杨木纤维/PF树脂制取木陶瓷的研究

采用XRD、SEM等技术,对以杨木纤维/PF树脂为基材制备的木陶瓷进行了研究,结果表明:木陶瓷呈三维网状结构,保持了木材结构的部分特征,随着烧结温度的升高有可石墨化倾向;随着树脂含量的增加和烧结温度的升高,木陶瓷的抗压强度、弹性模量以及耐磨性能增强,表观密度和显气孔率升高,而体积电阻率迅速降低。     

纳米α-Fe/木陶瓷复合材料的结构表征与性能研究

在呋喃树脂中加入不同质量百分数的纳米γ-Fe_2O_3,然后与毛竹竹粉混合、压制成型、高温烧结制备出纳米α-Fe/木陶瓷复合材料。分别采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)与扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对纳米α-Fe/木陶瓷复合材料的物相组成与成分分布与进行了表征,并对其抗弯强度与导电性能进行了研究。结果表明:(1)复合材料中存在的主要晶体相有石墨、α-Fe与Fe_3C;(2)纳米α-Fe颗粒多数呈球形分散于木陶瓷基体中,当γ-Fe_2O_3添加量大于15%时,生成的α-Fe粒子发生了比较明显的团聚;(3)纳米α-Fe/木陶瓷复合材料的抗弯强度随烧结温度的提高而增大,随纳米γ-Fe_2O_3添加量的增大先增加后减小,抗弯强度最大值为13.31 MPa;(4)纳米α-Fe/木陶瓷复合材料的导电性随烧结温度的提高而增大,随纳米γ-Fe_2O_3添加量的增大而增强。     

层状木材陶瓷的制备及表征

用山毛榉薄木/酚醛树脂(PF)复合材料在常压下密闭隔氧烧结制备具有层状结构的木材陶瓷.用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X-射线衍射仪(XRD)对试件的结构和物相进行研究.SEM分析显示:木材陶瓷具有清晰的层状结构,保留了木材作为生物模板的天然特征.XRD的研究结果表明:提高烧结温度在改善木材陶瓷可石墨化程度的同时还能提高其纯度.烧结温度和树脂含量对层状木材陶瓷的力学性能和孔隙结构具有双重作用:抗弯强度在800℃之前迅速增加,在1 200℃附近出现转折点;表观密度呈现出与此基本相同的现象;真密度随着烧结温度和树脂含量的增加而增加.层状木材陶瓷的断裂韧性为0.8～1.2 MPa·m1/2,是采用常规方法制备的木材陶瓷的2倍多,且层状结构能够提高裂纹的扩展容限,避免破坏过程中的灾难性断裂.     

淀粉造孔剂对多孔碳化硅木陶瓷微观结构及性能影响

为解决现有模板法制备多孔碳化硅木陶瓷材质呈各向异性、孔结构不可控的问题,实现多孔碳化硅木陶瓷的功能化利用,利用聚碳硅烷(PCS)将杨木木粉通过浸渍改性为木陶瓷粉体,采用粉末烧结法制备多孔碳化硅木陶瓷,并通过施加淀粉造孔剂对木陶瓷的孔结构进行调节。采用热重-红外联用手段(TG-FTIR)分析了木陶瓷粉体的裂解特性,采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和压汞仪(MIP)表征了木陶瓷的物相组成、微观形貌及孔径分布,利用阿基米德法和同轴环施力法测定了木陶瓷的开口孔隙率及抗弯强度,分析了不同种类淀粉造孔剂对其开口孔隙率及力学性能的影响规律。结果表明,淀粉造孔剂的加入基本不影响木陶瓷的烧结过程及物相组成。木陶瓷的成分主要是β-Si C,材质呈各向同性。3种淀粉造孔剂的成孔趋势类似,当淀粉的添加量较低时(5%～10%),由分散的淀粉颗粒可形成直径10μm左右的形状较为规则的开孔。造孔剂添加量高于10%后,团聚的淀粉颗粒将形成直径达30～40μm的大孔。随着造孔剂添加量的增加,木陶瓷开口孔隙率由68%提高到80%,但抗弯强度逐渐降低,由5 MPa左右下降至3 MPa左右。从实用角度考虑,淀粉造孔剂应选为红薯淀粉,理想添加量应为10%～15%,此时,木陶瓷开口孔隙率为71%～77%,并且具有4.0～4.7 MPa的抗弯强度。     

新型炭材料--木陶瓷

本介绍了一种由木质废料制得的新型炭材料－－木陶瓷。具体包括木陶瓷的制造工艺、木陶瓷的加工，以及木陶瓷的性能等。     

工业木质素用于制造木陶瓷

以工业木质素为原料制造新型多孔炭材料木陶瓷,并对产品得率、强度及微观结构形态进行了研究。结果表明,随着酚醛树脂用量的增加,木质素陶瓷的质量得率和体积得率略有增加,抗弯强度大大提高,抗压强度也提高明显。当木质素与酚醛树脂质量比为1．33∶1时,木质素陶瓷的抗弯强度为1．88MPa,抗压强度达3．86kN/cm~2。微观结构分析表明,在木质素—酚醛树脂复合板中有团块状木质素夹杂出现,高温烧结后样品孔隙结构增多。高温烧结前后样品的比表面积分别为0．2448m~2/g和0．9742m~2/g。     

芦苇碎料——木纤维复合板的工艺研究

通过试验确定了芦苇碎料—木纤维复合板的主要工艺参数。其结果表明:14 mm复合板的较优工艺参数为:木纤维比例30%,木纤维施UF胶、施胶量12%,芦苇碎料施MDI胶、施胶量5%,热压时间7 min,热压温度170℃。按照以上工艺条件压制的复合板性能可以达到刨花板国家标准的要求。     

木粉/酚醛树脂烧结制造木陶瓷的研究

利用砂光木粉浸渍酚醛树脂后经高温真空炭化处理制成木陶瓷,研究了炭化温度对木陶瓷尺寸收缩、碳得率、密度变化、抗压和抗弯强度的影响。研究表明,650℃以上随着炭化温度的升高木陶瓷的尺寸收缩增加不大、碳得率降低、密度减小、抗压和抗弯强度增大。     

木陶瓷的孔隙结构研究

经40％酚醛树脂处理的中密度板样品炭化物简称木陶瓷（WCS），是一种低成本而性能优异的新型多孔炭材料，添加阻燃剂及20％酚醛树脂处理的中密度板样品炭化物简称P－木陶瓷（P－WCS），本研究采用低温氮吸附法对比木炭研究了木陶瓷的孔隙结构，结果表明，由于样品未经活化，因而吸附能力较差，且以木炭为最差，木陶瓷的微孔面积为314．16m^2/g，微孔容积为0．1262mL/g，大于P－WCS且远远大于木炭。木陶瓷的平均孔径为1．598nm，小于P－木陶瓷，远远小于木炭，说明酚醛树脂为木陶瓷引入了较多的微孔，使其吸附性能远高于传统的木炭。     

新型陶瓷及其制品

新型陶瓷及其制品无需烧结的陶瓷巴西加拉斯塔祖跨国公司与美国得克萨斯州瓷业集团共同研制出一种可不经高温烧结的陶瓷。它是由粉状矿物质、氧化物、硅酸盐、铝酯盐和天然贝壳石等混合形成韧性的化学键，通过聚合物粘合和适量钢粉增强硬度。超级陶瓷德国科学家开发出一种...     

先驱体转化法制备ZrC木质陶瓷及其性能分析

以松木为原料,经炭化制得松木炭,以有机锆聚合物(PZC)为先驱体浸渍松木炭后进一步高温热处理制备得到ZrC木质陶瓷。采用XRD、SEM、FT-IR、TG-DSC分别对样品的物相变化、组成和微观结构进行了表征,研究了热处理温度和杂化材料质量增加率对木质陶瓷显气孔率与力学性能的影响。结果表明:有机锆先驱体裂解过程中生成ZrO_2,进一步可以在1 400℃通过碳热还原反应转化为ZrC相。ZrC木质陶瓷由立方相ZrC和无定形碳组成,生成的木质陶瓷较好地保留了松木模板的管状孔洞结构,部分ZrC相沉积在孔洞内部。木质陶瓷材料显气孔率随着热处理温度的升高而升高,随质量增加率的增加而降低;力学性能随热处理温度和质量增加率的增加而提高,质量增加率为278%的杂化材料在热处理温度为1 400℃时制备的ZrC木质陶瓷具有良好的力学性能,弯曲强度和断裂韧性分别为158 MPa和1.8 MPa·m~(1/2)。     

芦苇的表面改性及粘接性能研究

研究以芦苇为原料,以环保的水溶性树脂胶为黏合剂,对芦苇不进行粉碎,而直接粘接用来制造芦苇板,以充分利用其本身强度.用热NaOH溶液对芦苇进行处理,用扫描电子显微镜观察了芦苇表面形貌的变化.结果表明:热NaOH溶液可以破坏芦苇表面的蜡质层,增加其胶接强度;将水溶性酚醛树脂胶黏剂与水溶性聚乙烯醇缩醛胶黏剂配合使用,或加入0.5%的表面活性剂,也可改善其与芦苇的粘接性能.     

Upgrading of urea formaldehyde-bonded reed and wheat straw particleboards using silane coupling agents

Reed and wheat straw particleboards bonded with urea formaldehyde (UF) resin were manufactured from two different material configurations (i.e., fine and coarse particles). The board densities were in the range of 0.550–.90g/cm³. The effects of particle size and board density on the board properties were examined. The properties of particleboard produced from fine particles were better than those made from coarse particles. An increase in board density resulted in a corresponding improvement in the board properties. The properties of OF bonded reed and wheat straw particleboards were relatively lower than those of commercial particleboards. Three silane coupling agents were used to improve the bondability between the reed and wheat particles and OF resin. Results of this study indicate that all the board properties were improved by the addition of silane coupling agent. The degree of improvement achieved from each coupling agent was different; epoxide silane was found to be more effective for reed straw particleboard, and amino silane was better for wheat straw particleboard.     

芦苇-稻草原料球磨处理生产刨花板

选择芦苇和稻草为原料,以脲醛树脂为黏结剂制备了芦苇-稻草刨花板。在芦苇碎料中加入一定量的矿物材料,然后采用机械球磨进行处理,应用正交设计对施胶量、热压压力、碎料球磨处理3个因素对板材各项性能的影响进行了研究。实验结果表明,球磨处理可以明显改善芦苇／树脂的结合强度,提高刨花板的各项性能。在施胶量16％,热压压力3．4MPa,对碎料进行球磨处理后制板,除内结合力较低外,板的静曲强度、弹性模量和握钉力都可以达到GBT 4897．3-2003对在干燥状态下使用的家具及室内装修用板的性能要求。     

芦苇中(高)密度纤维板的研究

对芦苇的特性进行了分析。研究了板的密度、胶黏剂用量对芦苇中密度纤维板(MDF)物理力学性能的影响。研究结果表明:芦苇纤维得率达到了87.4%;芦苇MDF的物理力学性能随密度的增大而增强,24h吸水厚度膨胀率随密度的增大而呈上升的趋势;当密度≥0.85g/cm~3,脲醛树脂胶的用量为12%和14%时,芦苇纤维板具有很好的力学性能。     

Effects of silane coupling agent level and extraction treatment on the properties of UF-bonded reed and wheat straw particleboards

Urea formaldehyde resin bonded reed and wheat particleboards with a density of 0.7g/cm³ were manufactured from two types of particle: fine and coarse particles. The effects of the silane coupling agent (SCA) level and ethanol-benzene (EB) treatment on the board properties were examined. For SCA, epoxide silane (SiEP) and amino silane (SiNH) were used for reed and wheat particles, respectively. The results are summarized as follows. (1) For both reed and wheat boards, the internal bond (IB) strength and thickness swelling (TS) were significantly improved at up to 5% SCA content, but the effectiveness of treatment kept constant at above 5%. (2) The level of SCA had little effect on the bending strength, especially for the boards composed of coarse particles. (3) EB treatment upgraded both the IB and TS of wheat board significantly. (4) SiEP incorporation improved the IB and TS of reed board significantly, whereas EB treatment was more effective for wheat board. (5) The dimensional stability of both reed and wheat boards under varying humidity could be improved by increasing the level of SCA and by EB treatment. EB treatment was more effective than SCA addition.     

Development of high-performance UF-bonded reed and wheat straw medium-density fiberboard

Urea formaldehyde resin-bonded reed and wheat straw fiberboards were produced from the fibers made under different steam cooking conditions in refining processes at densities of 500 and 700kg/m³. The effect of steam cooking conditions on the board properties was examined. The steam pressure and cooking time for reed and wheat straws were 0.4MPa/10min and 0.4MPa/5min, respectively, and 0.6MPa/3min and 0.6MPa/10min for both straws. The effect of steam cooking treatment before the fiber refining process on the wettability and weight losses of the straws was also investigated. The results indicated that the mechanical properties and linear expansion of the straw medium-density fiberboard (MDF) were improved with increasing steam cooking pressure and time during the refining process, whereas the thickness swelling (TS) did not vary much. The wettability of the straws was improved by cooking treatment. The steam cooking conditions had little effect on the wettability of the straw surfaces. For reed and wheat straws, the weight losses increased with increasing steam pressure and cooking time. In addition, it was found that the properties of MDF were significantly higher than those of particleboard, especially the internal bond (IB), where the IB values of MDF were more than 10 times higher than those of particleboard. All the properties of the straw MDF, except the TS of wheat board, can meet the requirement of JIS fiberboard standard. The high performances of MDF could be due to the improved wettability and the removal of extractives during the refining process.     

Effects of wet–dry cycling on the mechanical properties of Arundo donax L. used for the vibrating reed in woodwind instruments

Wood Science and Technology - The effects of wet–dry and moist–dry cycling on the mechanical properties of reed (Arundo donax L.) were investigated. Because water-soluble extractives...     

Moisture-dependent orthotropic elasticity of beech wood

Elastic material properties are one of the most important material characteristics in mechanical modelling. Wood with distinctively different properties in the longitudinal, radial and tangential directions exhibits a strong moisture-dependent material characteristic in the elastic range. In order to characterise beech wood as an orthotropic material, all of the independent elastic properties were determined at different moisture conditions. These characteristic properties have never been determined before as a function of moisture content yet are vital to the field of wood modelling. All elastic parameters, except for some Poisson’s ratios, show a decrease in stiffness with increasing moisture content. In comparison to available literature references at a moisture content of ω?≈?12%, the identified values were of the same order of magnitude. The determined material properties can be used to investigate the mechanical behaviour of beech wood structures including different moisture conditions.     

人工杨树林对长江中游芦苇滩地土壤细菌多样性影响的研究

以长江中游芦苇滩地为研究对象,利用微生物分离培养计数方法和PCR-DGGE技术重点研究了人工杨树林对芦苇滩地土壤细菌种群的影响。结果表明：与芦苇地相比,人工杨树林根际土、根表土和0-10cm土层中的氮、速效磷和总有机碳的含量都明显降低;人工杨树林下根际土中的微生物数量都比芦苇地的低,而其根表土中则是细菌、真菌数量低于芦苇地,放线具比芦苇地高;就4种功能细菌来说,人工杨树林根际土的纤维素菌、反硝化菌、硝化细菌和氨氧化细菌的数量则比芦苇地低,而根表土中除了氨氧化细菌外,其他3种功能细菌含量又比芦苇地的高。4种功能细菌数量在不同的土壤剖面中的分布也各不相同：在0-10cm土层中,人工杨树林的纤维素菌和氨氧化细菌的数量高于芦苇地,而其余2种功能茵则低于芦苇地;在10-25cm土层中,人工杨树林的纤维素菌和硝化细菌含量低于芦苇地,反硝化菌的含量却高于芦苇地,而氨氧化菌含量相同;在25-60cm土层中,除了纤维素菌,其他3种功能细菌含量都是人工杨树林低于芦苇地。通过系统进化树分析发现,滩地中普遍存在的细菌类群为α变形菌纲、β变形茵纲和硝化螺旋菌纲,而人工杨树林和芦苇地的根表土、根际土和0-10cm土层均存在各自专有的细菌种群,表明人工杨树林对芦苇滩地土壤中细菌种群产生了一定的影响。