马“X”结肠炎

马“X”结肠炎,曾于1919年以“运输病”的名称描述过,后来又称为“X结肠炎”、“急性结肠综合症”、“出血性水肿性结肠”、“应激性腹泻”以及“马肠道梭状芽胞杆菌病”等。本文采用一个病例作为实例,旨在回顾有关文献和描述其显著的特征。临床所见:一匹6岁母马,严重腹泻两天,曾采用静脉输液、氯霉素及类固醇等治疗无效。实验室检查结果是红细胞压     

一例马的急性盲结肠炎的诊治

<正>马的急性盲结肠炎,是马的一种以发病急、症状剧烈、重剧腹泻为特点的一种疾病,在现实中不是很多见。一、病因在多数资料中认为,马的急性盲结肠炎与肠道菌群失调有关,肠道菌群失调有多种原因,如应激因素(气候、草料骤变、过度兴奋、过劳),乱用抗菌素(土霉素、金霉素等),使一部分肠道菌被消灭,而另一些肠道菌对此药不敏感,产生耐药菌株,大量繁殖,发生菌群失调而发生本病。笔     

马急性盲结肠炎10例分析

急性盲结肠炎原名马“X”结肠炎、马出血坏死性结肠炎等,是一种死亡率极高的急性非传染性疾病。临床上以突然起病,重剧的腹泻和进展急速的进行性休克为特征。最早报道该病的是美国(Rooney 1963),其后加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰等国家也陆续见有报道。近年来,国内外对本病正进行多方面的研究,关于本病的病因和病的发生以及     

一例马出血性肠炎的治疗体会

正马出血性肠炎属于马属动物内科疾病,具有突然发病、轻微腹痛,排出带有肠黏膜的血便和少量粘稠清油样尿液等症状,若不及时治疗则可引起出血性盲结肠炎,脱水严重、腹泻如血水的病例亦可造成大肠病变,具有急性、高度致死性等特点。现就笔者临床诊疗一例因消化不良引起的马属动物出血性肠炎治疗报告如下:1马匹情况发病马匹品种为英纯血与夸特马杂交后代,母马,年龄8岁,体重380kg,常年生活在伊犁种马场海拔为     

一种抗菌肽的体外抑菌试验、安全性评价及其对肠道菌群的影响

本试验通过体外抑菌,比较了1种抗菌肽和3种临床常用抗生素对几种不同的大肠杆菌的抑菌效果,旨在为抗菌肽在实际生产中部分替代抗生素提供资料,并对其安全性及调节肠道菌群方面进行了评价与统计。实验结果：抗菌肽的体外抑菌效果明显;安全性实验证实抗菌肽对小鼠各内脏器官无不良影响;肠道菌群计数结果显示,高剂量抗菌肽能促进试验小鼠肠道内有益菌的数量,抑制有害菌在试验小鼠肠道食糜中的含量,但这一作用与抗菌肽的添加剂量有较大相关性。     

饲用凝结芽孢杆菌对肉鸡生长性能、免疫器官指数及肠道菌群的影响

试验旨在研究饲用凝结芽孢杆菌对肉鸡生长性能、免疫器官及肠道菌群的影响。160只21日龄AA肉鸡分为2组,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中添加凝结芽孢杆菌。至肉鸡42日龄,检测肉鸡免疫器官指数和盲肠食糜菌群并评估凝结芽孢杆菌抑菌性能。结果显示:与对照组比,饲用凝结芽孢杆菌显著降低料重比、盲肠食糜的大肠杆菌数量(P<0.05);同时,显著提高法氏囊指数、乳酸杆菌与大肠杆菌的比值(P<0.05)。体外抑菌试验显示,试验用凝结芽孢杆菌对肠道有害菌大肠杆菌K88的抑制作用达敏感,且对罗伊氏乳酸杆菌无抑制。结合以上结果表明,凝结芽孢杆菌通过抑制肉鸡肠道有害菌及增强免疫器官发育,实现生长性能的改善。     

冬季不同饲养模式下哈萨克马肠道菌群多样性研究

不同饲养模式对哈萨克马肠道菌群有何影响鲜有报道,本文通过对比自由放牧和圈养状态下哈萨克马粪便菌群组成和标志物种,揭示哈萨克马肠道菌群在不同饲养模式下的波动性变化。采集自由放牧和圈养条件下各5匹哈萨克马的新鲜粪便,利用高通量测序技术分析哈萨克马肠道菌群组成、功能途径等。结果显示,放牧组肠道菌群多样性显著高于圈养组（Shannon指数,P<0.05;Simpson指数,P<0.01）;放牧组标志物种显著多于圈养组。在门水平上,放牧组和圈养组的厚壁菌门（76.10%;78.08%）和拟杆菌门（17.16%;15.72%）丰度较高,均占总菌群的93%以上。在科水平上,放牧组以分解/发酵纤维素的菌群（瘤胃球菌科,30.44%;毛螺菌科,21.96%;艰难杆菌科,4.86%）为主;圈养组中分解/发酵纤维素的瘤胃球菌科（28.73%）和毛螺菌科（14.51%）以及消化淀粉类碳水化合物的链球菌科（15.08%）为优势菌科,且链球菌科的丰度显著高于放牧组（P<0.05）。对功能基因序列进行功能注释时,77.44%的序列被注释为“代谢”。结果表明,由不同饲养模式介导的两组中,自由放牧组菌群多样性高于圈养组,且菌群消化类型更为统一,两组肠道菌群组成存在整体性差异,这些为进一步研究哈萨克马肠道菌群奠定了理论基础。     

“广灵散”治疗犬腹泻疗效观察

目的:对“广灵散”这种以乳酸菌为主、配合中药制剂制成的复方制剂在犬腹泻治疗的临床效果进行探索。方法:随机将30例腹泻犬分成两组,一组以广灵散治疗,一组以抗生素治疗。结果:“广灵散”和抗生素都对犬腹泻有100%的有效率;广灵散组的治愈时间比抗生素组长;对腹泻犬的菌群检测结果表明,抗生素能有效杀死致病性大肠杆菌,但杀死致病性大肠杆菌的同时也致使肠道中益生菌(乳酸杆菌)数量减少的情况发生,无法很好解决肠道菌群的不平衡性。讨论:“广灵散”虽然比抗生素的治疗时间要长,但“广灵散”一方面能兼顾减少大肠杆菌数量,另一方面能增加肠道中益生菌(乳酸杆菌)的数量,对促进肠道菌群平衡的恢复有一定作用。     

嗜酸乳杆菌对运输前后马肠道菌群的影响

【目的】旨在研究运输应激对马肠道菌群结构的影响,并探讨嗜酸乳杆菌对马运输应激的预防作用。【方法】试验选取10匹24月龄的伊犁马,随机均分为试验组和对照组。所有马均进行环境适应1周后,试验组开始在饲喂基础饲粮外补饲嗜酸乳杆菌胶囊,对照组不补饲。饲喂15 d之后,试验组与对照组在第16天同时开展里程约400 km的运输试验,分别于运输前后采集对照组马颈静脉血液进行生理指标检测,并在喂菌前、喂菌15 d后和运输8 h后采集马粪便,试验组喂菌前样品设为A1组,喂菌15 d后样品设为A2组,运输8 h后样品设为A3组,对照组运输8 h后样品设为T3组。采用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序方法对马肠道菌群多样性进行分析。【结果】运输前后血液生理指标测定结果显示,对照组中间细胞比率和血红蛋白在运输8 h后呈现显著性下降(P<0.05),血红蛋白浓度在运输8 h后极显著降低(P<0.01)。补饲嗜酸乳杆菌和运输均能够引起马肠道菌群组成出现差异,补饲嗜酸乳杆菌增加了理研菌科RC9(Rikenellaceae＿RC9＿gut＿group)、毛螺菌科AC2044属(Lachnospirac...     

鼠李糖乳杆菌对健康幼犬肠道菌群的影响

鼠李糖乳杆菌(Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG,LGG)是从健康人肠道分离出的1株乳杆菌,是人类研究最广泛的益生菌之一[1].近年来,国外科学家通过大量的动物实验和人体临床试验证明,LGG能够耐受动物消化道环境,在人和动物肠道内定植,起到调节肠道菌群、预防和治疗腹泻、排除毒素及提高机体免疫力等功效[2].目前国内并无LGG应用于幼犬的报道,为此本试验通过研究LGG在幼犬肠道内的存活率及肠道主要菌群的变化,探讨LGG对幼犬肠道菌群的影响.     

菊粉在断奶仔猪中的研究进展

断奶仔猪在心理、环境及营养应激下，出现“仔猪早期断奶综合症”，严重影响养猪生产效益。而菊粉作为一种新型的饲料添加剂，可选择性促进肠道有益菌增殖，抑制有害菌生长，从而提高动物的生产性能和免疫力。作者概述了菊粉及其提取工艺，以及菊粉对断奶仔猪肠道菌群和免疫功能等的影响，以期为仔猪的健康养殖提供理论依据。     

PREVENTION OF SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM INFECTION IN POULTRY BY PRETREATMENT OF CHICKENS AND POULTS WITH INTESTINAL EXTRACTS

Day-old chickens or turkey poults when pretreated with an oral dose of intestinal fluid froma healthy adult bird, were considerably more resistant to the subsequent establishment of Salmonella typhimurium in their intestinal tract than were non-treated chickens or turkey poults. Caecal fluid was more effective as a pretreatment than were washings taken from other parts of the gastro-intestinal tract of a healthy adult bird. This increased resistance of pretreated chickens or poults is thought to result from the rapid establishment of a conventional indigenous microflora which inhabits establishment and growth by the invading enteric pathogen.     

菊粉在养猪生产中应用的研究进展

菊粉通常是从植物中提取的一种特殊的天然果聚糖类碳水化合物,具有益生作用,可选择性地促进肠道中有益菌增殖,抑制有害菌生长,提高动物生长性能和免疫功能。作者主要从菊粉作为一种新型饲料添加剂,对猪肠道菌群、生长性能、免疫功能、矿物质吸收利用和肉品质影响等方面进行综述。     

Simultaneous cecostomy and ileal cannulation with a modified flexible T cannula in gilts

A surgical procedure was developed for the simultaneous cannulation of the ileum and fistulation of the cecum in breeding-age gilts to study the effects of enteric microflora on the nutritional requirements and/or status of the pig. Flexible T-shaped cannulae were made from plastic tubing, placed surgically in the caudal part of the ileum, and exteriorized in the right paralumbar fossa. After the exteriorization of the cecal apex in the right flank area, a cecal fistual was made caudoventral to the ileal cannula. Prececocolonic contents could be collected from the ileal cannulae and/or substances could be infused into the cecum. The flexible cannulae were light weight (35 g), were easily replaced when dislodged with minimal tissue trauma and minimal discomfort to the animal, and had good animal tolerance and patency in long-term experiments. The cecal fistulae allowed the direct introduction of various substances into the cecum. There was little external projection from the abdominal wall, and the fistulae were subject to minimal leakage. The procedure did not adversely affect the subsequent health or performance of the 43 gilts used in the experiment. Postmortem examination of gilts euthanatized 12 to 26 weeks postoperatively revealed normal tissue adhesions around the surgical sites with no detrimental effects on the gastrointestinal tract.     

Digestive Physiology and the Role of Microorganisms

The gastrointestinal tract contains within it a microenvironment of bacteria that influences the host animal in many ways. The microflora can metabolize several nutrients that the host cannot digest and converts these to end products (such as short-chain fatty acids), a process that has a direct impact on digestive physiology. The microbiota directs the assembly of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue, helps educate the immune system, affects the integrity of the intestinal mucosal barrier, modulates proliferation and differentiation of its epithelial lineages, regulates angiogenesis, modifies the activity of the enteric nervous system, and plays a key role in extracting and processing nutrients consumed in the diet. Despite these important effects, the mechanisms by which the gut microbial community influences host biology remain almost entirely unknown. Recent molecular-based investigations have confirmed the species diversity and metabolic complexity of gut microflora, although there is much work to be done to understand how they relate to each other as well as the host animal. It is almost a century ago that Eli Metchnikoff proposed the revolutionary idea to consume viable bacteria to promote health. Since that time, the area known as probiotics has made dramatic progress, particularly during the past 2 decades. The last 20 yr have also seen the emergence of a new, related area of study—prebiotics. Use of these 2 ideas—providing live nonpathogenic bacteria as well as substrates for their growth—have potential to help optimize the health of animals by manipulating the gastrointestinal tract in positive ways.     

幼龄反刍动物瘤胃菌群研究进展

瘤胃菌群与反刍动物机体具有紧密的共生关系,稳定的菌群结构对动物机体营养物质的消化、吸收及动物机体自身的健康具有重要的作用。调节瘤胃菌群的结构,可使机体代谢、免疫等机能发生改变。但幼龄反刍动物瘤胃菌群的构建呈现出复杂的变化过程,受到多种因素的影响,而随着反刍动物日龄的增加其瘤胃菌群会逐渐趋向于一个动态平衡的局面。本文旨在综述幼龄反刍动物瘤胃菌群构建过程中,母体、日粮及环境等对其的影响,为生产实践中幼龄反刍动物的饲养管理和瘤胃菌群的调控提供参考。     

肠道黏膜免疫研究进展

黏膜免疫是当前免疫学领域的研究热点,尤其是肠道黏膜免疫越来越被人们重视.近年来国内外学者分别探讨了肠道黏膜组织结构、肠道菌群及黏膜疫苗对黏膜免疫的作用及影响,研究表明,肠道黏膜组织结构中主要是M细胞、树突状细胞和巨噬细胞进行抗原摄取和转运,对起始黏膜免疫起着重要的作用.肠道菌群在免疫过程中主要是促进抗原的分泌和调节各种细胞因子的产生.合适的黏膜疫苗能够有效地激发黏膜免疫反应,具有方便、快捷、安全、有效、持续等优点.文章重点阐述了肠道菌群对黏膜免疫的影响及黏膜免疫的优点,并指出了制约黏膜免疫发展的关键因素、存在的问题及其发展前景.     

Emerging Technologies in Microbial Ecology Aid in Understanding the Effect of Monensin in the Diets of Broilers in Regard to the Complex Disease Necrotic Enteritis

Necrotic enteritis is a complex disease condition of broiler chickens, commercial layer pullets, and turkeys and requires the presence of a toxigenic strain of Clostridium perfringens, alteration of bird diets, and damage to the intestinal epithelium. All of these alone, but especially in combination, result in significant alterations of the intestinal microflora. The intestinal microflora is part of a complex ecosystem that is involved in augmenting intestinal development, immune surveillance, and competitive exclusion against pathogenic organisms. However, when the microflora fails to protect the mucosa from pathogens, antimicrobials are used to reduce the numbers of pathogenic organisms or to prevent their colonization of the intestine. We were interested in studying the effects of monensin on the bacterial community within the ileum of chickens because ionophore antimicrobials are commonly used to prevent Eimeria infections in broilers. We used two 16S ribosomal DNA community analysis protocols, terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis combined with 16S rDNA clone libraries. These methods showed that monensin caused significant alterations in the microbial community structure of the ileum. Whereas the ileal bacterial community of control birds primarily consisted of lactobacilli, monensin-treated birds had communities rich in clostridia. None of the birds exhibited signs of intestinal disease or mucosal lesions, which suggested that the clostridia were avirulent. Although the therapeutic benefits of monensin may largely result from its anticoccidial effects, its ability to foster a competitively exclusive bacterial community may contribute to the intestinal health of birds, thus preventing the development of necrotic enteritis.     

天然植物活性成分与仔猪肠道菌群的互作

天然植物活性成分与仔猪肠道菌群的关系并非单向,在宿主体内肠道菌群对于天然植物活性成分的代谢和药效的发挥起着非常重要的作用。本文概述了仔猪肠道菌群的组成与分布以及肠道菌群与宿主之间的关系,并对天然植物活性成分对仔猪肠道菌群调理作用以及肠道菌群对饲用中草药的代谢作用的研究现状进行综述。     

Nonruminant Nutrition Symposium: Involvement of gut neural and endocrine systems in pathological disorders of the digestive tract

The functioning of the gastrointestinal tract is under the control of the most extensive system of peripheral neurons in the body, the enteric nervous system, and the largest endocrine system of the body, the GEP endocrine system. The enteric nervous system in large mammals contains 500 million neurons, and the GEP endocrine system produces more than 30 hormones. Numerous enteric neuropathies affecting both humans and animals have been described and digestive disorders affect commercially important species, such as horses and cattle. The most severe enteric neuropathies (e.g., lethal white syndrome in horses or Hirschsprung's disease in humans) can be fatal. Also, horses with ileus or other digestive disorders are commonly euthanized. In this review we discuss examples of enteric neuropathies that affect agricultural animals and humans: prion disease, postoperative ileus, distal enteric aganglionosis, and infective diarrhea. Enteric neurons and glia are a location of prion proteins and are involved in transmission of the infection from gut to brain and brain to gut. Postoperative ileus is a complex disorder involving the local inhibitory effects of sympathetic nervous system activation and the release of opioids, presumably from enteric neurons. Intestinal inflammation, especially of the external muscle that includes enteric ganglia, also occurs in ileus. Congenital distal bowel aganglionosis, responsible for lethal white syndrome in horses, Hirschsprung's disease in humans, and similar conditions in mice and rats, is a fatal condition if untreated. Mutations of the same genes can cause the condition in each of these species. The only effective current treatment is surgical removal of the aganglionic bowel. Infectious diarrheas involve activation of enteric secretomotor neurons by pathogens and the toxins they produce, which causes substantial fluid loss. Strategies to target enteric neurons in the treatment of secretory diarrheas have not been developed. Disorders of enteroendocrine cells, other than GEP endocrine tumors, are less well documented. However, evidence for the involvement of gut endocrine cells in a subset of patients with irritable bowel syndrome, and in the symptomology of celiac disease, has been demonstrated. Further investigation of the involvement of enteric neural and endocrine signaling systems in digestive disorders, especially in agricultural and companion animals, may lead to diagnostic and therapeutic advances.