Effects of nitrate‐, ammonium‐, and organic‐nitrogen‐based fertilizers on growth and yield of tomatoes

Mineral and organic fertilizers contain different forms and amounts of nitrogen (N), which can affect yield and product quality. The aim of this study was to determine appropriate amounts of N applied as nitrate (NO ), ammonium (NH ), and organic N (a mixture based on chicken manure) for optimal growth and quality of tomatoes. A pot experiment with sand as substrate was established in a greenhouse with six‐week‐old tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. “Armada”). Nitrogen was applied in nutrient solutions at different NO : NH ratios combined with different chloride levels (NO ‐dominated, NO = NH at low Cl^–, NO = NH at high Cl^–, and NH ‐dominated, respectively) or as organic N at four N‐application rates (250, 500, 750, 1000 mg N plant^–1 week^–1). No significant differences in shoot biomass and yields of red tomatoes were observed between NO ‐ or NH ‐fed plants. Nitrogen rates above 750 mg N plant^–1 week^–1 did not significantly increase marketable fruit yield, but enhanced shoot‐biomass production. The NH ‐N‐dominated treatments (which also had high Cl^– concentrations) showed increasing incidence of blossom‐end‐rot (BER)‐infected fruits. In the organic‐N treatments, shoot‐biomass production and yields were lower than in the inorganic‐N treatments, but fruit quality was good with few BER‐infected fruits. The results show that with a total N supply below 750 mg N plant^–1 week^–1, NH can be used as equivalent N source to NO , resulting in equivalent yields of marketable fruit under the conditions in this experiment.     

Effects of nitrogen form,nighttime nutrient solution strength,and cultivar on greenhouse tomato production

Higher greenhouse tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) yield is obtained by using 25% of NH₄‐N in solution compared to using NO₃‐N as the sole nitrogen (N) source. However, blossom‐end rot (BER) may occur in tomato fruit when NH₄‐N was present in nutrient solutions. High nutrient solution strengths improve tomato fruit quality, but can also increase BER. Two NH₄‐N concentrations in solution (0 and 25%), and two nighttime solution strengths (NSS) (1X and 4X Steiner solution strength applied at 7 p.m.) were used to grow five indeterminate type greenhouse tomato cultivars: Caruso, Jumbo, Match, Max, and Trust. A significant interaction occurred between NH₄‐N concentration and NSS factors: 0% NH₄‐N and high NSS increased marketable yield and fruit:whole plant ratio, and reduced BER. In contrast, a concentration of 25% NH₄‐N and high NSS reduced marketable yield and the fruit:whole plant ratio, and increased BER incidence. Max, Match, and Trust tomato cultivars produced high marketable yield and high dry weight of stem and leaves, but were susceptible to BER. Use of NH₄‐N in solution reduced vegetative growth, and high NSS increased stem and leaf dry weight of the tomato plants. Fruit firmness was greater for the Max cultivar, and was unaffected by NH₄‐N and NSS at the mature green, breaker, and red ripe fruit development stages. However, at the fully ripe stage, fruit firmness was higher with high NSS and with 25% NH₄‐N.     

Interactions of Salinity Stress and Flower Thinning on Tomato Growth,Yield, and Water Use Efficiency

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of salinity stress and flower number on growth, yield, water use efficiency (WUE), and fruit quality of cherry tomatoes cultivated under soilless conditions. The experiment was conducted in a plastic house (5-m wide × 11-m long) located in Gifu University. The seedlings were transplanted in a randomized complete block design with six plants per treatment (NT1 and ST1 were with four plants), giving a total of 44 plants in 22 pots (two plants per pot). Two different salinity levels [no-salinity and salinity with electrical conductivity: 0.8 and 3.0 dS m^?1, respectively] and four flower number treatments (8, 13, 18, and free per truss) were investigated in the experiment. The results showed that salinity stress negatively affected tomato growth, yield, and marketable yield, but improved tomato fruit quality. The number of flowers had no effect on tomato growth variables and WUE, but the yield significantly increased with increasing flower number. However, the fruit quality was decreased with increased flower number. A reasonable control for fruit load can increase marketable yield in commercial cultivation. Under salinity stress conditions, properly increasing the number of flowers can avoid yield reduction.     

Blossom‐end rot and fruit cracking of tomato grown in net‐covered greenhouses in Central Thailand can partly be corrected by calcium and boron sprays

Two tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cultivars King Kong 2 (KK2) and FMTT 260 (FMTT) were grown in a net‐covered greenhouse in Central Thailand to investigate the influence of fruit applications of combined aqueous calcium (Ca) and boron (B) solutions amended or not with the tenside Glucopon® on fruit yield and quality. Special attention was paid on blossom‐end rot (BER) and fruit cracking (FC), two prevailing disorders in tomato and main causes for non‐marketability of tomato fruits under the conditions of protected cultivation in Central Thailand. While no effect of the additional Ca and B applications on total fruit yield was observed, the composition of the non‐marketable fraction of fruit yield differed significantly between treatments and cultivars. Cultivar KK2 proved to be highly susceptible to both BER and FC and, therefore, produced less marketable fruits than cv. FMTT. The Ca and B sprays decreased the incidence of BER but increased FC at the same time. Addition of the tenside Glucopon® to the Ca and B solutions did not yield any further advantage. The contrasting effect of the Ca and B sprays on BER and FC resulted in similar levels of non‐marketable fruit yield in the treatments with or without the sprays for both cultivars. The nutrient status in different fruit segments was surveyed during fruit development. The Ca concentration in the distal end of the fruit during the time of rapid fruit growth was correlated with the BER incidence in mature fruits. Since additional Ca and B sprays are labor‐intensive and did not significantly reduce the portion of non‐marketable fruits, the selection of cultivars insusceptible to BER and FC appears to be of highest priority when conditions favoring these disorders are to be expected. This is particularly true for protected cultivation in Central Thailand.     

钙水平对无限生长型番茄钙吸收利用及果实品质和产量的影响

利用基质栽培水肥一体化技术,设计不同钙素营养供给水平(0,1,3,6 mmol/L),研究钙对无限生长型番茄钙吸收利用及果实品质和产量的影响。结果表明:钙在番茄植物各部位中的分布极不均匀,且同一部位不同时期钙含量差异也很大,植物体内钙的分布和变化受钙素营养水平和气温的影响;随着钙水平的提高,番茄果实钙含量不断增加,缺钙将降低果实的产量和品质,虽然钙与K、Mg、P、N元素之间存在拮抗作用,但是高钙不会造成果实产量和品质的下降;高温会诱导植株缺钙症状及果实脐腐病的出现,严重影响番茄的产量和品质,高钙处理对高温胁迫具有一定的缓解作用。     

Effect of Boron Application on Yield,Quality, and Nutritional Status of Peach Cultivar Andross

During the cultivation period of 2005–2007, a project was carried out in the region of Eirinoupolis, prefecture of Imathia, Macedonia, northern Greece. The study investigated the application of boron (B) timing (flowering, fruit set, fruit growth) and method (soil and foliage) on the vegetative growth, fruit yield and quality, and nutritional status of the cling-stone peach variety Andross. The cultivar was grafted onto an 8-year-old rootstock GF 677. The results showed that the greatest marketable yield (135 kg tree^–1) was achieved in peach trees where B was applied on soil during the flowering stage in combination with a balanced nitrogen–phosphorus–potassium (NPK) basal application. Boron concentration in fruits of that treatment was increased in both cultivation years compared to most of the applied treatments. Foliar application of B at flowering, fruit set, and fruit growth, primarily in combination with foliar calcium (Ca) application, showed fruits to be less affected by cracking and Monilinia over all treatments. However, foliar application of Ca did not significantly promote leaf or fruit Ca concentration.     

猪血蛋白水解物对盆栽樱桃番茄生长和品质的影响

  【目的】  研究外源喷施不同浓度猪血蛋白水解物 (PP)对樱桃番茄植株生长和品质的影响,以期为高产优质樱桃番茄生产提供理论参考。  【方法】  以樱桃番茄品种“盆栽红”为试验材料,采用基质栽培,设置3个PP浓度:0 g/L (CK)、1 g/L (PP1)、2 g/L (PP2),在开花期进行叶面喷施,整个生育期共喷施6次。樱桃番茄在第三穗果实完全成熟后收获,分析外源PP对樱桃番茄植株生长、光合作用、养分吸收以及果实品质的影响。  【结果】  PP1和PP2处理不同程度地增加了番茄地上部、根部以及果实中氮、磷、钾含量,显著提高了叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率 (Pn)、蒸腾速率 (Tr)和气孔导度 (Gs),植株地上部鲜重比CK处理分别增加了18.2%和40.6%,干重分别增加了42.3%和57.4%,且PP2处理的效果好于PP1处理。与CK处理相比,PP2处理番茄的产量、单果重、横径、纵径和硬度分别增加了37.4%、26.6%、16.3%、10.3%和30.8%,并有效改善了果实色泽,提高了樱桃番茄的外观品质。PP2处理有利于樱桃番茄果实中可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、抗坏血酸和谷胱甘肽的积累,较CK分别增加了24.2%、25.5%、96.6%和30.9%;番茄果实中的总酚、类黄酮和花色素苷含量分别增加18.7%、33.3%和56.2%,DPPH自由基清除能力和铁还原抗氧化能力分别增加了27.7%和29.4%,显著提高了番茄果实的抗氧化活性。  【结论】  外源喷施2 g/L的猪血蛋白水解物能有效改善番茄植株的养分吸收和光合作用,促进植株生长和番茄品质的提升,是一种提高樱桃番茄产量、改善营养和功能性品质的高效有机措施。     

Assessment of a bone glue-based foliar fertilizer on tomato quality production

Tomatoes are consumed and cultivated all over the world for not only their pleasant taste but also their curative properties. Therefore, the challenge for growers is to obtain high-quality crop productions by developing new varieties of tomatoes or new ecofriendly fertilizers. This study was to test a bone glue-based foliar fertilizer on the tomato crop. The experiment was organized in a vegetation house under an original treatment scheme. Four types of foliar fertilizers were tested: macroelements, microelements and glue; macroelements and glue; microeleements and glue; and macroelements and microelements without glue. The fertilizers were applied as diluted solutions (0.5% and 1%) across three treatments applied on nine variants. The treatments with bone glue-based foliar fertilizer led to a high-quality production of healthy tomatoes, a good absorption of nutrients together with a reduced nitrites level in tomatoes and an increase of agricultural productivity. The applied foliar fertilizers tested on the hybrid tomatoes used in the experiment had a significant positive influence on vegetative growth. The nitrate concentration in the fruit did not exceed the maximum accepted level. The agronomic analysis of the mineral composition of the fruit revealed that foliar fertilizers with glue significantly influenced nutrient assimilation during the treatments. The level of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) recovery following the application of bone glue foliar fertilizers was higher as compared to the control and the variant without bone glue. Biometric measurements had shown significant differences favorable to tomatoes treated with this bone glue foliar fertilizer.     

MODULATION IN YIELD AND JUICE QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF CITRUS FRUIT FROM TREES SUPPLIED WITH ZINC AND POTASSIUM FOLIARLY

Citrus, especially K innow (Citrus deliciosa × Citrus nobilis), fruit yield and quality in Pakistan is not competitive with that of other countries which could be mainly attributed to the lack of good nutrient management for citrus orchards. The yield losses in this fruit crop occur mainly due to heavy fruit dropping. Experiments to overcome these problems were conducted at four different sites one each in Faisalabad, Toba Tek Singh, Jhang and Sargodha districts of Punjab, Pakistan. The soil and leaf chemical analysis showed severe deficiency of Zn and our pervious results have shown that soil amendment with potassium (K) at 75 K₂O kg ha^?1 improved the citrus fruit yield and quality at all selected sites. In the present experiments, effect of foliar application of Zn and K alone or in combination was studied on nutrient uptake, fruit yield, fruit dropping and juice quality. The fruit trees were pretreated with a selected K level of sulfate of potash (SOP) or muriate of potash (MOP), i.e., 75 kg K₂O ha^?1 along with recommended nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) doses. Zinc [Zn, 1% zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄) solution], K [1% potassium sulfate (K₂SO₄) solution] and Zn + K (solution containing 0.5% each of ZnSO₄ and K₂SO₄) were sprayed at the onset of spring and flush of leaves or flowers, fruit formation and at color initiation on fruit. Overall, application of Zn, K or Zn + K was effective in improving the nutrient uptake, yield and quality parameters of citrus fruit at all sites. Fruit dropping was also reduced by the foliar spray of Zn, K or Zn + K but the most promising results were recorded with foliar spray containing both Zn and K.     

Boron Foliar Application in Nutrition and Yield of Beet and Tomato

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the application of boron (B) by foliar spraying for the yield of beet (Beta vulgaris L.) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) crops. An experiment for each crop was done in a greenhouse at the São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal campus, in Brazil. The experiments evaluated the B concentrations of 0, 0.085, 0.170, 0.255, and 0.340 g L^?1; applied in the 20, 35, and 50 days after the transplant (DAT) of beet cv. ‘Tall Top Early Wonder’, and in the 20, 40, and 60 DAT for the tomato cv. ‘Raisa N’. The plants were cultivated in pots with washed sand with 5 dm³ for the beet crop and 10 dm³ for the tomato crop. The beet and tomato crops were harvested 58 and 154 DAT, respectively. The leaves and fruits numbers; the foliar area; the dry matter of leaves, bark and roots; the fresh and dry matter of the fruits and the tuberous root; the dry matter of the total plant and the B foliar content were evaluated. The total dry matter of beet and tomato the plant were influenced by the concentration of the foliar B spray. The highest yield of the tuberous root and the total plant dry matter of beet occurred with B foliar concentration of 0.065 g L^?1 and it was associated with the B foliar content of 26 mg kg^?1. The highest yield of fruit and total plant dry matter of tomato occurred with the B foliar spraying of 0.340 g L^?1 and it was associated with the B foliar content of 72 mg kg^?1.     

基质栽培番茄营养液中氮、钾最佳浓度研究

【目的】合理的氮、钾养分供给是提高番茄生长及果实品质的重要措施，本文研究了滴灌营养液中不同的氮、钾养分供给水平对基质栽培番茄生长及果实品质的影响，为优化基质栽培番茄的营养液配方，确定最佳的氮、钾养分浓度，实现养分供给的精量化管理提供科学依据。【方法】以沙∶珍珠岩比例为1∶2配置栽培基质，用于温室中番茄栽培，以番茄‘A20’为试材，进行了水培试验。采用2因素 (氮、钾) 5水平响应面中心复合设计，滴灌营养液中氮浓度的基础值为244 mg/L，试验设计步长为120 mg/L；钾浓度的基础值为313 mg/L，试验设计步长为150 mg/L。调查了番茄叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率、单株产量、果实可溶性糖含量、可滴定酸含量、糖酸比、维生素C含量和番茄红素含量。【结果】随着滴管液中氮浓度从74 mg/L增加到414 mg/L，番茄产量、叶片叶绿素含量、叶片净光合速率、果实可溶性糖含量、糖酸比、番茄红素含量和果实维生素C含量均呈先增后减的趋势。随着营养液中钾浓度从101 mg/L增加到525 mg/L，果实可溶性糖含量、糖酸比和维生素C含量持续增加，番茄产量、叶绿素含量、净光合速率、番茄红素含量均先增后减。此外，通过建立各指标与氮钾二因子的二次回归方程发现，氮素是叶绿素含量、净光合速率和单株产量的主要影响因子，钾素是果实可溶性糖、可滴定酸、糖酸比、维生素C和番茄红素含量的主要影响因子。氮、钾互作显著影响番茄产量和叶片叶绿素含量；充足的钾营养供给可以促进植株对氮素的吸收与同化，提高叶片叶绿素含量，利于产量提高；适量的氮素供应有利于钾素的吸收与利用，促进产量的进一步提高。采用主成分分析方法对8种配施方案下番茄产量和品质的综合性能进行评价，结果显示营养液中氮、钾浓度分别为N 378 mg/L、K 391 mg/L时为最优配方方案，且番茄叶片净光合速率达到最大值。【结论】在沙子和珍珠岩1∶2 (v∶v) 为基质的番茄无土栽培条件下，滴灌营养液中氮、钾浓度分别为N 378 mg/L和K 391 mg/L时，番茄产量和品质的综合性能达到最优，该方案可在生产实践中为基质栽培番茄营养液精确管理提供一定的借鉴意义。     

Foliar nutrition of muskmelon II. Field experiments

Abstract

Three field experiments were conducted at the Newe Ya'ar Experiment Station (northern Israel) in the summer season of 1981 and the spring seasons of 1982 and 1984. Muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) cv. Galia plants were subjected to early and late foliar applications containing various proportions of N‐P or N‐P‐K with or without a pre‐spraying of CaCl_?. Foliar application of nutrient solutions did not affect the yield or the yield components. On the other hand, some of these treatments had positive, but not consistent, effects on several parameters which contributed to higher quality yields.

Yield and fruit number were higher in the spring‐seeded experiments than the summer‐seeded one, but the effects of foliar applications were smaller in the former. Overall, there were no signficant differences in plant response to foliar applications applied at the vegetative or reproductive stages of growth. It seems that unfavorable field conditions may result in a more positive ¡xpression of the foliar nutrition of muskmelon.     

Seasonal Variation in Yield Fruit Quality and Nutritional Status of Greenhouse Tomato under Different Fertilization Management Plans

A study was conducted in the region of Pella, Stavrodromi, northern Greece for two consecutive years. The work investigated the effect of various fertilization plans at various growth stages on the vegetative growth, yield, fruit quality, and nutritional status of a greenhouse semi-long-life tomato cv. Formula. It was found that the recommended fertilization plan [a combination of application of nitrogen–phosphorus–potassium (NPK) fertilizers until harvest] gave the greatest yields (104 and 137 t ha^?1 at years 1 and 2 of the experiment, respectively) when compared to other treatments [different combinations of N and calcium (Ca) applied to soil at weekly intervals until harvest]. Soil application of Ca at different weekly intervals until harvest had no substantial effect in greenhouse tomato. It was concluded that the recommended NPK fertilization in combination with application of K during harvest could be the basis for an effective nutrient management in greenhouse tomatoes established on areas with similar soil climatic conditions.     

Abscisic acid improves tomato fruit quality by increasing soluble sugar concentrations

Abscisic acid (ABA) is crucial in fruit maturation and senescence and is considered as the other ripening control factor other than ethylene. Important components in ripening fruit are soluble sugars, which make the fruit sweeter and carotenoids, important flavor compounds in ripened fruit. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of foliar ABA and calcium (Ca) fertilizer treatments (individually and in combination) on determinate beef-steak greenhouse tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) leaf chlorophylls and carotenoids, fruit carotenoids, and soluble sugar concentrations. Foliar spray treatment of 500 mg L^?1 ABA increased zeaxanthin (ZEA) and β-carotene (BC) in tomato leaf tissue. Increases in Ca fertilizer treatments significantly decreased tomato leaf violaxanthin (VIO), but no effect on other carotenoids. The application of 500 mg L^?1 ABA foliar spray significantly increased glucose and fructose concentrations in tomato fruit tissue. Foliar application of ABA treatments can increase overall chlorophyll, carotenoid content, and fruit quality.     

Effect of Postharvest Sprays of Boron and Urea on Yield and Fruit Quality of Apple Trees

ABSTRACT

The objective of the experiment was to examine the effect of postharvest sprays of boron (B) and urea on apple tree yield and fruit quality. The study was conducted during 2002–2003 at a commercial orchard in central Poland on mature ‘Jonagold’ apple trees/M.26 planted on a sandy loam soil with low B status. All experimental trees received soil-applied nitrogen (N) at a rate of 50 kg ha^?1 at bud break. The following spray treatments were performed: (1) postharvest B spray three to four weeks before leaf abscission at a rate of 1.2 kg ha^?1; (2) postharvest urea-N spray at the same time as B spraying at a rate of 18.4 kg ha^?1; and (3) combined B spray with urea at the same time and at the same rates as in the combination of treatments (1) and (2). Trees not sprayed with B and urea served as a control. The results showed that all spray treatments damaged leaves, but only postharvest urea spray and combined B spray with urea caused defoliation. Postharvest B spray with/without urea improved flower B status, fruit set, and tree yield. However, the efficiency of combined B spray with urea in improving reproductive growth was lower than that of foliar B application without the addition of urea. Postharvest sprays of B and urea had no effect o n blushing, flesh firmness, or soluble solids concentration of apple fruit. These results indicated that under B-deficiency conditions, postharvest B sprays are successful in improving reproductive growth and should be recommended without the addition of urea. It is suggested that combined B sprays with urea may be applied in the autumn to apple trees with limited soil B and N availability.     

RESPONSE OF ‘BURLAT’ SWEET CHERRY TREES TO POSTHARVEST SPRAYS OF NITROGEN,BORON AND ZINC

The aim of the study was to examine effects of postharvest sprays of nitrogen (N), boron (B), and zinc (Zn) on reproductive response of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) trees, fruit quality and plant nutrition. The experiment was conducted during 2007–2009 in central Poland on mature ‘Burlat’ sweet cherry trees/F12, grown on a coarse-textured soil with low level of organic matter, and optimal soil reaction. Soil status of phosphorus (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), Zn and copper (Cu) was optimal, whereas B – low. Sweet cherry trees were sprayed with boric acid-B, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)-Zn, and urea-N at 30–40 d prior to initiation of leaf fall according to following schema: i) spray of N at a rate of 23 kg ha^?1; ii) spray of B and Zn at a dose of 1.1 kg ha^?1 and 0.5 kg ha^?1, respectively; and iii) spray of N, B and Zn at the same rates as in the above spray combinations. The trees sprayed with water served as the control. The results showed that fall spray treatments had no influence on cold damage of flower buds, plant N status and soluble solids concentration in fruit. Postharvest spray of N and combined spray of N, B and Zn injured leaves in the fall but did not cause defoliation. Sprays of B and Zn with or without N increased status of Zn and B in fall leaves, and B in flowers and midsummer leaves. Those sprays also improved fruit set and yield. In one out of two years of the study, fall sprays of N with or without B and Zn decreased mean fruit weight. The above results indicate that only leaf-applied B in the fall improved reproductive response of sweet cherry trees. It is concluded that under conditions of B shortage in a soil and/or plant tissues, postharvest B sprays can be recommended in sweet cherry orchards to improve reproductive growth of the trees.     

成都平原露地番茄施用钙、镁、锌、锰肥的效应

试验以成都平原露地番茄为研究对象,对中量元素肥料钙、镁及微量元素肥料锰、锌的施用效果进行了初步的研究。结果表明,Ca、Mg和Zn配合施用可使番茄产量增加10.0%以上;硝酸盐含量只有NPK处理的80.0%左右,Vc含量增加42.6%,糖酸比和固酸比增加;种植效益可增加10.0%以上。Mn对于增加番茄的产量、改善其品质的效果不明显。综合来看,Ca、Mg和Zn是成都平原露地番茄生长的营养障碍因子,且三者配合施用的效果优于单独施用。     

Relationship of Leaf Macronutrient Concentrations in New Tomato Varieties to Fruit Yield

Abstract

This study was performed to evaluate the response of different newly established tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cultivars (Búfalo [control, a widely cultivated variety], Corindon, Dombelo, GC‐773, GC‐775, Nancy, Noa, Sarky, Yunque, Volcani, 617/83, and 2084/81), all cultivated under identical greenhouse conditions, in relation to the efficiency in macronutrient utilization to ascertain whether the genotype and the plant developmental stages affect the concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sulfur (S) in leaves. The cultivar with greater foliar‐biomass production (Volcani) or greater concentration of nutrients as organic N (Noa, Yunque, 617/83) showed less marketable and more non‐commercial fruit production. The phenological phases of developing and ripening fruits significantly increased the concentration of P and reduced the concentration of all N forms and total K, as well as Na, Ca, Mg, and S forms in the leaves.     

Effect of Municipal Solid Waste Compost and Compost Tea as Fertility Amendments on Growth and Tissue Element Concentration in Container-Grown Tomato

Evaluation of fertility sources for certified organic greenhouse vegetable production is necessary for further industry growth. Two experiments tested the effects of municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) and water extract tea made from it on potted greenhouse tomatoes. The first used MSWC alone (two levels) and soil tea drench alone (three application frequencies). The second used MSWC and tea in factorial combination at three levels (0, 1×, and 2×). The greatest yield and leaf tissue potassium (K) were obtained using the greatest level combinations of compost and foliar tea spray, and this was significantly greater than conventional nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium (NPK) fertilizer yield. Tissue magnesium (Mg) was affected by compost because of the antagonism from compost K. Tea increased tissue sodium (Na). No significant differences in heavy-metal tissue concentrations were found between treatments. While MSWC is an effective soil fertility amendment, the benefits of using tea may be increased with more frequent application.     

不同施肥水平对日光温室番茄生长发育的影响

根据目前设施蔬菜生产中的施肥状况设计了不施肥(CK)、只施有机肥(SOF)、理论施肥(TF)、习惯施肥(CF)和超量施肥(OF) 5个施肥水平,研究不同施肥水平对日光温室番茄生长发育的影响,结果表明随着施肥水平的提高,番茄的株高、茎粗、叶片数、叶面积都逐渐增加;但对番茄比叶面积、叶面积比、平均节间距和单果重却没有明显的影响.番茄第一花序花数和生物学产量依次为不施肥＜只施有机肥＜理论施肥＜经验施肥＜超量施肥,其中理论施肥和超量施肥的经济系数较高.随着施肥量的增加,番茄果实中抗坏血酸、有机酸、游离氨基酸、硝酸盐含量增加,可溶性糖含量减小,糖酸比降低,果实的风味变差.目前温室生产中大量施用氮肥可以暂时提高番茄产量,但有悖于设施蔬菜土壤可持续利用.