选择性剪切在动物早期胚胎发育中的作用研究进展

胚胎发育是生命过程中至关重要的环节之一,整个过程受到诸多因素影响。选择性剪切作为一种重要的调控机制,不仅影响胚胎发育中的结构变化,而且在细胞命运决定方面起着关键作用。选择性剪切调控是一个非常复杂的过程,然而对早期胚胎发育中选择性剪切的描述一直是有限的,选择性剪切仍面临着许多需要深入研究和未解决的问题。本文就目前已有的选择性剪切机制及调控元素进行综述,讨论选择性剪切在哺乳动物早期胚胎发育中的剪切作用和应用前景,如影响早期胚胎器官发育和组织分化,通过动态剪接体的变化控制体外全能/多能干细胞的转变等,为深入了解动物胚胎发育过程提供参考,并为未来针对人类胚胎或组织再生等研究提供理论基础。     

过表达泛素偶联酶（UBE2C）对小鼠胚胎发育的影晌

UBE2C（ Ubiquitin- conjugating enzyme 2C ）属于E2泛素偶联酶家族成员,较为明确的作用是调控有丝分裂检验点以及控制细胞周期进程,但其在小鼠胚胎中的作用尚不明确。本文首先探讨了小鼠多种组织以及胚胎不同发育时期UBE2C表达图谱,其次在小鼠受精卵中通过显微注射过表达UBE2C分析其对小鼠早期胚胎发育的影响。结果表明：过表达UBE2C后导致胚胎2-细胞发育阻滞,证明UBE2C在胚胎发育过程中具有重要功能,其作用可能是通过降解卵母细胞储存的母源蛋白,从而确保小鼠早期胚胎正常发育进程。     

Cdx2和aPKC对胚胎早期发育的影响

尾型同源盒转录因子（Cdx2）能促进早期胚胎滋养外胚层（TE）的发育,并在胚胎发育体节的延伸中发挥着重要的作用;非典型性蛋白激酶（aPKC）则控制着细胞对称性和胚胎的极性,以维持哺乳动物神经细胞的功能和干细胞的分化,同时aPKC还参与调节外胚层细胞的发育,此外,Cdx2的表达水平也影响着aPKC在胚胎卵裂球顶端的定位。论文对Cdx2和aPKC在胚胎发育和极性建立方面的作用机制进行综述。     

过表达泛素偶联酶(UBE2C)对小鼠胚胎发育的影响

UBE2C(Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 2C)属于E2泛素偶联酶家族成员,较为明确的作用是调控有丝分裂检验点以及控制细胞周期进程,但其在小鼠胚胎中的作用尚不明确。本文首先探讨了小鼠多种组织以及胚胎不同发育时期UBE2C表达图谱,其次在小鼠受精卵中通过显微注射过表达UBE2C分析其对小鼠早期胚胎发育的影响。结果表明:过表达UBE2C后导致胚胎2-细胞发育阻滞,证明UBE2C在胚胎发育过程中具有重要功能,其作用可能是通过降解卵母细胞储存的母源蛋白,从而确保小鼠早期胚胎正常发育进程。     

Cdx2和aPKC对胚胎早期发育的影响

尾型同源盒转录因子(Cdx2)能促进早期胚胎滋养外胚层(TE)的发育,并在胚胎发育体节的延伸中发挥着重要的作用;非典型性蛋白激酶(aPKC)则控制着细胞对称性和胚胎的极性,以维持哺乳动物神经细胞的功能和干细胞的分化,同时aPKC还参与调节外胚层细胞的发育,此外,Cdx2的表达水平也影响着aPKC在胚胎卵裂球顶端的定位.论文对Cdx2和aPKC在胚胎发育和极性建立方面的作用机制进行综述.     

小鼠孤雌激活胚胎早期发育过程中胞吞作用相关蛋白的动态表达分析

为探索哺乳动物孤雌激活胚胎早期发育过程中胞吞作用相关蛋白的动态表达,通过体外生产小鼠孤雌激活胚胎,采用实时荧光定量PCR(RT-qPCR)和蛋白质免疫印迹(Western blot)技术检测不同发育时期小鼠孤雌激活胚胎胞吞作用相关蛋白Cav1、Cav2基因和蛋白相对表达水平,并采用免疫荧光技术进行不同发育时期小鼠孤雌激活胚胎中Cav1、Cav2表达定位分析。结果表明,在小鼠孤雌激活胚胎不同时期均可检测到Cav1、Cav2基因及其蛋白的表达,其中囊胚和桑椹胚中该2个基因的表达水平最高,4-8细胞时期次之,2细胞最低;各发育时期孤雌激活胚胎中Cav1、Cav2蛋白主要定位在胚胎细胞胞质内;囊胚中内细胞团(ICM)细胞中Cav1的荧光强度高于滋养层细胞。说明胞吞作用相关蛋白Cav1、Cav2可能参与小鼠早期胚胎发育的生理调控,桑椹胚和囊胚时期可能是其发挥生理功能的重要时期,并且在囊胚时期对内细胞团发育的调控作用更为显著。研究结果可为探索胞吞作用参与哺乳动物胚胎早期发育的调控机制提供重要参考。     

脂滴功能及其与卵母细胞成熟和胚胎发育的关系研究进展

脂滴不仅是真核细胞内贮存甘油三酯和胆固醇酯等中性脂质的重要细胞器,也是细胞代谢和细胞器质量控制的中心调控者,参与细胞能量代谢、类固醇激素合成、内质网应激、线粒体功能以及生物膜结构形成等过程的调控。目前认为脂滴合成于内质网,并以出芽的方式进入细胞质。脂滴是呈动态分布的细胞器,其数量、大小以及分布受细胞获得营养物质和代谢状态影响。众所周知,哺乳动物卵母细胞含有脂滴,且卵母细胞中含有足够数量的脂滴与卵母细胞成熟和早期胚胎发育密切相关。更重要的是,最近的研究表明,脂滴在胚胎附植着床过程中发挥了至关重要的作用,即使卵母细胞中脂滴含量较低的哺乳动物,维持适量的脂滴对早期胚胎发育也很重要。因此,本文综述了脂滴的合成与分布,分析了脂滴的主要功能,重点阐述脂滴在动物卵母细胞成熟和早期胚胎发育期间的关键作用,并讨论脂滴卵母细胞和胚胎内脂滴含量与胚胎滞育持续时间的关系,以期为通过调控脂滴代谢而增强卵母细胞质量和胚胎发育能力,进而提高动物繁殖性能提供理论基础。     

多胺与哺乳动物的孕体发育

多胺是一类含有2个或更多氨基的低分子质量脂肪族化合物,包括腐胺、亚精胺和精胺等。多胺广泛分布于生物体中,对动物的生长发育起着重要调控作用。本文从早期胚胎发育、胚胎着床、胎盘形成及着床后胚胎发育等方面,对多胺在哺乳动物孕体发育过程中的调控作用进行综述。     

鸡胚胎腺垂体促肾上腺皮质激素细胞的发生及其变化

为了研究鸡胚胎腺垂体促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)细胞的发生及其在发育过程中的变化，分别在鸡胚胎发育的第3．5～20．5d采集鸡胚胎垂体，利用免疫组织化学方法对鸡胚胎腺垂体ACTH细胞的发生、数量和形态分布变化规律进行了研究。结果，鸡胚胎发育早期(10．5d)可观察到少量明显的ACTH细胞分布于腺垂体前叶，随着胚胎的发育，ACTH细胞的数量明显增多，分布于整个腺垂体前叶。早期ACTH细胞体积小、细胞浆少、细胞核较大、细胞界限不清，随着胚龄的增加，ACTH细胞体积增大、细胞浆增多、细胞浆浓染。结果证明，鸡胚胎腺垂体ACTH细胞发生于胚胎发育的中期，细胞的增殖和分化过程发生在胚胎发育的中期至出壳前，而ACTH细胞的分泌功能在胚胎后期最活跃。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

Smart Phone Assisted City-scale Wireless Sensor Network Deployment for Transportation System Monitoring

<正>1.INTRODUCTION Ensuring transportation network security is one Of the most daunting challenges confronting homeland security agencies today.Significant research has been dedicated.To model and analyze the vulnerability of transportation systems,while notably fewer studies propose specific strategies for deploying defensive technologies to safeguard these systems.