Residual effects of nitrogen sources,sulfur and boron levels on mungbean (Vigna radiata) in a sunflower (Helianthus annuus)–mungbean system

Field experiments were conducted during spring–rainy (kharif) seasons of 2005 and 2006 on a sunflower–mungbean cropping system at the research farm of the Division of Agronomy, Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, India. The objectives of this study were to investigate the residual effect of nitrogen sources, sulfur and boron levels applied to sunflower on productivity, nutrient concentrations and their uptake by the succeeding mungbean crop in a sunflower–mungbean cropping system. The experiment with 19 treatments was laid out in factorial randomized block design for both sunflower and mungbean. The residual effects of nutrients applied to sunflower were significant on the succeeding mungbean crop in terms of biometric parameters, yield attributing characters, seed yield and soil nutrient status. The highest mungbean seed yield (961.2 kg ha^?1) was produced with 50 kg ha^?1 sulfur application to the preceding sunflower crop, which was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than with 0 and 25 kg sulfur ha^?1. The concentrations and uptake of nitrogen, sulfur and boron were also greater in the succeeding mungbean crop due to the residual effects of nutrients applied to the preceding sunflower crop. The soil nutrient status before and after mungbean indicated that the available nitrogen and sulfur were higher due to application to the preceding crop, while available boron after mungbean was even higher than after sunflower due to its slow release and static nature in the soil.     

Effects of sulfur,zinc, iron,copper, manganese,and boron applications on sunflower yield and plant nutrient concentration

Abstract

Sulfur, zinc, iron, copper, manganese, and boron application did not affect the seed yield or oil percentage of sunflower (Hilianthus annuus L.) on both dryland and irrigated soils in North Dakota in 1981. Field averages indicated significant Zn, Mn, and B uptake by sunflower at the 12‐leaf stage as a result of fertilization with these elements. Increased Zn uptake was also observed in the uppermost mature leaf at anthesis from zinc fertilization.

Although sunflower yield from boron fertilization was not significantly different from the check, a trend was observed in which boron fertilization seemed to decrease sunflower yield. Sunflower yields from the boron treatment were the lowest out of seven treatments in three out of four fields. Also, sunflower yield from the boron treatment was significantly lower than both iron and sulfur treatments when all fields were combined.     

甘蓝型油菜硼营养高效的遗传分析

利用土壤有效硼缺乏的田间小区试验 ,研究甘蓝型油菜硼营养高效品种和低效品种间 2个杂交二代群体及其回交一代硼营养性状的分离规律。结果发现 ,硼营养高效受一对主效基因控制。在缺硼胁迫下 ,硼高效性状与抽薹天数和生育天数之间紧密连锁 ,生育期 (抽薹天数和生育天数 )可作为甘蓝型油菜硼高效种质筛选及其杂种后代硼效率鉴定和选育的参考指标。     

Boron Nutrition Studies with Cotton and Sunflower in Southern Turkey

Wide variations in boron (B) contents are typical of Turkish soils and plants, and most of the variation, 84% of the plant-soil B values are within the “normal.” Boron application on low B soils can make a contribution to yield in cotton and sunflower crops. Field experiments were carried out on clayey and medium-textured soils, which are Chromoxererts, Haploxererts, Xerochrepts, and Xerofluvents in Southern Turkey to study the effects of boron fertilization on irrigated cotton and rainfed sunflower growth, yield, and yield components. Four levels of boron—0, 1, 2, and 3 kg ha^?1—were applied at planting and the experimental design was completely randomized block design with four replications. There was a 31% and 31.9% increase in seedcotton yield at 3 kg and 2 kg ha^?1 of B, compared to the control only two out of four sites. There was an average increase of 61.4% in boll weight with 2 kg B ha^?1 application compared to the control. Effect of different application rates of B was not significant for fiber length, fiber strength, and fiber length uniformity. All levels of boron produced higher head diameters over control only one out of four sites. Boron applied at the level of 3 kg ha^?1 produced the highest 1000 seed weight of 47.5 g representing an 18% increase over the control. Boron applied at the level of 1 kg ha^?1 produced the highest seed yield, representing a 25% increase over the control only at one out of four sites. Boron was no value as a fertilizer for sunflower under given experimental conditions even though some uptake of boron was occurred. Boron fertilization may be regarded as effective in improving cotton yields.     

Boron fertilization effects in processing grade potato on an Inceptisol of West Bengal,India

A 2-year field trial was conducted in processing grade potato cv. Kufri Chipsona-3. The treatments comprised recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) (200:150:150 N:P₂O₅:K₂O kg ha^?1) with or without boron (B) application (soil and foliar). The results revealed that B fertilization significantly increased tuber number and yield. Three sprays of 0.1% boric acid (at 40, 50 and 60 days after planting) produced the maximum number and yield of tubers and enhanced B uptake in potato tuber, haulm as well as in total plant accounting 85.8, 182.0 and 169.8% more than control, respectively. The same treatment came up with greatest net return and benefit: cost ratio. B fertilization exerted significant influence on available N and B status of post-harvest soil, while the effect was non-significant on available P and K. Results suggest that right dose and method of B application is vital for optimizing tuber yield and B-use efficiency for processing grade potato.     

Influence of Boron on Sunflower Yield and Nutritional Status

Sunflower has been mentioned in the literature as a plant that requires large amounts of boron (B) to achieve a successful crop. This study aimed at evaluating the influence of sunflower fertilization with boron on the soil nutrient concentration, index leaf, seed yield, fatty acids’ composition of sunflower oil, and oil content. Cultivar M734 was selected for boron fertilization at 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 kg ha^?1 rates. The maximum economic return was obtained with 3.13 kg ha^?1. Neither oil content nor fatty acid composition was affected by boron. With proper irrigation, the M734 cultivar was able to absorb boron in the 0 ? 40-cm layer, ultimately producing about 3000 kg ha^?1 of seeds in soils with only 0.30 mg kg^?1 of boron. Based on these results, it is suggested that the boron fertilization program be expanded to include the soil strata at 0?20 cm and 20?40 cm.     

Nitrogen‐enriched compost application combined with plant growth‐promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) improves seed quality and nutrient use efficiency of sunflower

Ecological benefits associated with plant growth‐promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) inoculants offer a promising integrated nutrient management option to counteract plant nitrogen (N) deficiency. We performed field experiments to evaluate the effect of integrated N fertilizer regime involving chemical N fertilizer (CNF) and N‐enriched compost (NEC), either alone or combined with selected PGPR (Pseudomonas aeruginosa ) on sunflower seed quality, N use efficiency (NUE) and soil fertility during 2014–2015. We found that integrated N biofertilizer application resulted in significantly higher seed oil concentration, fatty acid composition, and harvest index in both cropping years. Greater effects on N yield efficiency (NYE), N use efficiency (NUE), N physiological efficiency (NPE), and photosynthetic N use efficiency (PNUE) were recorded in nitrogen‐enriched compost+PGPR inoculant (NECPI) treatment followed by chemical N fertilizer+PGPR inoculant (CNFPI) treatment. Statistically significant differences were observed in linoleic and linolenic acid, NYE, and NUE for treatment × year interaction, thus, suggesting that the integrated N biofertilizer approach facilitates the efficient N use by sunflower for improving yield and seed quality. Moreover, we also found considerable enhancement of soil N fertility after two consecutive cropping years of sunflower. The enhancement of seed quality, N use efficiencies, and soil N fertility through integrated N biofertilizer application emphasizes the importance of balanced crop N nutrition, ensuring sufficient N supply to sunflower with adequate N balance in soil for the next crop. Overall, combination of PGPR with NEC amendment may optimize N uptake efficiency and reduce N fertilizer losses, which is necessarily required for the sustainable sunflower production.     

Effect of boron and farmyard manure application on growth,yields, and boron nutrition of sunflower

To examine the role of organic manure on boron (B) availability, a greenhouse experiment was conducted to study the effect of B and farmyard manure (FYM) levels on growth, yields, and B accumulation of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Application of B or FYM individually increased the plant height, capitulum diameter, dry matter yields of seed and stalk and their B concentration and accumulation. The interaction of B and FYM levels had a significant influence only on B concentration of stalk and total B accumulation of sunflower. In the absence of B application, use of highest level of FYM (10 g kg^‐1 soil) significantly increased B concentration of stalk and total B accumulation by the crop while with B application, use of FYM at lower rates was effective. Application of B or FYM, especially at higher rates of the latter (5 and 10 g FYM kg^‐1 soil) increased the content of hot‐water soluble soil B in the soil after crop harvest. The interaction of B and FYM levels had no significant effect on the content of hot‐water soluble soil B. Application of FYM increased apparent availability of native and added B from soil to sunflower crops.     

油菜硼高效的遗传

Field experiments were conducted to study the inheritance of boron efficiency in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) by evaluating the boron (B) efficiency coefficient (BEC, the ratio of the seed yield at below the critical boron level to that at the boron-sufficient level) with 657 F_2:3 lines of a population derived from a cross between a B-efficient cultivar, Qingyou 10, and a B-inefficient cultivar, Bakow. Qingyou 10 had high BEC as well as high seed yield at low available soil B. On the contrary, Bakow produced low seed yield at low B status. Boron deficiency decreased the seed yield of the F_2:3 lines to different extents and the distribution of BEC of the population showed a bimodal pattern. When the 657 F_2:3 lines were grouped into B-efficient lines and B-inefficient lines according to their BEC, the ratio of B-efficient lines to B-inefficient lines fitted the expected ratio (3:1), indicating that one major gene controlled the B-efficiency trait. 127 F_2:3 lines selected from the population at random, with distribution of BEC similar to that of the overall population, were used to identify the target region for fine mapping of the boron efficiency gene.     

Boron-induced improvement in physiological,biochemical and growth attributes in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) exposed to terminal drought stress

Terminal drought stress (drought at reproductive growth stage) has been considered a severe environmental threat under changing climatic scenarios and undoubtedly inhibits sunflower production. A field study was conducted to explore the potential role of foliar applied boron (B) (0, 15, 30, 45 mg L^?1) at late growth periods of sunflower in alleviating the adversities of terminal drought stress (75, 64, 53 mm DI) grown from inflorescence emergence to maturity stages. The plant water relations such as leaf relative water content (RWC), water potential (Ψ_w), osmotic potential (Ψ_s), and turgor pressure (Ψ_p) were increased significantly with B foliar sprays while exposed to terminal drought stress. Foliar B application considerably improved the nitrogen and B concentrations in leaf and seed tissues, and also chlorophyll a and b pigments under terminal drought stress conditions. Drought-induced proline accumulation prevented the damages caused by drought stress, nevertheless, B foliar spray increased its contents. Compared to well-watered conditions, terminal drought stress substantially declined the growth performance in terms of reduced leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), and total dry matter (TDM) production; however, foliar B supply (30 mg L^?1) might be helpful for improving drought tolerance in sunflower with reduced growth losses.     

Boron fertilization improves seed yield and harvest index of Camelina sativa L. by affecting source-sink

The impact of soil (1, 2 kg ha^?1) and foliar (100, 200 mg L^?1) boron (B) with control (no B) was evaluated on phenology and yield formation of Camelina each applied at stem elongation and flowering stages. Foliar (200 mg L^?1) or soil B (2 kg ha^?1) resulted in earlier flowering and maturity, increased fruit bearing branches (19.68%), number of siliqua, seeds per siliqua (4.6%), biological yield (15%), seed yield (24%), harvest index (11.4%) and oil contents (23%) than no B. Increased fruit bearing branches, seed filled siliqua or seed numbers, harvest index and oil quality can be attributed to changes in dry matter accumulated of stem with simultaneous increase in siliqua dry weight with foliar or soil applied B. In crux, foliar (200 mg L^?1) or soil applied (2 kg ha^?1) B seems promising to improve seed and oil yield, harvest index of Camelina sativa under B deficient condition.     

Influence of Levels and Methods of Boron Application on the Yield and Uptake of Boron by Cotton in a Calcareous Soil of Punjab

A field experiment was conducted to study the influence of boron (B) application on yield and B uptake of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in B-deficient calcareous soil of south-west Punjab. The treatments comprise six levels of soil-applied B (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 mg B kg^?1soil) and two levels of foliar-applied B (0.1% and 0.2% borax and granubor solution) along with the common control (no B application). The experiment was laid out in RBD factorial design with three replications. The seed cotton yield and its attributing characters (plant height, number of sympodial and monopodial branches, boll weight, and number of boll per plant) and root biomass increased significantly with increasing levels of boron up to 1.0 mg B kg^?1 level over the control and then remained nonsignificant with further higher levels of soil-applied boron. Among foliar-applied boron levels, 0.1% borax solution was better than 0.2% borax solution. Soil-applied boron was at par with foliar-applied boron. The efficiency of borax and granubor was found to be equal in both sources of boron. The mean B content and its uptake by seed cotton and roots increased significantly up to 1.0 mg B kg^?1 soil-applied B level and then recorded nonsignificant with further higher levels of boron. For the foliar method of B application, the mean B content and its uptake by seed cotton increased significantly over the control. The mean available B content in soils (0–15 cm) at 45, 75, 105, and 145 days after sowing increased significantly over the control for all soil-applied B levels, while it remained nonsignificant over the control for all growth stages of cotton in foliar method of B application. Further, it was positively correlated with root biomass (r = 0.91), boron uptake by root (r = 0.98), and sympodial branch per plant (r = 0.81). The interaction of B application levels and sources was not significant for all studied traits. Regardless of B sources, B application had a significant effect on yield, yield attributes, and B uptake up to 1.0 mg B kg^?1 level for soil-applied B and 0.1% borax or granubor solution for foliar-applied B.     

硼钼锌及互作对甘蓝型油菜籽粒产量的影响

A field experiment was conducted to study the effects of boron (B), molybdenum (Mo), zinc (Zn) and their interactions on seed yield and yield formation of rapeseed (Brassica napus L. var. Huashuang 4). Application of B fertilizer to a sandy soil increased the seed yield by 46.1% compared to the control and also created a considerably higher seed yield than the two treatments solely applying Mo and Zn fertilizers, which suggested that B was a main constraint for the seed yield of Huashuang 4 in this experiment. The effect of B fertilizer on the seed yield was attributed to an increase in the number of seeds per silique and siliques per plant. The combined application of B with Mo or Zn resulted in higher seed yield than the application of B, Mo or Zn alone, and the seed yield of the B+Mo+Zn treatment was the highest in all treatments, 68.1% above the control. Dry matter accumulation of seed followed a typical S-shaped curve and it was higher in plants supplied with B than in plants without B. A small but significant increase in the seed oil content and an improvement in the oil quality were also observed in all treatments compared with the control. These results suggested that optimal micronutrient application could provide both yield and quality advantages for rapeseed in poor soil.     

栽培方式与钾互作对食用向日葵产量、品质和钾素利用率的影响

  【目的】  研究阴山北麓旱作区不同栽培方式下钾肥施用量对食用向日葵钾肥效应、产量性状、钾素吸收利用、油分品质和土壤–植物系统钾素平衡的影响，为向日葵上钾肥的科学施用提供理论依据。  【方法】  2014—2016年在内蒙古阴山北麓旱作区以食用向日葵 (3638C) 为研究对象，采用田间定位试验方法，裂区设计，主因素为3种栽培方式:平作雨养种植 (R)、全覆膜垄膜沟植集雨 (RC) 和全覆膜垄膜沟植滴灌 (I)。副因素为4个施钾水平:0、48、84和120 kg/hm2，表示为K₀、K₄₈、K₈₄和K₁₂₀。研究水钾互作对食用向日葵籽粒产量、产量性状、钾素吸收、钾肥利用效率、油分品质及土壤钾素平衡等的影响。  【结果】  栽培方式是影响向日葵籽实产量、花盘直径、千粒重、出仁率、钾素吸收量和钾肥利用效率的主要因素，3个栽培处理表现为全覆膜垄膜沟植滴灌 (I) > 全覆膜垄膜沟植集雨 (RC) > 平作雨养种植 (R)。全覆膜垄膜沟植滴灌 (I) 条件下，随着施钾量的增加，产量、花盘直径、千粒重、出仁率和钾素吸收量也增加，推荐施钾量 (K₂O) 为120 kg/hm2时，产量、花盘直径、千粒重、出仁率和钾素吸收量最高；全覆膜垄膜沟植集雨 (RC) 条件下，推荐施钾量 (K₂O) 为84 kg/hm2时，产量最高；平作雨养 (R) 条件下各施钾处理之间的产量、花盘直径、千粒重差异不显著。钾肥利用率和农学效率随着施钾量的增加而降低。栽培方式对籽实含油率影响较小，水分条件的改善有利于亚油酸含量的增加。随着钾肥用量的增加向日葵籽实的含油率也相应增加，主要是增加了亚油酸的含量。全覆膜垄膜沟植滴灌 (I) 条件下，推荐施钾 (K₂O) 量为120 kg/hm2时，土壤–植物系统的钾素基本平衡；全覆膜垄膜沟植集雨 (RC) 条件下，推荐施钾 (K₂O) 量为84 kg/hm2时，土壤–植物系统的钾素基本平衡；平作雨养 (R) 条件下，推荐施钾 (K₂O) 量为48 kg/hm2时，土壤–植物系统的钾素基本平衡。  【结论】  在内蒙古阴山北麓旱作区，全覆膜垄膜沟植滴灌 (I)、全覆膜垄膜沟植集雨 (RC) 和平作雨养种植 (R) 的推荐施钾 (K₂O) 量分别以120、84、48 kg/hm2为宜，此时，土壤–植物系统的钾素基本平衡。增施钾肥可增加向日葵籽实的含油率，主要是增加了籽实的亚油酸含量。     

Effect of Postharvest Sprays of Boron and Urea on Yield and Fruit Quality of Apple Trees

ABSTRACT

The objective of the experiment was to examine the effect of postharvest sprays of boron (B) and urea on apple tree yield and fruit quality. The study was conducted during 2002–2003 at a commercial orchard in central Poland on mature ‘Jonagold’ apple trees/M.26 planted on a sandy loam soil with low B status. All experimental trees received soil-applied nitrogen (N) at a rate of 50 kg ha^?1 at bud break. The following spray treatments were performed: (1) postharvest B spray three to four weeks before leaf abscission at a rate of 1.2 kg ha^?1; (2) postharvest urea-N spray at the same time as B spraying at a rate of 18.4 kg ha^?1; and (3) combined B spray with urea at the same time and at the same rates as in the combination of treatments (1) and (2). Trees not sprayed with B and urea served as a control. The results showed that all spray treatments damaged leaves, but only postharvest urea spray and combined B spray with urea caused defoliation. Postharvest B spray with/without urea improved flower B status, fruit set, and tree yield. However, the efficiency of combined B spray with urea in improving reproductive growth was lower than that of foliar B application without the addition of urea. Postharvest sprays of B and urea had no effect o n blushing, flesh firmness, or soluble solids concentration of apple fruit. These results indicated that under B-deficiency conditions, postharvest B sprays are successful in improving reproductive growth and should be recommended without the addition of urea. It is suggested that combined B sprays with urea may be applied in the autumn to apple trees with limited soil B and N availability.     

Risks of Boron Toxicity in Canola and Lupin by Forms of Boron Application in Acid Sands of South-Western Australia

Boron (B) deficiency frequently occurs on soils that are low in organic carbon (C) (<1.0% organic C), pH (soil pH_Ca <5.0), and clay content (<5% clay). Acid sands with these soil properties are common in south-western Australia (SWA). Moreover, hot calcium chloride (CaCl₂) extractable B levels are commonly marginal in the acid sands of SWA. This study examined the effects of soluble and slow release soil-applied B fertilizer and foliar B sprays on crops most likely to respond to B fertilizer on these soils, canola (oil-seed rape, Brassica napus L.) and lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.).

At 25 sites over three years, canola was grown with (0.34 kg ha-¹) or without B applied as borax [sodium tetraborate decahydrate (Na₂B₄O₇·10H₂O) 11% B], and this was followed by nine experiments with B rates [0, 0.55, 1.1 kg ha^?1, applied as borax or calcium borate (ulexite, NaCaB₅O₆(OH)₆·5(H₂O), 13% B] and foliar sprays (0.1% solution of solubor, 23% B) in 2000–2001. A further five sites of B rates and sources experiments were carried out with lupin in 2000–2001. Finally, foliar B sprays (5% B w/v as a phenolic complex) at flowering were tested on seven sites in farmers’ canola crops for seed yield increases. No seed yield increases to soil-applied B were found while foliar B application at flowering increased canola seed yield in only one season across seven locations. By contrast, borax fertilizer drilled with the seed at sowing decreased canola seed yield in nine of 34-farm sites, and decreased lupin yield in two of five trials. Toxicity from drilled boron fertilizer decreased yield could be explained by decreases in plant density (by 22–40%) to values lower than required for optimum seed yield. Seedling emergence was decreased by borax applied at sowing but less so by calcium borate. Foliar B spray application never reduced seed yield due to toxicity effects.

Boron fertilizer drilled with the seed increased the B concentration in plant dry matter at early to mid-flowering. Boron application decreased the oil concentration of grain of canola at four sites. The oil yield of canola was significantly decreased at seven sites.

Notwithstanding the marginal B levels on acid sands of the SWA region, care needs to be taken on use of borax fertilizer as toxicity was induced in canola and lupin; with 0.34 to 1 kg B ha^?1(3-10 kg borax ha^?1) at sowing depressing seed yield, mostly by decreasing plant density. Rather than making general recommendation for B fertilizer application based on 0.01M CaCl₂ soil extractable B, soil and plant analysis should be used to diagnose B deficiency and B fertilizer use limited to calcium borate or foliar borax rather than soil-applied borax on low B sands.     

苏北沿海滩涂盐肥对油葵生长及离子分布效应研究

2008年在江苏沿海海涂进行田间试验研究了苏北沿海滩涂盐肥对油葵生长及离子分布的影响.结果表明:①土壤盐分在S2(2.9～3.6 g/kg)时对油葵籽粒产量影响不大,但随着土壤盐分的增加,在S3(5.9～6.8 g/kg)时,油葵籽粒产量较S1(1.3～1.6 g/kg)时显著下降.随着N肥和P肥使用量的增加,油葵籽粒产量显著增加,且盐分含量越高,P肥和N肥增产效应越大;②随着土壤盐分含量的增加,油葵根、茎、叶、盘中Na+和Cl-含量显著增加,而K~+和Ca~(2+)变化不大;③随着P肥及N肥的施用量的增加,油葵根、茎、叶、盘中Na+和Cl-含量均降低,而K+和Ca2+的含量均增加.说明N肥和P肥的施入增强了油葵对营养离子的选择性吸收与运输,抑制了油葵对盐害离子的选择性吸收与运输,表明在苏北沿海海涂上施用肥料能够改善油葵营养状况并增强油葵耐盐性,对于增加油葵籽粒产量是一个很有效的办法.     

小麦对土壤硼水平反应的基因型差异研究

研究了小麦不同基因型发芽出苗和结实性对土壤硼水平的反应。结果表明,在中低硼水平下（硼酸＜25mg/kg）,小麦的发芽和出苗表现正常,而在高硼胁迫（硼酸１００ｍｇ／ｋｇ）下,出苗期推迟,出苗率显著降低;土壤硼水平对小麦分蘖的影响因基因型而异,高硼水平下,Ｓｏｎｏｒａ６４和ＳＷ４１分蘖迟缓,单株分蘖数显著减少,相比较,浙麦１号和西引２号受影响较小;ＳＷ４１的结实性对硼水平反应敏感,中低硼水平下自交结实率很低,而其它３个品种在不同硼水平下结实率表现比较稳定,特别是浙麦１号,在低硼水平下,自交和异交的结实性均很高。小麦植株的硼含量,苗期在不同硼水平下差异很小,而抽穗成熟期与外界硼水平呈线性关系,不同硼水平之间差异十分显著,结实性与植株体内硼浓度之间无一定的联系。     

苏北沿海滩涂盐土上油葵盐肥效应研究

2008年在江苏沿海海涂进行田间试验研究了不同盐分含量土壤上油葵盐肥耦合效应.结果表明:①土壤盐分含量在2.9 ～ 3.6 g/kg时对油葵籽粒产量影响不大,但随着土壤盐分含量的增加,在5.9 ～ 6.8 g/kg时,油葵籽粒产量显著下降.随土壤盐分含量的增加,茎叶生物产量、根生物产量、株高与籽粒产量变化趋势相似.随着N肥和P肥使用量的增加,油葵籽粒产量显著增加,油葵茎叶和根生物产量与株高随着N肥和P肥使用量增加的变化趋势与籽粒产量变化相似.②随着土壤盐分含量的增加,N和P效应越明显,油葵茎粗、盘直径、盘重、茎叶重和根重在不同土壤盐分含量下,随着施N、P量的增加,其变化趋势与油葵主茎高度的变化趋势相似.③各处理措施均能影响油葵籽粒产量,经方差分析,土壤盐分含量、N肥施用量、P肥施用量、盐肥交互作用、NP肥交互作用均呈极显著关系,从处理间区别看,影响油葵产量的主要因素是土壤盐分含量,N肥和P肥次之.     

INVESTIGATIONS ON FOLIAR SPRAY OF BORON AND MANGANESE ON OIL CONTENT AND CONCENTRATIONS OF FATTY ACIDS IN SEEDS OF SUNFLOWER PLANT RAISED THROUGH SALINE WATER IRRIGATION

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of foliar fertilization of some micronutrients [i.e., manganese (Mn) and boron (B)] on reproductive yield and fatty acid concentrations of a standard sunflower hybrid (‘NuSun 636') irrigated with different concentrations of saline water made by dissolving sea salt. Reproductive yield showed a significant decrease with the increase in salt in the rooting medium. However, foliar sprays of boric acid (H₃BO₃) and manganese chloride (MnCl₂) showed a significant increase in seed number, seed weight, and oil content of seeds in the nonsaline control, which persisted even under saline water irrigation. An increase under the MnCl₂ spray was more than with H₃BO₃ irrespective of non saline or saline water irrigation. Increasing levels of salinity appeared to be responsible for a decrease in oleic monounsaturated fatty acid concentration and an increase in the linoleic polyunsaturated, palmitic and stearic saturated fatty acid content whereas no significant change was found in linolenic polyunsaturated fatty acid content. Foliar applications of H₃BO₃ and MnCl₂ brought some beneficial alteration in fatty acid concentrations of sunflower. Foliar application of H₃BO₃ caused a significant increase in palmitic and stearic saturated fatty acids and linoleic polyunsaturated fatty acids in control as well as under saline conditions. Oleic monounsaturated fatty acid concentration showed a decline under H₃BO₃ treatment irrespective to nonsaline or saline conditions. Foliar applications of MnCl₂ increased the concentration of palmitic saturated fatty acid and oleic monounsaturated fatty acid irrespective to the plant growth under non saline or saline conditions. While stearic saturated fatty acid, linoleic and linolenic polyunsaturated fatty acid decreased with the application of manganese as compared to the non sprayed control.