UWB定位摄影测树仪设计与试验

为了实现森林样地高效、精准测定,该研究研制了一种具有实时定位功能和林分摄影测量功能的超宽带(Ultra Wide Band, UWB)定位摄影测树仪,该仪器主要由姿态传感器、UWB定位模块、CCD镜头和固定杆组成,以UWB定位技术和摄影测量理论为基础,结合到达时间差(Time Difference of Arrival, TDOA)定位算法、三边定位算法、运动恢复结构(StructureFromMotion,SFM)点云匹配算法实现摄影测树仪的林下精准定位、影像获取以及林木坐标测量、胸径测量功能。为了验证仪器的林分参数提取准确性,选择4种不同林种的人工林进行试验。根据摄影测量影像特征点的匹配特点,设计"环绕拍摄"样地观测方法,利用Pix4D软件对拍摄的影像和点位坐标进行三维点云构建,利用LiDAR360对重建后的三维点云进行去噪处理、胸径和立木位置提取。结果表明,所设计的仪器能够快速获取样地影像和影像坐标信息,胸径测量值的偏差为-0.04～0.42 cm,均方根误差为0.26～0.51 cm;立木位置测量值偏差为-0.16～0.27 cm,均方根误差为0.23～0.34 m。胸径测量精度能够满足森林资源调查的精度要求,可进一步推广应用于森林资源调查。     

自动测量胸径和树高便携设备的研制与测量精度分析

胸径和树高测量是评价立地质量和林木生长状况的重要依据,该文以图像自动识别原理、摄影测量原理、相似三角形几何原理和三角函数原理为理论基础,研制了可测量胸径和树高的多功能便携式微型超站仪,该设备集成电荷藕合器件图像传感器、倾角传感器、激光测距传感器、中央处理器、存储器、液晶显示屏,测量时可获取测站点到待测点的倾角和距离2个参数值,并记录存储测量时的图像信息,通过仪器的嵌入式操作程序,实现胸径的自动测量、树高测量、任意处直径自动测量、基本测量等4项基本功能。通过试验验证,215株立木的单次胸径测量的平均绝对误差为0.369 cm,平均相对误差为2.08%。101株立木的单次树高测量的平均相对误差为1.44%。胸径测量精度达到97.92%,树高测量精度达到98.56%,符合国家森林资源连续清查中的测量精度要求。该设备为森林资源调查提供了参考。     

全站仪测量立木胸径树高及材积的误差分析

立木材积表是常用的森林调查数表,胸径、树高和材积的测量精度直接影响到编制材积表的精度,该文以全站仪无损测量立木的原理和误差传播理论为基础,推导了测算胸径、树高、材积误差的数学模型,研究了各立木因子间的相关性及其误差变化规律。结果表明：树干各分段高度与分段直径间存在弱相关性,树干总材积的误差受各分段材积的方差和相邻两段材积间的协方差影响。全站仪立木因子测量理论误差材积大于树高和胸径,其中胸径、树高和材积的平均相对误差分别为0.070%、0.023%和0.235%,说明全站仪无损测量立木的理论精度均远高于不同目标的林业调查及编制材积表的精度要求,对大范围的林业生产实践有着现实意义。     

Development and experiment of handheld digitalized and multi-functional forest measurement gun

为了实现森林的数字化、多功能、精准计测,该文研制了一种数字化多功能电子测树枪,该设备以MEMS（micro-electro-mechanical systems）测角传感器、激光测距传感器、电子罗盘等主要硬件为基础,通过测量距离、倾角、磁方位角3个参数,基于三角函数原理,嵌入操作软件,实现了树高测量、林分平均高测量、株数密度测量、角规绕测、任意高度直径测量、基本测量6项功能。并将该设备在河南省、内蒙古等地林场进行了试验,试验结果表明,树高测量精度最高,达99.39%,林分平均高测量精度最低,为94.97%,其他功能精度都在95%以上,可以满足林业外业调查的需要。     

手持式数字化多功能电子测树枪的研制与试验

为了实现森林的数字化、多功能、精准计测,该文研制了一种数字化多功能电子测树枪,该设备以MEMS(micro-electro-mechanical systems)测角传感器、激光测距传感器、电子罗盘等主要硬件为基础,通过测量距离、倾角、磁方位角3个参数,基于三角函数原理,嵌入操作软件,实现了树高测量、林分平均高测量、株数密度测量、角规绕测、任意高度直径测量、基本测量6项功能。并将该设备在河南省、内蒙古等地林场进行了试验,试验结果表明,树高测量精度最高,达99.39%,林分平均高测量精度最低,为94.97%,其他功能精度都在95%以上,可以满足林业外业调查的需要。     

基于无人机遥感影像的高精度森林资源调查系统设计与试验

为了实现林业的可持续发展,满足当今森林资源的精准化监测和信息化管理,该文以无人机航拍影像为数据基础,充分结合摄影测量技术、无人机影像后处理技术、地理信息系统技术和林业资源调查管理技术,构建了适用于林业调查和管理的专业森林资源调查系统。该系统以C#为编程语言,结合ArcGIS Engine10.2嵌入式组件技术开发而成,利用无人机影像实现高效快捷的林地空间区划、面积平差和高精度大比例尺的森林小班调查、信息提取等功能,可实现资源数据库的及时更新,极大地缩短了传统调查模式的调查周期,实现了森林资源的科学化管理。以辽宁老秃顶子林场作为试验区,利用1st Opt优化分析软件引入决定系数、估计值的标准差等评定因子,确定试验区冠径、树高、胸径之间的最优模型。同时基于试验区获取数据对系统进行了精度验证,结果表明,该系统获取坡度和高程的相对误差分别为5.17%和5.41%,株树密度、蓄积量的相对误差为2.68%和4.01%。     

地基与无人机激光雷达结合提取单木参数

激光雷达（Light Detection And Ranging,LiDAR）在森林空间结构测量方面具有无可比拟的优势,但单独利用地基或无人机LiDAR难以完整描述森林垂直结构。为此,该研究提出了地基和无人机LiDAR点云相结合的单木参数提取方法,采用相对最短路径算法（Comparative Shortest-Path algorithm,CSP）和点云区域生长算法分别从地基和无人机LiDAR点云中识别单木,根据地基和无人机LiDAR的单木位置与地面实测单木位置进行点云粗匹配,然后采用迭代最近点（Iterative Closest Point,ICP）进行点云精匹配,采用最高值和基于密度的噪声应用空间聚类（Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise,DBSCAN）提取单木树高和胸径,并通过地面实测样地数据对地基、无人机和融合点云的单木参数提取精度进行评价。结果表明：基于地基和融合点云的单木检出率一致,简单、中等、复杂样地的单木检出率分别为98%、94%、91%,基于无人机点云的单木检出率较低;基于地基与融合点云的胸径提取精度基本一致,三种样地胸径提取值的决定系数R2均在0.96以上,均方根误差（Root Mean Square Error,RMSE）在1.2～1.6 cm之间;基于融合点云的树高提取精度最优,简单、中等、复杂样地树高提取值的R2分别为0.98、0.94和0.73,RMSE在1.38～4.19 m之间;融合点云对中等样地树高提取精度提升较大,融合后RMSE相较地基点云降低了0.34 m,R2提高了3%,对简单、复杂样地提升较小;所研究的单木中,杉木的胸径和树高提取精度最高,R2最高分别为0.99、0.89,RMSE最低分别为1.35 cm、1.96 m。地基和无人机LiDAR融合点云可以更精细地测量森林空间结构,更好地满足森林资源调查业务应用。     

树冠遮挡条件下全站仪测量树高及材积方法

树高、材积是森林调查中最重要的测树因子,对森林资源调查和林业科学研究有着重要的意义。为了解决林区遮挡条件下无法精确量测树高进而无法确定单木材积的问题,该研究运用全站仪进行森林样地外业数据采集,对内蒙古赤峰市旺业甸林场的188株落叶松和146株白桦进行量测。对每一株立木分别量测胸径、最高可观测处干径和该处距地面的距离以及这2处之间的中间位置的干径和该处距地面的距离,然后分别利用相似三角形法、简单生长经验方程法和孔兹干曲线方程法估算出树高及材积。试验的最高可观测的位置做了以下4种情况的假设:1/3树高、1/2树高、2/3树高和9/10树高。对这4种情况分别求得树高及材积,最后分别对其进行精度分析,得到随着最高可观测部分的增高以及观测点数的增加,测算出的树高及材积会越来越精准。其中运用生长经验方程,测算树高和材积的精度都能达到70%~80%;运用孔兹干曲线法测算树高和材积的精度都能达到70%~90%。该方法可用于林区遮挡条件下单株立木材积的测量,对实际生产有一定的参考意义。     

利用轻小型飞机遥感数据建立人工林特征参数模型

目前获取森林特征参数的主要方法是外业测量,工作量大、效率低。该文以中国自主研发的轻小型航空遥感系统为数据获取工具,以油松人工林为研究对象,通过对获取森林的激光雷达（light detection and ranging,LIDAR）点云数据去噪,分类,提取等过程获得单木的树高数据,对获取的航空影像数据进行预处理,匹配,拼接,分割及冠幅提取获得单木的冠幅数据,再与外业抽样调查的单木的树高、胸径建立回归模型,同时验证模型精度。试验结果表明：通过LIDAR点云数据提取的树高与实测的树高具有极显著的相关性,所建立的模型预测精度达97.5%,通过影像提取的冠幅与实测的胸径也具有极显著的相关性,预测精度达91.6%,基本上能够满足林业生产的要求。     

用机载LiDAR点云数据估测海南博鳌人工经济林单木参数

激光雷达是目前发展迅速的一种主动遥感技术,其发射的激光脉冲能穿透树林冠层,实现森林三维结构特征的获取。为验证机载激光扫描器提取森林单木参数的可行性,该研究以海南省博鳌机场周边人工林为研究对象,使用机载激光扫描器Mapper5000（中国）获取的点云数据,探索对人工经济林单木参数估测的可行性。根据研究区的地形和林木结构特征,分别对槟榔和橡胶2个树种进行单木参数提取,使用K-means分层聚类对不同样地的林木进行单木分割,提取样地内单木树高、冠幅、胸径、材积和地上生物量。结果表明,2个树种的单木分割正检率均在85%以上,总体平均正检率在90%以上;单木树高、冠幅、胸径、材积、地上生物量估测结果的决定系数均达到0.8以上,与同类的研究相比,估测精度较高,说明该点云数据对提高森林参数估测精度有积极作用,机载激光雷达技术在森林资源精细调查中有较大的应用潜力,同时也可应用于相关果树生长情况监测,为数字果园的发展提供技术支撑。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.