五种水生植物生物量及其对生态沟渠氮、磷吸收效果的研究

为明确水生植物对农田排水沟渠中氮、磷吸收效果的影响,本研究以生态沟渠中水生美人蕉、铜钱草、黑三棱、狐尾藻和灯心草为试验植物,对5种水生植物的生物量以及吸收、累积的氮、磷量进行测定。结果表明:不同水生植物生物量有差异,平均总生物量在1.10～2.43kg/m2之间,其中以水生美人蕉的生物量最大,达2.43kg/m2。5种水生植物地上部分的氮、磷浓度分别在8.41～20.67g/kg和1.41～3.40g/kg之间,狐尾藻氮、磷浓度最高;而地下部分的氮、磷浓度分别在4.41～10.47g/kg及1.08～1.90g/kg之间,不同水生植物间差异显著,以狐尾藻氮浓度和铜钱草磷浓度为最高;地上部分氮、磷累积量的变化范围分别7.40～28.23g/m2和1.13～4.49g/m2,其中以水生美人蕉对氮的累积量为最大,狐尾藻对磷的累积量为最大。5种水生植物地上部分氮、磷累积量均高于地下部分。地上部分收割后,5种水生植物单次可带走氮、磷分别在7.40～28.23g/m2和1.13～4.49g/m2,水生美人蕉带走的氮最多;全年可带走的总氮和总磷量分别为20.34～109.12g/m2a和3.41～17.95g/m2a,狐尾藻带走的最多。水生植物地上部分通过收割的方法可有效去除沟渠中的氮磷,还能解决水生植物的二次污染问题。     

6种水生植物及其组合对模拟污水中磷的净化效果

[目的]针对河流湖泊水体污染严重现状,选择6种水生植物进行水质净化试验,为污染水体的水生植物治理提供选择依据。[方法]选择6种具观赏效果的水生植物菖蒲、美人蕉、大薸、凤眼莲、金鱼藻、穗花狐尾藻,采用静态水培的方法,研究6种水生植物及其组合对不同浓度模拟污水中总磷净化效果。[结果]单一水生植物试验中,凤眼莲在高(2 mg/L)、中浓度(0.5 mg/L)磷水体中总磷去除效果最好,去除率分别为95.9%,93.4%。金鱼藻在低浓度磷(0.1 mg/L)水体中总磷去除效果最好,去除率为91.1%。组合水生植物试验中,高浓度磷水体中金鱼藻+菖蒲+凤眼莲的水生植物组合对水体中总磷去除效果最好,去除率为96%。中浓度磷水体中穗花狐尾藻+菖蒲+凤眼莲水生植物组合总磷去除效果最好,去除率为98.8%。低浓度磷水体中穗花狐尾藻+菖蒲+大薸水生植物组合总磷去除效果最好,去除率为94.3%。[结论]选择的6种水生植物对总磷均有一定的去除效果,对水生植物的种植数量、面积、时间以及组合方式进行优化配置,可用于污染水体水质净化。     

绿狐尾藻湿地对养殖废水中不同污染负荷氮去除效应

为研究绿狐尾藻湿地对不同污染负荷养殖废水氮去除效应和影响因素,该研究在野外建立了9条表面流绿狐尾藻湿地,以低负荷（60 L/d废水+120 L/d清水）、中负荷（120 L/d废水+60 L/d清水/d）和高负荷（180 L/d废水）养殖废水为处理对象,研究了不同污染负荷下绿狐尾藻湿地水体氮素时间变化规律;结合线性混合模型,进一步探究了影响绿狐尾藻湿地氮去除的关键环境因子。结果表明,整个试验期间（2014-07－2015-05）,绿狐尾藻湿地对低、中、高负荷废水铵氮（NH4+-N）和总氮（Total Nitrogen,TN）去除率均较高,其中NH4+-N平均去除率为85.0%～98.6%,TN平均去除率为83.6%～97.1%。线性混合模型分析结果表明,影响绿狐尾藻湿地NH4+-N去除的关键环境因子是水体溶解氧和硝态氮以及底泥NH4+-N含量,其中水体溶解氧对绿狐尾藻湿地NH4+-N去除影响最大。由于绿狐尾藻湿地对不同污染负荷废水NH4+-N和TN去除率均达到80.0%以上,因此绿狐尾藻可作为耐铵植物处理高负荷养殖废水。该研究结果可为绿狐尾藻湿地在规模养殖场的实际应用提供参考。     

不同水生植物吸收地表水中氮磷能力差异及其机理

为查明不同水生植物吸收地表水中氮磷能力的差异及其机理,采用模拟沟渠试验和盆栽试验,研究了8种水生植物地表水中氮磷吸收能力的差异,并选择氮磷吸收能力差异较大的水生植物品种,进一步探讨了根系生理特性及底泥微生物量变化。结果表明:种植水生植物后沟渠水中氮磷浓度明显减少,供试8种水生植物中以海寿花、狐尾藻、珍珠梅、茭白、再力花的生物量大,养分吸收量多,沟渠水中养分减少也相对明显;种植水生植物后相对于不种植物的沟渠水中养分残留减少比例分别为,总氮22.4%~44.0%、铵态氮24.5%~36.8%、硝态氮13.6%~51.6%、总磷15.6%~34.6%、水溶性磷26.3%~41.3%;氮磷吸收能力强的水生植物与其具有更强的根系活力、更多伤流量以及更高的伤流液养分浓度有关,但并不是某一种植物的以上指标均有优势,茭白的根系活力强、伤流量多,狐尾藻、海寿花、珍珠梅的伤流液中氮磷浓度较高;沟渠水中氮磷减少比例较大的水生植物底泥中微生物总数、硝化细菌和反硝化细菌数、微生物量碳氮磷较高,反之则较低。     

多年生漂浮植物对富营养化水体的响应及净化效果研究

研究了喜旱莲子草、穗状狐尾藻、黄花水龙3种植物在富营养化水体中的生长响应及对水体的净化效果.结果表明,试验确定了穗状狐尾藻最佳生长阈值:N 0.05～0.1 mg/L,P 0.01～0.02 mg/L;黄花水龙:N 0.1～0.2 mg/L,P 0.005～0.01 mg/L.试验结果进一步确定了穗状狐尾藻、黄花水龙阈值氮磷比例范围分别为2 :1～10:1,10: 1～20:1.在试验第35 d时,穗状狐尾藻对总氮、总磷和叶绿素a去除率分别达到了90.5%,88.0%,90.0%,效果最佳;黄花水龙对NO_3~-N、NH_4-N去除效果最好.分别为85.0%,43.5%.对水体中氮的去除主要是微生物和植物吸收共同作用完成.试验进行到35 d时,所用供试植物体内最大积累量占水体初始总氮量的10.36%,仅占水体氮去除的一小部分;通过有植物处理和无植物处理(即对照)对水体中营养盐去除效果的比较得出:3种供试植物对水体氮代谢微生物有正激发效应.而对磷代谢微生物均有负激发效应.     

盐碱草甸植被退化对土壤硝化作用强度的影响

为了解不同退化阶段盐碱草甸草原土壤硝化作用强度特征及其影响因素,采用空间代替时间的方法,以松嫩平原盐碱草甸草原植被退化过程中4种典型植物群落为对象,以未做处理为参照,设置刈割、施氮和刈割同时施氮3种处理,测定了土壤的硝化作用强度(NI)、pH值、电导率(EC)、含水量(SMC)和有效磷(OP)、硝态氮(NO^-₃-N)、铵态氮(NH+4-N)及全氮(TN)的含量。结果显示:(1)土壤NI与pH值、电导率、含水量、OP和NO^-₃-N呈极显著正相关关系(p<0.01);通过逐步回归分析的方法得出土壤NI的重要影响因子,重要影响因子对土壤NI影响强弱表现为:pH值>有效磷含量>含水量>硝态氮含量,并推断土壤硝态氮含量可作为土壤NI的一个重要表征参数。(2)未作处理时,星星草群落与碱蓬群落土壤硝化作用强度分别为13.4,13.5 mg/(kg·h),显著高于羊草群落和退化羊草群落的5.0,2.5 mg/(kg·h),刈割和施氮处理分别使星星草群落土壤NI提高96.88%,253.77%,混合处理使其提高413.70%,显著高于其他3种植物群落,由此可见,在人为刈割和施氮肥的干预下,星星草群落土壤铵态氮可能更易转变为硝态氮,氮素流失的风险也更大,因此可认为星星草群落处于盐碱草甸退化过程中的关键阶段。     

3种水培观赏植物净化模拟污水的试验研究

利用观赏植物净化水体是目前湖泊、污染水体治理研究的热点。选取春羽、绿萝和铜钱草3种常见观赏植物作为水培试验研究对象,探讨这3种植物的水生栽培技术并用去除率指标研究其对模拟污水(劣V类)的净化效果。结果显示:春羽、绿萝、铜钱草对污染水体均具有较好的适应性及水体净化能力,对污染水体中总磷(TP)的去除率均达90%以上,净化效果很好;对总氮(TN)的去除率分别为64.6%,74.2%,65.1%,对氨态氮(NH3-N)和硝态氮(NO-3-N)的去除率分别为93.3%,96.3%,95%和90.7%,99.3%,47.1%,除铜钱草外,净化效果显著;对水体中化学需氧量(CODcr)的去除率分别为33.2%,49.8%,44.3%;去除率均大于无植物对照处理。此外,在水培植物的生长过程中,测定了植物的株长、叶数和鲜重,其中鲜重能较好地反映生长情况与污水处理效果,可以为水培观赏植物应用于湖泊等污染水体的生态修复治理工程提供参考。     

湿地植物对农村生活污水中氮磷的净化作用

[目的] 探讨水生植物修复技术对农村生活污水的治理效果,为乡村生态综合治理提供思路借鉴和参考资料。[方法] 通过模拟室内控制试验的方法,选取不同生态型的6种湿地植物为研究对象,分析植株生物量、去除率、植物积累量、底泥吸附量等多项指标变化,研究不同水生植物及其组合对污水中氮磷的净化效果差异以及水生植物系统的脱氮除磷特征。[结果] 无论单一种植组或混合种植组,水生植物系统对污水中TN,NH₄⁺-N,TP均有较好的净化效果,平均去除率分别达到96.6%,93.2%和95.9%,显著高于对照组。单一种植的再力花长势最好,鸢尾地上和地下部分生物量的比值最大,混合种植的美人蕉以及单一种植的梭鱼草相对生长速率最低。挺水植物对氮素的吸收作用更好,苦草对磷的吸收效果更好。植物吸收氮、磷占系统总去除量的比例在6.9%~18.3%和4.1%~13.6%之间,底泥吸附氮、磷占总去除量的比例在14.0%~31.5%和26.3%~68.4%之间。微生物及其他植物的间接作用是植物系统脱氮除磷的主要影响因素。[结论] 再力花、鸢尾及苦草的镶嵌组合是在淮北平原区湿地植物种植的理想选择。对水生植物的组合方式、数量、时间等进行优化配置,能够有效用于农村生活污水的净化。     

湿地植物对富营养化水体中氮、磷吸收能力研究

用营养液培养方法研究了11种湿地植物对氮、磷的吸收能力。结果表明,湿地植物平均生物量变化范围在9.31～49.53.g/plant(干重)之间;其地上部分与地下部分生物量的比值在1.21～3.09之间。美人蕉、菩提子、凤眼莲和芦苇有较高的地上部分生物量,而麦冬的地上部分生物量较低。地上部分植株氮、磷含量变化范围分别是22.13～33.03.mg/g和2.53～5.38.mg/g(以干重计算);湿地植物对氮、磷的吸收量分别是252.99～1279.98和23.55～251.83.mg/plant,对氮、磷去除率分别是10.91%～59.32%和50.13%～87.26%。氮和磷的吸收主要受湿地植物生物量的影响,美人蕉、菩提子、凤眼莲和芦苇对氮、磷都有较好的吸收能力。     

沉水植物对沉积物中铜锌铅的富集

选用4种南方常见水生植物(狐尾藻、轮叶黑藻、金鱼藻和水绵),以郴州重金属污染土样作为底泥,通过4种藻类单独及两两组合的水培方式,在室内模拟条件下培养1周,培养结束,比较各藻类的生长情况;经过浓盐酸+浓硝酸+高氯酸消化处理后,利用原子吸收光谱法测定藻体内铜锌铅3种重金属的含量。结果表明,单独培养和组合培养,藻体均有不同程度的增长,以狐尾藻的长势最好,狐尾藻+轮叶黑藻的培养中狐尾藻的生长百分比达到最大值65.7%。轮叶黑藻+水绵的组合方式可用于治理铜污染严重的区域,轮叶黑藻和水绵体内的铜含量可分别达到4.69mg/kg和20.13mg/kg,富集系数分别为0.041和0.178;金鱼藻+轮叶黑藻的组合方式可用于治理锌污染严重的区域,金鱼藻和轮叶黑藻体内的锌含量可分别达到139.96mg/kg和117.93mg/kg,富集系数分别为0.301和0.253;金鱼藻+狐尾藻的组合方式可用于治理铅污染严重的区域,金鱼藻和狐尾藻体内的铅含量可分别达到302.01 mg/kg和290.33mg/kg,富集系数分别为0.337和0.324;     

Differential responses of soybean and dry bean to zinc deficiency 1

Whether a legume obtains its nitrogen (N) from the air, through dinitrogen fixation, or from the soil, as nitrate (NO₃), may influence its susceptibility to zinc (Zn) deficiency. The influence of N source [potassium nitrate (KNO₃)+ native soil N versus rhizobium‐inoculated seed + native soil N] and phosphorus (P) (0 and 200 mg P/kg), and Zn fertilizers (0, 1, and 8 mg Zn/kg) on growth and nutrient composition of soybean (Glycine max L. cv. McCall) and navy bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Seafarer) grown on a calcareous soil were studied under greenhouse conditions. Inoculated plants, but not their KNO₃‐treated counterparts, had root nodules. However, due to N deficiency resulting from suboptimal N fixation, growth of these inoculated plants, especially of navy bean, was poorer than that of similarly treated KNO₃‐fed plants. As a consequence of this restricted growth, responses to P and Zn fertilizers were generally greater in KNO₃‐treated plants. Added P decreased the yield of KNO₃‐treated navy bean in the absence of added Zn, but P‐induced Zn deficiency had little effect on the growth of similarly treated inoculated plants. Plant excess bases (EB)/total plant N ratios [EB = 1/2 Ca + l/2Mg + Na + K ‐ Cl ‐ total S (S = divalent) ‐ total P (P = monovalent)] were less in KNO₃‐treated soybean than in correspondingly treated navy bean. Therefore, rhizosphere pH values around navy bean roots were probably less than those around soybean roots. Despite the hypothesized lower rhizosphere pH values, KNO₃‐treated navy bean was more susceptible to Zn deficiency than soybean. This greater susceptibility of navy bean to Zn deficiency was apparently at least partly due to poor translocation of Zn from the roots to the tops.     

Fertilization Capacity of Aquatic Plants Used as Soil Amendments in the Coastal Sandy Area of Central Vietnam

In Central Vietnam, and more especially in Thua Thien Hue Province, aquatic plants are used empirically by some farmers as an external source of organic matter to improve fertility of sandy soils. The fertilization capacities of aquatic plant species [Najas indica (Willid.) Cham., Najas minor All., Vallisneria spiralis L. (Michx.) Torr., Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle, Potamogetum malaianus Miq., Myriophyllum spicatum L., Enteromorpha flexuosa (Wulfen) J. Agardh, Rhizoclonium kerneri Stockmayer, and Eichhornia crassipes (Mart) Solms] were assessed from a pot trial including soils amended with aquatic plants (5 g dry matter kg^?1 soil) and soils supplied with increasing rates of urea nitrogen (N) fertilizers. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) at a vegetative stage was used as a convenient bio‐extractor. The fertilization capacity of aquatic plant amendments was calculated from aboveground biomass and from N accumulated in shoots as compared to treatments receiving only inorganic N fertilizers. Najas indica (Willid.) Cham. and Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle showed the greatest fertilization capacity, equivalent to 170–180 mg urea‐N kg^?1 soil as estimated from biomass yield, whereas a lesser fertilization capacity, equivalent to less than 100 mg urea‐N kg^?1 soil, was observed for Myriophyllum spicatum L., Enteromorpha flexuosa (Wulfen) J. Agardh, Rhizoclonium kerneri Stockmayer, and Eichhornia crassipes (Mart) Solms. This study provides quantitative data on the fertilization capacity of aquatic plants found in the coastal area of central Vietnam, which can improve this empirical practice and alleviate local agro‐environmental constraints related to the lack of organic matter in farming systems.     

Accumulation of zinc,phosphorus, and magnesium by navy bean seed

Considerable variation is found in zinc (Zn Concentration in navy bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seed, an important food source of Zn and magnesium (Mg). The influence that phosphorus (P) and Zn fertilizers, and source of nitrogen (N) (inoculation with Rhizobium phaseoli versus 150 mg/kg NH₄NO₃‐N) had on growth and nutrient uptake of ‘Upland’ navy bean was studied under greenhouse conditions on a Glyndon loamy fine sand, a Calciaquoll low in available N, P, and Zn. Yields of stems (+ pod walls), blades, and seed were increased by N, P, and Zn fertilizers. Zinc concentration at maturity varied between 13 and 37 mg/kg for seed, 15 and 39 mg/kg for blades, and 5 and 30 mg/kg for stems. Zinc fertilizer was the chief factor responsible for this variability. Phosphorus concentration at maturity varied between 4.0 and 6.2 g/kg for seed, 1.9 and 11.8 g/kg for blades, and 1.0 to 2.7 g/kg for stems. Added P fertilizer increased P concentration in the three tissues, but the effect was most pronounced for blades of plants without added Zn. Magnesium concentration at maturity was mainly affected by N fertilizer.and ranged from 1.6 to 1.9 g/kg for seed, 4.0 and 9.7 g/kg for blades, and 4.0 to 7.1 g/kg for stems. Soil management can greatly affect Zn concentration in navy bean seed.     

Critical nutrient concentrations and DRIS analysis of leaf and grain from high‐yielding corn

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted to optimize fertilizer inputs for maximizing the yield of irrigated com (Zea mays L.). This report is a summary of the nutrient composition of leaf and grain samples from the highest yielding treatment in the experiment. The experiment had 15 treatments replicated three times in a randomized complete block design. The N rate treatments were 45,100, 200, 300, and 400 kg N/ha with and without 50 kg P/ha, 67 kg K/ha, and 22 kg S/ha. The plant populations were 74,000 plants/ha (30,000 plants/A) and 100,000 plants/ha. The highest corn yield was 15.6 Mg/ha (250 bu/A with 15.5% moisture) which was produced with 300 kg N/ha combined with complete N, P, K, and S fertilization. It is assumed that samples of corn leaf and grain from a plot yielding that high would have nutrient concentrations in the sufficiency range. Many of the nutrient concentrations from these arbitrarily designated sufficiency ranges are close to the critical ranges and concentrations reported in the literature. It can be concluded that established critical concentrations and ranges could be useful for diagnosing high‐yielding corn. Furthermore, the negative DRIS indices for N, P, K, S, and Cu indicate that these nutrients are most likely to be limiting based on the published norms.     

Performance of an Optimized Nutrient Management Approach for Tomato in Central Sri Lanka

A systematic approach of fertilizer recommendation for tomato was evaluated in central Sri Lanka. An optimum (OPT) treatment was formulated based on soil analysis for available nutrients and nutrient-fixation capacities and tested with sorghum (Sorghum vulgaris L.) in a greenhouse and with tomato (Lycopersicon eculentum L.) in the field for four seasons. Soil analysis revealed deficient levels of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sulfur (S), boron (B), and zinc (Zn) with high fixing capacities for P, K, S, and B. Greenhouse survey confirmed nutrient deficiencies except for Zn. A field study with 17 treatments including OPT showed significant main effects and interaction of fertilizer treatment and season for tomato yields and profit. The OPT providing 220 kg N, 160 kg P, 250 kg K, 50 kg S, and 1 kg B per ha often gave greater yields and profits than treatments with lower nutrient rates, but treatment providing N, P, and K at 150% of optimum was superior.     

Effect of vanadate on Phaseolus vulgaris L.: Vegetative development and nitrogen metabolism

The effect of vanadium (V) on the vegetative development and nitrogen (N) metabolism in Phaseolus vulgaris L. was studied. The plants were grown in hydroponic conditions (vermiculite). The control plants received 0.1 μM molybdenum (Mo); the treated plants (V lot) also received 80 μM V. The V supply favoured root development of P. vulgaris and it led to dry weight accumulation in shoots and roots. Results of nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, and total nitrogen (N) of V‐treated plants were not statistically different from those of the control plants. The results suggest that V treatment was not detrimental to P. vulgaris, at least when the V supply was administered during the vegetative development of the species.     

A comparision of the competitive effects and nutrient accumulation of fat‐hen and groundsel

The competitive effects of fat‐hen (chenopodium album L.) and groundsel (Senecio vulgaris L.) on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill), lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. Capitata) were investigated under glasshouse conditions. Weed competition severely reduced growth of the three food crops, the reduction being more pronounced with the longer exposure to the competition. Chenopodium album and 5. vulgaris were considerably different in their competitive abilities, although similar differences among the three food‐crop species were found. Senecio vulgaris was affected more by the competition than C. album and had lower tissue concentrations of N, K, and Mg. Growth of both weeds was greatly suppressed when tomato emerged two weeks earlier than the weeds, but the crop plants were severely stunted when the weeds had two weeks initial advantage. It appeared that C. album competed with the three food crops more for K than other elements, while S. vulgaris competed better for P. Cabbage was more competitive with both weed species than tomato while lettuce was the least competitor. Some aspects of these differences in competitive ability among the species could be related to their nutrient use.