土鸡野外放养生态养殖技术

野外放养养殖土鸡因其绿色、健康、环保而受到消费者广泛喜爱,已经成为一种主要养殖模式。最近几年,甘肃省和政县积极发展土鸡野外放养生态养殖,养殖效益进一步得到提升,同时对环境造成的危害降低到最小程度,有效促进了本地区鸡养殖产业的健康可持续发展。为了进一步规范土鸡生产技术,笔者主要就土鸡野外放养生态养殖技术开展论述。     

武定鸡生态饲养管理措施

为了降低武定鸡饲养成本,提高鸡群品质,减少环境污染,笔者在实践中将现代化生态养殖技术与合理的饲养管理相结合,获得了较好成效。本文就武定鸡生态饲养管理中所发现的问题和舍饲与林地放养结合模式的饲养经验与同行交流、分享。     

农村放养鸡饲养管理技术的要点

近年来,随着人们对原生态、绿色食品的不断需求,也刺激了农村养殖户饲养放养鸡的积极性。多地农户利用当地的荒山、果园等作为放养鸡的饲养场所,生产出了肉质鲜嫩、品质优良、市场销路较好的禽产品。但是在养殖中也发现,由于管理工作难度大,放养鸡的发病率较高,影响了农户养殖经济效益。本文分别从雏鸡培育、放养管理、免疫接种等方面,就农村放养鸡的饲养管理技术展开了分析。     

农村放养鸡饲养管理技术的要点研究

近年来,随着人们对原生态、绿色食品的不断需求,也刺激了农村养殖户饲养放养鸡的积极性。多地农户利用当地的荒山、果园等作为放养鸡的饲养场所,生产出了肉质鲜嫩、品质优良、市场销路较好的禽产品。但是在养殖中也发现,由于管理工作难度大,放养鸡的发病率较高,影响了农户养殖经济效益。文章分别从雏鸡培育、放养管理、免疫接种等方面,就农村放养鸡的饲养管理技术展开了分析。     

生态放养瓢鸡的日常饲养管理

生态放养瓢鸡具有很高的养殖效益,所以被广大养殖户所青睐,在实际饲养中有很多的细节要注意。基于此,本文详细介绍了生态放养瓢鸡的日常饲养管理,希望能对瓢鸡生态放养有所帮助。     

肉蛋兼用型鸡生态养殖技术

近年来,随着人们生活水平不断提高,肉蛋兼用型、生态放养模式饲养的地方鸡种越来越受到消费者的喜爱,然后由于不少从业者养殖技术水平低、专业知识缺乏,直接影响到了养殖效益,也带来了产品质量安全问题。笔者在调研山东省济宁、日照、莱芜等地肉蛋兼用型鸡生态放养基础上,结合高校专家技术资源,对肉蛋兼用型蛋鸡放养技术要点进行总结,以供养殖同仁参考。     

鸡规模化生态养殖技术探讨

生态养鸡,是指把所饲养的鸡群散养到一种自然环境中,可与其他农业经济相结合,集自然放养与人工辅助饲养于一体的规模养殖方式。生态养殖的鸡风味独特、品质好、味道鲜美,颇受消费者欢迎。结合广西南宁市的实际情况,总结了鸡规模化生态养殖的技术。     

生态放养鸡延长饲养期注意事项

鸡生态放养是充分利用天然无污染的江河湖泊、林地、草场等自然资源按照一定的饲养模式对鸡进行养殖的方法。该方法饲养的肉鸡肉质口感好、营养丰富,越来越多地被养鸡生产者采用。该文结合山西省养鸡的实际情况,探讨了在生态放养模式下养鸡延长饲养期需要注意的问题。     

农村草鸡集约化生态放养技术

草鸡集约化生态放养是传统饲养方式与现代技术的结合，生态放养草鸡是充分利用草鸡这一优良地方鸡种，生产优质、安全蛋、肉产品的全新的方式。这种饲养方式将传统的农家草鸡养殖方法和现代科学养鸡技术相结合，根据不同区域特点，利用农村林地、果园、农田、荒山等自然资源，     

土鸡放牧期的饲养与管理

土鸡养殖是赚钱的好项目,现在土鸡价格一直是稳中有升。在土鸡养殖的各阶段中,放牧期面临的突发应急情况最多,做好此期的饲养和管理,对科学养殖提升养殖效益是大有裨益。文章自设施环境安排、放养密度安排、放养前的准备工作、放养训导工作、放养鸡的补饲等几方面,就土鸡放牧期的饲养与管理要点做汇总阐述,为今后科学养鸡提升养殖效益,提供理论和技术指导。     

Poultry abattoir survey of carcass condemnation for standard, vegetarian, and free range chickens.

During the period April 1991 to March 1992, data concerning the condemnation rate of standard, vegetarian, and free-range chickens were collected and summarized from one federally inspected abattoir in Ontario. The purpose of this study was to discuss the effects of diet, management, and breed of chickens on pathological lesions, ensuing condemnation rates, and consequent losses to the growers and the poultry industry. The data collected at this abattoir revealed that vegetarian chickens showed a higher condemnation rate (5.23%) for disease and nondisease conditions compared with standard (1.48%) and free-range (0.94%) chickens. Free-range chickens were approximately two weeks older than vegetarian and standard chickens at the time of slaughter. The most common causes of condemnation in vegetarian chickens was cellulitis (1.18%), followed by ascites (0.77%). Ascites and cellulitis (0.26% both) were also the most common causes of condemnation in standard chickens. Cyanosis (0.21%) and mutilation (0.17%) represented the highest rate of condemnation in free-range chickens. The low rate of pathological lesions in free-range chickens is a positive trend in poultry disease management.     

振宁黄鸡放养饲养管理技术要点

为了便于指导振宁黄鸡放养饲养管理,进一步降低饲养成本,提高饲养振宁黄鸡的成活率及均匀度,并取得良好的经济效益,根据振宁黄鸡的品种特性和浙江省宁海县季节气候特点,总结了振宁黄鸡放养鸡的饲养管理技术要点,以供养殖者参考。     

Investigations of the occurrence of Avibacterium paragallinarum infections in Uganda

Investigations were conducted to determine the occurrence of Avibacterium paragallinarum in poultry in Uganda. A total of 710 each of bacteriologic and serum samples were taken from chickens and turkeys for demonstration of A. paragallinarum and antibodies. Samples for isolation of A. paragallinarum were also subjected to direct polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for demonstration of the organism's presence. Antibodies to A. paragallinarum were demonstrated in the sera using the hemagglutination inhibition test. A total of five isolates were recovered from two out of five commercial layer chicken farms investigated where suspected cases of infectious coryza were reported, and all of them belonged to Page's serovar C. PCR detected more positive samples (11/68) than did culture (5/68). Isolates were not recovered from free-range poultry nor were there any positive samples by PCR. The overall seroprevalence was 40.5% and the seroprevalence to serovars A, B, and C were 18%, 0.5%, and 22%, respectively. Antibodies to all Page's serovars A, B, and C were demonstrated in free-range chickens but only serovar C antibodies were demonstrated in commercial chickens. No antibodies were demonstrated in turkeys. This is the first time infectious coryza has been confirmed in Uganda and the causative agent, A. paragallinarum, isolated. A high seroprevalence observed in free-range chickens seems to indicate a subclinical infection under extensive village management conditions.     

Influence of intensive and extensive breeding on lactic acid bacteria isolated from Gallus gallus domesticus ceca

In the present study, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from the cecum of chickens bred either under intensive (commercial broilers) or extensive (free-range) conditions were isolated, identified and some of their probiotic characteristics determined. The LAB identified by 16S-23S rRNA PCR-ARDRA were mainly of Lactobacillus species and to a lesser extent of Enterococcus spp. for all animals. Free-range chickens showed a higher presence of Lactobacillus acidophilus while Lactobacillus reuteri and Lactobacillus johnsonii were more frequently recovered from commercial broilers. Lactobacillus crispatus was found only in commercial broilers, Lactobacillus vaginalis and Lactobacillus agilis only in free-range chickens and Lactobacillus salivarius in both types. Enterococcus isolates from ceca of commercial broilers showed a higher resistance to antimicrobial drugs. Lactobacillus isolates from free-range chickens presented a higher frequency of in vitro antagonistic activity against selected pathogens than from commercial broilers. All LAB isolates had predominantly non-hydrophobic surfaces, but with variations depending on age of the chickens and breeding conditions. Animal breeding caused variation on composition, antimicrobial susceptibility, antagonistic activity and surface hydrophobicity of LAB from chicken cecum. LAB isolates from ceca of free-range chickens have potential as probiotic agents, which may be used in the future as replacing the use of antimicrobials as growth promoters.     

不同饲养方式对蛋鸡生产性能和蛋品质的影响

本试验旨在研究不同饲养方式对蛋鸡生产性能和蛋品质的影响。选取400只22周龄如皋黄鸡,随机分为两组,分别进行常规笼养和室外林地放养,每组200只,每组4个重复,每个重复50只。试验期为126d（3－7月）,饲养至40周龄时进行蛋品质测定。结果表明,126d饲养期内,放养组产蛋数和产蛋率均显著低于笼养组（98.61vs106.5,78.3%vs84.5%;P〈0.05）;280日龄放养组鸡蛋的蛋形指数为1.35,显著高于笼养组的蛋形指数1.30（P〈0.05）。蛋壳强度、蛋壳厚度方面,放养鸡蛋和笼养鸡蛋差异不显著（P〉0.05）;放养组鸡蛋的哈氏单位和蛋黄颜色显著高于笼养鸡蛋（P〈0.05）。     

散养对皖南三黄鸡生长性能及肉品质的影响

为探究散养对皖南三黄鸡生长性能和肉品质的影响,试验选择80羽4周龄、体重相近、健康无病的的皖南三黄鸡,随机分为笼养组和散养组,笼养组每只鸡单笼,每组40个重复。试验期9周。结果表明:6周龄时散养组体重高于笼养组(P<0.05),试验期散养组胫围高于笼养组(P<0.05);笼养组的肌肉滴水损失率、蒸煮损失率和失水率以及腿肌水分、粗脂肪含量和pH高于散养组(P<0.05);与散养鸡相比,笼养鸡生长速度较快,但散养鸡肌肉系水力高于笼养鸡(P<0.05),表明散养鸡肉品质优于笼养鸡。综上,生产者应该根据自身情况以及不同市场对鸡肉产品的不同要求选用适宜的饲养方式。     

Molecular study and genotyping of Cryptosporidium baileyi and Cryptosporidium parvum from free-range and commercial broiler chickens in Guilan province,Iran

Cryptosporidiosis acutely impacts the digestive and/or respiratory tract of the birds in many species of various orders. More importantly, it is also well known as a significant zoonotic disease, which can lead to diarrhea in humans and livestock. Regarding increasing demand for free-range products and increasing the number of free-range poultry farms, the present paper evaluated histopathological and molecular detection of Cryptosporidium baileyi and Cryptosporidium parvum in free-range and commercial broiler chickens in the north part of Iran. For this purpose, 100 fecal and tissue samples of the chickens in Guilan province were collected. After microscopic examination using Ziehl-Neelsen staining, molecular analyses of the fecal samples were processed by Nested-PCR targeting the 18S rRNA gene followed by sequencing of the amplicons and phylogenetic analyses. Eventually, the tissue samples were studied for histological lesions. Findings demonstrated the presence of Cryptosporidium baileyi and Cryptosporidium parvum in 6 % and 2 % of fecal samples, respectively. This is the first identification of C.parvum in avian hosts in Iran, and for the first time, C.baileyi and C.parvum are shown in native free-range chickens in Iran. All of the PCR positive birds with clinical symptoms showed gross lesions of respiratory infections. There was no significant difference between infection rate in free-range and commercial broiler chickens; however, the infection rate was significantly higher in chickens <25 days old. To conclude, we present here a notable Cryptosporidium infection rate in the free-range chicks in Iran, which notify the role of this host as a reservoir and should be more noted due to the economic and zoonotic importance.     

茶园地散养方式对瑶山鸡生长及屠宰性能的影响

为探讨茶园地散养方式对瑶山鸡生长及屠宰性能的影响,选用30日龄、体重基本一致的瑶山鸡共计120只,随机分为2组,每组各60只,每组再分为6个重复小组,每小组10只。分别采用一般坡地散养和茶园地散养方式进行饲养。饲养至90日龄时进行屠宰,并对生产及屠宰性能相关指标进行测定。结果显示:一般坡地散养方式的瑶山鸡90日龄体重低于茶园地散养组、平均日增重显著低于茶园地散养组(P<0.05),料重比高于茶园散养组;茶园地瑶山鸡90日龄的屠体重、半净膛重、全净膛重、腿肌重和瘦肉率均高于坡地散养组,但差异不显著(P>0.05);茶园地散养组的肝重、脾脏重显著高于一般坡地散养组(P<0.05);茶园地散养组瑶山鸡的组氨酸、精氨酸、肌苷酸含量显著高于一般坡地散养组(P<0.05),其他指标差异不显著(P>0.05)。综上表明,与一般坡地散养方式相比较,茶园地散养方式更利于瑶山鸡的生长。     

Toxoplasma gondii infection in domestic ducks, free-range and caged chickens in southern China

Toxoplasma gondii is widely distributed in humans and other animals including domestic poultry throughout the world, but little is known of the prevalence of T. gondii in chickens and ducks in People's Republic of China. In the present study, antibodies to T. gondii were investigated in 349 domestic ducks (Anas spp.), 361 free-range, and 244 caged chickens (Gallus domesticus) raised in commercial flocks in Southern China's Guangdong Province using the modified agglutination test (MAT). Antibodies to T. gondii (MAT titer of 1:5 or higher) were found in 56 (16%) of 349 ducks, 41 (11.4%) of 361 free-range, and 10 (4.1%) of 244 caged chickens. The results indicate soil contamination due to T. gondii oocysts because free-range chickens feed from the ground, and suggest that the meat from the domestic poultry may be an important source for human infection by T. gondii in People's Republic of China.     

A sero-epidemiological survey of Toxoplasma gondii infection in free-range and caged chickens in northeast China

Acquisition of Toxoplasma gondii infections is mainly through ingestion of parasite-contaminated food. T. gondii oocyst distribution in the living environment of human and livestock is directly linked to the prevalence of the parasite infection in humans and domestic animals. In this study, we investigated the sero-prevalence of T. gondii infection in free-range as well as caged chicken in northeast China. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential prevalence of T. gondii oocysts in the environments. Sera of 308 free-range chickens and 210 caged chickens collected in three areas in northeast China were tested for anti-T. gondii antibodies with ELISA assays. The infection rates of free-range and caged chickens were 34.7% and 2.8% respectively, indicating that the parasite is widely distributed in the environment and poses threatens to the health of people living in those areas.