Pn一致。在迁地保护时,应选择较为荫蔽的环境定植。     

5个香椿种源的光合响应研究

对5个香椿(Toona sinensis)种源1 a生苗木进行光合响应测定和分析,研究香椿种源间光合特性的差异.结果表明:净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、水分利用效率(UE)5个指标对光量子通量密度(PFD)的响应在种源间存在显著差异(P＜0.05).最大净光合速率(Amax)值从大到小分别为重庆彭水种源、广西那坡种源、湖南凤凰种源、福建漳州种源、贵州独山种源.表观量子效率(AQY)变幅为0.041 ～0.052 μmol·mol-1,偏大,香椿的叶片在较弱光强下的光能转化率较高.光合补偿点(LCP)范围为19.483 ～33.594 μmol·m-2·s-1,光合饱和点(LSP)范围为318.25 ～513.586 μmol·m-2·s-1.重庆彭水种源适应性最强,广西那坡种源适应强光的能力较强,其余3个种源对强、弱光适应性都较弱.     

短梗大参的光合特性研究

以引种栽培的短梗大参为研究对象,采用LI-6400便携式光合仪测定了短梗大参叶片的光合参数,探讨了其光合生理特性,为短梗大参引种及在园林上推广应用提供栽培基础。结果表明:短梗大参叶片净光合速率(Pn)、光合有效辐射(PAR)、大气温度(Ta)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs)的日变化曲线均呈单峰曲线,不存在"午休"现象。相关性分析表明影响短梗大参叶片净光合速率的主要生态因子为光合有效辐射和大气温度,生理因子为气孔导度和蒸腾速率。短梗大参叶片净光合速率的年周期变化曲线呈单峰曲线,在夏季6~7月维持在较高水平,春季和秋季较低,冬季最低。短梗大参净光合速率的光响应曲线没有强光抑制现象,采用修正的直角双曲线模型拟合,估算出最大净光合速率(Pmax)为6.902μmol·m-2s-1,光饱和点(LSP)为1 013.163μmol·m-2s-1,光补偿点为(LCP)4.794μmol·m-2s-1,暗呼吸速率(Rd)为0.290μmol·m-2s-1,表明短梗大参耐荫性强,具有较强的弱光适应能力,适合在遮阴环境下栽培。     

甘草叶片光合生理特征分析

通过对乾安地区人工栽培的甘草其叶片光合作用日变化曲线变化情况的测算研究,表明甘草叶片净光合速率日变化曲线呈单峰型,日间最大值出现在正午前后,平均净光合速率10.46±0.25μmol·m-2s-1左右;计算得知,甘草叶片光补偿点(LCP)=722.61μmol·m-2s-1,光饱和点(LSP)=53.22μmol·m-2s-1,光合速率最大值(Pmax)=20.7516μmol·m-2s-1,表观量子效率(Q)=0.031。     

冠层部位对三倍体毛白杨光合生理特性的影响

利用新的光响应模型对纸浆林三倍体毛白杨冠层垂直与水平方向上的光合作用进行了研究,其结果为:三倍体毛白杨冠层不同部位叶片的光饱和点(LSP)在760~1 100μmol.m-2.s-1之间,光补偿点(LCP)在15~32μmol.m-2.s-1之间,最大净光合速率(Pmax)为17.4μmol.m-2.s-1,同时暗呼吸速率(Rd)的最大值不超过2.95μmol.m-2.s-1,表观量子效率(α)最大值为0.108 mol.mol-1;树冠上层、中层和枝条外部叶片LSP、LCP和Rd较其它部位高,Pmax和α均随着树冠部位的下降而下降;冠层上部、中部与枝条的外部叶片的水分利用效率(RWUE)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)和胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)较其它部位的高,且冠层各部位的Tr、Gs和Ci均存在显著的差异性。     

修枝促接干对泡桐光合特性影响的研究

采用Li-6400光合分析系统,对修枝接干和对照泡桐不同冠层、不同方位叶片在不同光量子密度条件下的净光合速率(Pn)进行测定,并采用经验方程对其光反应曲线进行拟合,结果表明:(1)修枝接干可明显提高泡桐植株总体的光合潜力和适应强光环境的能力,其最大光合速率(Pmax)、光饱和点(LSP)、光补偿点(LCP)和光合幅度(PR)在修枝后分别达23.93 μmol·m-2·s-1、1 966.58 μmol·m-2·s-1,53.88 μmol·m-2·s-1、1 911.71 μmol·m-2·s-1,较对照分别高11.85%、15.61%、29.06%、15.21%.(2)修枝接干对泡桐诸光合指标的影响在树冠下层明显大于上层,并且使其上下冠层之间的差异性显著减小.修枝后泡桐下层树冠的Pmax、LSP、LCP、PR较对照分别高27.70%、36.74%、34.22%、36.80%,而上层差异不显著.(3)修枝接干对处于不同方位泡桐叶片的光合特性的影响在不同冠层具有不同程度的体现.在树冠上层的阳位与阴位间,修枝接干后的Pmax、LSP、LCP和PR分别较对照有所提高,但均不显著;而在树冠下层,修枝接干后其阳位叶的Pmax、LSP、LCP和PR分别较对照高21.80%、39.02%、28.72%和39.26%,阴位叶分别较对照高42.18%、39.35%、48.70%和39.13%,除了LCP在二处理间阳位的差异不显著外,其余的差异性均显著.     

低温胁迫对3种常绿阔叶树种苗木光合能力的影响

以格木(Erythrophleum fordii)、闽楠(Phoebe bournei)和樟树(Cinnamomum camphora)3种常绿阔叶树种苗木为研究对象,以日平均气温19.5℃为对照,12.0℃和7.1℃分别作为低温胁迫Ⅰ和Ⅱ处理,分析广州冬季自然降温过程中苗木气体交换参数和光响应曲线特征参数的变化.研究结果表明,与对照相比,低温胁迫后3个树种苗木净光合速率(Pn)均有不同程度下降,但格木和闽楠在低温胁迫Ⅱ阶段的Pn比低温胁迫Ⅰ阶段有所回升.气孔导度(Gs)和胞间CO2浓度(Ci)的变化表明低温胁迫Ⅰ阶段Pn下降可能是非气孔限制因素引起的,而低温胁迫Ⅱ阶段闽楠的Pn下降可能是气孔限制因素引起的,格木和樟树仍是Pn下降可能是非气孔限制因素引起的.随着低温胁迫加强,格木因蒸腾速率(Tt)升高而导致水分利用效率(WUE)逐渐下降,而闽楠和樟树的Tr逐渐降低,WUE逐渐升高.3个树种幼苗在对照时的光补偿点(LCP)均低于20 μmol· m-2·s-1,光饱和点(LSP)均高于800 μmol·m-2·s-1,对光环境的适应性较强,具有较强的光能利用能力;低温胁迫使最大光合速率(Amax)均下降、LSP降低、LCP升高,表明低温下幼苗的光能利用能力和对光环境的适应性都下降.格木暗呼吸速率(Rd)的变化趋势与LCP的相同,而樟树和闽楠Rd的变化趋势则与LCP相反,表明前者通过提高代谢来抵抗低温胁迫,其Pn的提高是以消耗更多的水分为代价的,而后两者则是通过降低代谢来适应低温,较好地协调了碳同化和水分耗散之间的关系.     

在CO2浓度加富条件下马尾松针叶的生理生态响应

研究了在3种不同CO2浓度(360 μmol·mol-1、800 μmol·mol-1、1 200 μmol·mol-1)下马尾松针叶的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、水分利用效率的变化.结果表明:在当前CO2(360 μmol·mol-1)浓度下,当光强为1 000 μmol·m-2·s-1时,净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度分别为3.46 μmol·m-2·s-1、0.273 mmol·m-2·s-1、0.0254 mmol·m-2·s-1,针叶的光饱和点和光补偿点分别为:(1 800±2) μmol·m-2·s-1和(24±2) μmol·m-2·s-1.当CO2加富到1 200 μmol·mol-1时,针叶的光饱和点降低了200 μmol·m-2·s-1,而光补偿点增加了4 μmol·m-2·s-1.在光照强度为50～2 000 μmol·m-2·s-1的条件下,不同CO2浓度下的水分利用率平均值分别为:1 200 μmol·mol-1浓度下的19.163 μmol·mmol-1,800 μmol·mol-1浓度下的12.912 μmol·mmol-1,360 μmol·mol-1浓度下的11.192 μmol·mmol-1.短期的CO2加富降低了植物叶片的蒸腾速率、气孔导度,而植物的水分利用效率则上升.     

白云岩石漠区2种落叶树种秋季光合特性比较

为了解西南喀斯特白云岩石漠化地区的适生造林树种盐肤木、栾树秋季的光合生理特性,使用LI-6400便携式光合测试仪于9月下旬对盐肤木、栾树叶片的光合参数进行测定分析。结果表明,盐肤木的净光合速率(Pn)的日变化曲线仅有1个峰值,光补偿点(LCP)为5μmol/(m~2·s),光饱和点(LSP)为818μmol/(m~2·s)。栾树的净光合速率日变化曲线出现一大一小2个峰值,光饱和点(LSP)为475μmol/(m~2·s),光补偿点(LCP)为30μmol/(m~2·s)。气孔导度(Gs)在实验过程中是对栾树和盐肤木净光合速率(Pn)影响最大的环境因子。在相同的光照条件下,盐肤木的净光合速率(Pn)大于栾树的净光合速率,光饱和点(LSP)大于栾树,光补偿点(LCP)低于栾树,2种树木均有明显"午休"现象。在9月,盐肤木光合情况优于栾树。     

Antimicrobial activity of some endemic plants growing in the Eastern Black Sea Region, Turkey

The Eastern Black Sea Region has an extensive flora because of ample rainfall lasting all year. In this study, antimicrobial effects of 74 crude extracts of 22 endemic plants were investigated. Among the 30 active crude extracts, water-insoluble crude extracts from Betula medwediewii, Heracleum platytaenium, Primula longipes, Anthemis cretica ssp. argaea and Centaurea helenioides were the prominent ones with their MIC values.     

Aromatic plant-derived essential oil: an alternative larvicide for mosquito control

Five aromatic plants, Carum carvi (caraway), Apium graveolens (celery), Foeniculum vulgare (fennel), Zanthoxylum limonella (mullilam) and Curcuma zedoaria (zedoary) were selected for investigating larvicidal potential against mosquito vectors. Two laboratory-reared mosquito species, Anopheles dirus, the major malaria vector in Thailand, and Aedes aegypti, the main vector of dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever in urban areas, were used. All of the volatile oils exerted significant larvicidal activity against the two mosquito species after 24-h exposure. Essential oil from mullilam was the most effective against the larvae of A. aegypti, while A. dirus larvae showed the highest susceptibility to zedoary oil.     

利用三种梢栖真菌生物防治落叶松枯梢病的研究

从落叶松梢栖真菌筛选出对落叶松枯梢病病原菌有抑制作用的菌株,对落叶松枯梢病进行生物防治。将自落叶松梢部分离到的11种梢栖真菌与落叶松枯梢病病原菌进行对峙培养,根据被覆盖程度、抑菌率、拮抗系数和防治预试验的结果,综合评价后发现:粪生粪壳、深绿木霉和球毛壳3种梢栖真菌对落叶松枯梢病有良好的拮抗作用。利用这3个菌株在黑龙江省勃利县通天一林场国富沟进行林间防治试验,结果表明:防治效果为粪生粪壳>代森锰锌400倍液>深绿木霉>球毛壳;深绿木霉和粪生粪壳喷洒浓度50%和球毛壳喷洒浓度75%时,真菌多样性最多,梢栖真菌系统较其他浓度更为稳定,与化学防治相比,既达到了防治目的又具有不污染环境的优势。     

Growth and physiological response of six Australian rainforest tree species to a light gradient

An understanding of growth and photosynthetic potential of subtropical rainforest species to variations in light environment can be useful for determining the sequence of species introductions in rainforest restoration projects and mixed species plantations. We examined the growth and physiology of six Australian subtropical rainforest tree species in a greenhouse consisting of three artificial light environments (10%, 30%, and 60% full sunlight). Morphological responses followed the typical sun-shade dichotomy, with early and late secondary species (Elaeocarpus grandis, Flindersia brayleyana, Flindersia schottiana, and Gmelina leichhardtii) displaying higher relative growth rate (RGR) compared to mature stage species (Cryptocarya erythroxylon and Heritiera trifoliolatum). Growth and photosynthetic performance of most species reached a maximum in 30–60% full sunlight. Physiological responses provided limited evidence of a distinct dichotomy between early and late successional species. E. grandis and F. brayleyana, provided a clear representation of early successional species, with marked increase in A_max in high light and an ability to down regulate photosynthetic machinery in low light conditions. The remaining species (F. schottiana, G. leichhardtii, and H. trifoliolatum) were better represented as falling along a shade-tolerant continuum, with limited ability to adjust physiologically to an increase or decrease in light, maintaining similar A_max across all light environments. Results show that most species belong to a shade-tolerant constituency, with an ability to grow and persist across a wide range of light environments. The species offer a wide range of potential planting scenarios and silvicultural options, with ample potential to achieve rapid canopy closure and rainforest restoration goals.     

Predisposition to bark beetle attack by root herbivores and associated pathogens: Roles in forest decline,gap formation,and persistence of endemic bark beetle populations

Bark beetles are largely known for their ability to undergo intermittent population eruptions that transform entire landscapes and pose significant economic hardships. However, most species do not undergo outbreaks, and eruptive species usually exert only minor disturbances. Understanding the dynamics of tree-killing noneruptive species can provide insights into how beetles persist at low densities, and how some spatiotemporal patterns of host predisposition may more likely favor breaching eruptive thresholds than others. Elucidating mechanisms behind low-density populations is challenging, however, due to the requirement of long-term monitoring and high degrees of spatial and temporal covariance. We censused more than 2700 trees annually over 7 years, and at the end of 17 years, in a mature red pine plantation. Trees were measured for the presence of bark beetles and wood borers that breed within the primary stem, root weevils that breed in root collars, and bark beetles that breed in basal stems. We quantify the sequence of events that drive this decline syndrome, with the primary emergent pattern being an interaction between below- and above-ground herbivores and their fungal symbionts. This interaction results in an expanding forest gap, with subsequent colonization by early-successional vegetation. Spatial position strongly affects the likelihood of tree mortality. A red pine is initially very likely to avoid attack by tree-killing Ips beetles, but attack becomes increasingly likely as the belowground complex spreads to neighboring trees and eventually make trees susceptible. This system is largely internally driven, as there are strong gap edge, but not stand-edge, effects. Additional stressors, such as drought, can provide an intermittent source of susceptible trees to Ips beetles, and elevated temperature slightly accentuates this effect. New gaps can arise from such trees as they subsequently become epicenters for the full complex of organisms associated with this decline, but this is not common. As Ips populations rise, there is some element of positive feedback, in that the proportion of killed trees that were not first colonized by root organisms increases. This positive feedback is very weak, however, and we propose the slope between beetle population density and reliance on host stress as a quantitative distinction along a gradient from noneruptive through eruptive species. Almost all trees colonized by Ips were subsequently colonized by wood borers, likely a source of negative feedback. We discuss implications to our overall understanding of cross-scale interactions, between-guild interactions, forest declines, and eruptive thresholds.     

Photosynthetic characteristics of Fagus sylvatica and Quercus robur established for stand conversion from Picea abies

Efforts in Europe to convert Norway spruce (Picea abies) plantations to broadleaf or mixed broadleaf-conifer forests could be bolstered by an increased understanding of how artificial regeneration acclimates and functions under a range of Norway spruce stand conditions. We studied foliage characteristics and leaf-level photosynthesis on 7-year-old European beech (Fagus sylvatica) and pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) regeneration established in open patches and shelterwoods of a partially harvested Norway spruce plantation in southwestern Sweden. Both species exhibited morphological plasticity at the leaf level by developing leaf blades in patches with an average mass per unit area (LMA) 54% greater than of those in shelterwoods, and at the plant level by maintaining a leaf area ratio (LAR) in shelterwoods that was 78% greater than in patches. However, we observed interspecific differences in photosynthetic capacity relative to spruce canopy openness. Photosynthetic capacity (A₁₆₀₀, net photosynthesis at a photosynthetic photon flux density of 1600 μmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹) of beech in respect to the canopy gradient was best related to leaf mass, and declined substantially with increasing canopy openness primarily because leaf nitrogen (N) in this species decreased about 0.9 mg g⁻¹ with each 10% rise in canopy openness. In contrast, A₁₆₀₀ of oak showed a weak response to mass-based N, and furthermore the percentage of N remained constant in oak leaf tissues across the canopy gradient. Therefore, oak photosynthetic capacity along the canopy gradient was best related to leaf area, and increased as the spruce canopy thinned primarily because LMA rose 8.6 g m⁻² for each 10% increase in canopy openness. These findings support the premise that spruce stand structure regulates photosynthetic capacity of beech through processes that determine N status of this species; leaf N (mass basis) was greatest under relatively closed spruce canopies where leaves apparently acclimate by enhancing light harvesting mechanisms. Spruce stand structure regulates photosynthetic capacity of oak through processes that control LMA; LMA was greatest under open spruce canopies of high light availability where leaves apparently acclimate by enhancing CO₂ fixation mechanisms.     

Antibacterial activity of plant extracts from Brazilian southeast region

A screening was conducted with 26 plants collected in the Brazilian southeast region, to identify plant extracts with antibacterial properties against Aeromonas hydrophila, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Initially, the agar diffusion method was employed. Then, those extracts presenting activity were submitted to a broth microdilution assay to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC). It was observed that 13 of the tested extracts showed antibacterial activity. The best results were obtained with those from Lantana lilacina and Phyllanthus tenellus.     

Growth and production varies between pair-wise mixtures and monoculture plantations in North Viet Nam

The potential benefits of species mixture were investigated using pair-wise comparisons of four timber tree species in northern Viet Nam. Chukrasia tabularis, Canarium album, Michelia mediocris and Eucalyptus urophylla were grown in monocultures and in pair-wise mixtures. The trial was established as a randomized block design with each treatment replicated four times. Volume production gain or loss in mixtures was assessed by calculating a mixture index, which is defined as Relative Yield Total (RYT). At age 48 months, the trial indicated mixed performance with both positive and negative impacts of growing some species in mixtures compared to monocultures. The largest gain was shown in the mixture of a shade-intolerant species, Chukrasia with a more shade-tolerant species, Michelia (47% gain in relative yield), and Eucalyptus with Michelia (45% gain in relative yield) at the first 38 months. The other three mixtures tested, and which were not successful (i.e. had lower relative yields) at 38 months, was the mixture of all shade-intolerant species, including Chukrasia with Canarium, Canarium with Eucalyptus and Chukrasia with Eucalyptus. This suggests that species with different shade tolerances can form complementary pair-wise mixtures, but this changed significantly (P < 0.05) over the following 10 months. At age 48 months the RYT of Chukrasia with Michelia increased by 12%, those of Michelia with Eucalyptus decreased by 20% at 48 months compared to 38 months, suggesting that Eucalyptus should be thinned at around year 5 years. Likewise, the RYT of Michelia with Canarium declined significantly by 23% at 48 months. The RYT of other tested mixtures remained almost unchanged over time.     

Ungulate herbivory of regenerating conifers in relation to foliar nutrition and terpenoid production

Ungulate browsing greatly influences regeneration dynamics of some forest ecosystems, yet the relationship between browse susceptibility and foliar chemistry of forest tree seedlings is not well understood. We applied field fertilization (15N-9P-10K controlled-release fertilizer at 0, 20, 40, and 60 g per seedling) and investigated how subsequent changes in terpenoid production and foliar nutrition influence ungulate browse preference for Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco), western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla Raf. Sarg.), and western redcedar (Thujaplicata Donn ex D. Don) seedlings across four sites in northwestern Oregon, USA. Fertilization increased foliar N concentration of all three species, but above-ground growth of only Douglas-fir and western hemlock. Foliar monoterpene concentrations for western hemlock and western redcedar also increased at higher fertilization rates, while Douglas-fir monoterpene production was not affected by fertilization. Regardless of monoterpene levels, ungulate browse preference was greater for fertilized western hemlock seedlings. The opposite response, however, was observed for western redcedar at two of the four study sites where the likelihood of browse was greater for non-fertilized than fertilized seedlings. Differences in browse preference among species may depend on the type and amount of individual monoterpenes manufactured in response to fertilization. Western redcedar produce α- and β-thujone, oxygenated monoterpenes known to promote gastroenteritis and possibly inhibit microbial rumen activity, which were absent from Douglas-fir or western hemlock. Higher concentrations of α- and β-thujone associated with increasing fertilizer rate provide a plausible explanation as to why ungulates preferred non-fertilized western redcedar. Our results illustrate species-specific adaptation in browse avoidance and selective ungulate browsing behavior of individual trees as linked to foliar chemistry.