Effect of moisture variation on sulfate concentration in a buck solonetz soil

Abstract

Sulfate concentration in the equilibrium solutions of a black solonetz soil was different at each moisture content. In the sub‐surface horizons a decrease in soil moisture up to about 35 percent resulted in a gradual increase of sulfate concentration. However, with further decrease in moisture the sulfate concentration increased abruptly. Variation of sulfate concentration appears to alter significantly certain cation ratios in the equilibrium solutions.     

Interactive Effect of Moisture Levels and Salinity Levels of Soil on the Growth and Ion Relations of Halophyte

Abstract

A pot culture experiment with four levels of soil moisture (40, 55, 70, and 85% of field capacity) and five levels of sodium chloride (NaCl) concentration (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mM) in soil was conducted to examine the interactive effect of soil moisture and NaCl on the growth of halophyte Suaeda salsa. Results showed that growth was largest at 55% of field capacity, in the range of 50–100 mM NaCl. However, at 85% of field capacity, it can grow better at higher salinity levels; and at 40% of field capacity, the growth of S. salsa was increased greatly by moderate salinity. Contents of sodium (Na) and chloride (Cl) in plant tissues increased with the decrease of moisture levels of soil. Potassium (K) concentrations were also increased at low soil moisture. Drought tolerance was increased by moderate NaCl concentrations. It is thus considered that some amounts of Na and Cl are required to absorb water in this plant.     

A quick method of soil moisture determination

Abstract

The method described here is useful for the quick determination of soil moisture, especially when many determinations are to be made at a time. The only pieces of apparatus required are some wide‐mouthed conical flasks, a few pieces of glass rod and a balance. The principle involves recording the weight of the flask filled with water and soil sample of known weight (A). This flask weight (H), and the predetermined soil particle density (D_p) and weight of the water‐filled flask (G) are then used to calculate moisture percentage (MP) in the soil sample from the formula:

The method was compared with conventional oven‐drying technique for a wide range of soil textures, moisture contents and other contrasting soil properties. The results obtained showed that the accuracy, precision and simplicity of the method are good, particularly for rapid practical uses.     

Effect of super absorbent polymer sodium polyacrylate on the bacterial community and associated chemistry of loessial soil

ABSTRACT

Super absorbent polymers (SAPs) have been applied as soil conditioners to reduce soil water loss, but there are few studies about how SAPs affect structures of soil bacterial community, and these associated chemical residues are uncertain. Treatments under different soil moisture conditions by application of sodium polyacrylate in repacked soil columns were used to investigate their effects on the soil bacterial community structures by Illumina MiSeq sequencing. Alpha diversity analysis showed that adding SAPs had an impact on bacterial diversity. On phylum level, adding SAPs significantly reduced the amount of Actinobacteria (1.9–2.4-fold), Bacteroidetes (1.1–2.1-fold) while increased the amount of Firmicutes (1.9–4.6-fold). At genus level, effects of SAPs on the soil bacterial community structures varied with the soil moisture conditions. Under water deficit, SAPs reduced the soil pH, which promoted the proliferation of Lactobacillus (9.9–29.1-fold), and acid production by these bacteria might further promote the reduction of pH, potentially inhibiting growth of Acidobacteria (1.3–1.8-fold) and Chloroflexi (1.6–2.3-fold). The pyrolysis analysis showed that some substances such as methanesulfonyl chloride, long-chain amides and esters, were only derived from water-saturated soil treated with SAPs, which might subsequently have negative impacts on the environment and associated agriculture.     

基于GIS的安塞县土壤水分制图及其数量分析

 以空间图形和数据库为基础,利用GIS安塞县的土壤水分样点数据与地理数据结合起来,建立不同利用类型土地类型坡度分级的浮点型土壤含水率字段,对安塞县域尺度土壤水分制图及其定量化方法进行研究和探讨,对安塞县不同土层土壤水分状态和分布进行定量分析。结果表明:从土壤水分结构看,安塞县土壤水分总体上处于较低水平,0～500 cm土层平均土壤含水量在含水量为8.6%～10.8%的分布面积占到总土地面积的75.34%,在含水量<6.4%和6.4%～8.6%的分布面积占到总土地面积的19.36%,其中含水率<6.4%的土壤干层面积占到总土地面积的9.23%,其在上层分布面积大于下层,分布在一般（≥10.8%）以上水平的面积仅占总土地面积的5.31%。安塞县每2的土壤水库蓄水量在0～120cm土层仅有0.060.07 m3,而其他土层都在0.15m3以下。说明安塞县土壤水分环境极差,土壤水库的调节作用对于林木生长极其有限,大面积植树造林超越了安塞县土壤水库的供水和调水能力,是不适宜的;因此,在以适地适树原则适应土壤水分环境的同时,应加强土壤水分环境的改善。     

Influence of Soil Moisture on Root Colonization of Glyphosate‐Treated Soybean by Fusarium Species

Abstract

The widespread use of glyphosate‐resistant (GR) cropping systems may impact rhizosphere microbial associations and crop productivity. It was previously reported that glyphosate accumulation in the rhizosphere may stimulate colonization of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] roots by soilborne Fusarium. Field studies often reveal inconsistent root colonization by Fusarium, especially during growing seasons characterized by contrasting rainfall patterns. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the impact of different soil moisture contents on root colonization of glyphosate‐treated soybean by Fusarium species. Glyphosate (0.84 kg ae ha^?1) was applied to greenhouse‐grown glyphosate‐resistant (GR) soybean at the two to three trifoliate-leaf (V2–V3) growth stage growing in a Mexico silt loam at 27%, 13%, and 10% soil moisture contents. Soil and plant samples were sampled periodically after herbicide application and selectively cultured for Fusarium. Highest Fusarium colonization was associated with the glyphosate treatment, with maximum levels occurring at the highest soil moisture level. Thus, glyphosate interactions with root colonization by Fusarium in glyphosate‐resistant soybean are greatly influenced by soil moisture content.     

不同有机材料覆盖对土壤保水效果的影响

[目的]研究不同有机材料覆盖对土壤水分蒸发量、土壤含水量的影响,并筛选出保水效果最佳的材料。[方法]以木片、树皮及经过堆腐的园林废弃物为研究对象,进行模拟蒸发及桶装控制试验。[结果]不同粒径的园林废弃物覆盖均能降低土壤水分日蒸发量,日蒸发量从大到小依次为CK,3～5 cm粒径(M_3)、0～1 cm粒径(M_1)、1～3 cm粒径(M_2)。在连续蒸发14 d后,M_2,M_1,M_3和CK的土壤水分累积蒸发量分别为193.0,269.5,304.0和1 037.0 g,与CK相比,分别减少了81.4%,74.0%,70.7%;不同有机材料覆盖均能提高土壤含水量。除了雨季之外,不同土层土壤含水量从高到低依次表现为:木片覆盖(M_4)树皮覆盖(M_5)1～3 cm粒径园林废弃物覆盖(M_2)CK。土壤含水量的年变化整体呈现出双峰趋势,一年中4—5月含水量较低,6—8月含水量较高,不同土层土壤含水量的年变化趋势基本一致。M_4,M_5,M_2和CK的0—40 cm土层土壤年平均含水量分别为32.9%,30.3%,27.4%,26.8%。[结论]木片为保水效果最好的有机材料,其次是树皮和园林废弃物。     

Seasonal dynamics of soil microbial biomass C shows close correlation with environmental factors in natural Fagus crenata forests

Abstract

Soil microbial biomass (C_mic) is an important factor regulating a number of ecosystem processes. In this study, we investigated seasonal variations in soil microbial biomass in natural climax beech (Fagus crenata) forests in a typical cold-temperate mountain region of Japan. Four permanent tower sites along an altitudinal gradient were selected and soil samples were collected once every month during the growing season of 2007. Soil microbial biomass (by fumigation-extraction method) and soil properties were later measured in the laboratory, while environmental factors (soil temperature, soil moisture) were continuously recorded in the field. Our results indicated large seasonal variations (130.4 ~ 5558.0 µg g^?1) in soil microbial biomass in beech forests – a range that is much larger than previously reported. Statistically significant correlations are noted between soil properties with C_mic, but largely due to spatial linkages. On the other hand, the environmental factors of soil temperature and especially soil moisture largely control seasonal variations in C_mic. Furthermore, pH could be an important factor influencing seasonal change in C_mic at the 20–30 cm deep soil layer. The study suggests no direct correlation between plant eco-physiology and soil microbial biomass in seasonal courses of the forests.     

Cadmium Release in Soil Solutions at Low Moisture Content

Abstract

Speciation of cadmium (Cd) was studied in four spiked agricultural soils at moisture content corresponding to 1.2 times field moisture capacity (FMC) and in the range from 1.2 FMC to soil–water 1∶10. Cadmium desorption isotherms were nonlinear in all soils, resulting in the decrease in Cd partition coefficient with loading. The Windermere Humic Aqueous Model (WHAM VI) was applied to predict Cd concentration in the solutions, and predicted values were compared with the measured ones. Based on total Cd content in soils, with concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sodium (Na) and soil solution pH as the input variables, WHAM VI predicted Cd concentration in soil solutions with the root‐mean‐square error (RMSE) of log[Cd] RMSE_log[Cd]=0.54 (n=37). Using total Cd content in soils, average concentrations of Ca and DOC in soil solutions, and soil pH instead of soil solution pH enabled prediction of Cd concentration in soil solution with RMSE_log[Cd]=0.56. Calculation of Cd concentration as a function of moisture content resulted in RMSE_log[Cd]=0.25 (n=20).     

Effect of Soil Moisture Content and Phosphorus Application on Phosphorus Nutrition of Rice Cultivated in Different Water Regime Systems

Abstract

Pot experiments were conducted in a glasshouse to investigate the effect of soil water content and phosphorus (P) supply on biomass, P uptake by rice cultivated in soils with different water regimes and soil available P. Results showed that P application rates had greater effect on P nutrition of rice than soil moisture content. Yield of rice grain was significantly decreased when soil moisture content was kept at 60% of water holding capacity (WHC) while the yields of rice grain were not significantly different when soil moistures were remained at 80% of WHC and waterlogged. This meant that it was possible for paddy rice variety to be cultivated in aerobic soil under the condition of sufficient P supply. The highest biomass of rice and highest P uptake by rice were found in the treatment with 0.0300 g P kg^?1 of P application rate and with 80% of WHC. Soil available P content decreased with the decrease of both the soil moisture content and the P applied. Rice crop exhausted soil P to a great extent leading to very low available soil P content when the rice crop was harvested, especially in the soil receiving no or small amounts of P fertilizer. All the results obtained in this experiment could provide the theoretic base for water and P management of paddy rice variety cultivated in aerobic soil in the southern hilly areas of China.     

黑龙江省西部防护林地土壤水分动态及其预报

[目的]研究黑龙江省西部地区"三北"工程区不同类型土壤的水分动态特征及其与气象因子的相关性,为该地区土壤墒情预测提供科学参考。[方法]通过建立小型基准气象观测站定点观测土壤水分含量及气象因子,并利用回归分析建立了无降雨条件下土壤水分的预测模型。[结果](1)生长季土壤水分变化均呈现消退期的现象,其中以黑土和黑钙土表现最为显著。3种土壤类型水分含量的变异系数都随土壤深度增大呈递减趋势。(2)相关分析结果表明,土壤水分含量与光照强度和大气温度均表现为负相关,与空气湿度表现为正相关,与降雨量和风速相关系数较小。(3)黑土和黑钙土的土壤水分日消耗量可由光照强度(X1)、湿度(X2)、风速(X3)和大气温度(X4)的变化来解释。[结论]土壤水分受气象因子综合调控,根据气象因子建立的模型可以用来预测无降雨条件下土壤水分的变化。     

黄土丘陵区不同植被土壤水分的分异性特征

为定量研究半干旱黄土丘陵区不同植被深层土壤水分的时空分异性特征,选择晋西北岢岚县为目标研究区域,对撂荒地、柠条林、小叶杨林3种林型4—7月份0—600cm深度剖面土壤水分的时空异质性特征进行了分析。研究结果表明:(1)3种植被4个月份内土壤含水量变化范围在3.34%~17.19%之间。在0—200cm深度土壤含水量变化没有明显规律,在200—600cm深度土层范围内,撂荒地、柠条林土壤含水量分别有升高和轻缓降低趋势,小叶杨林有先轻缓降低再轻缓升高趋势。(2)土壤含水量在4个月份间均存在显著性差异(p0.01),不同月份不同植被类型土壤含水量总体分布差异性也都不同。(3)土壤含水量变异系数值大多集中在0~30%之间,个别土层深度变异系数值超过50%,表明土壤水含量总体上具有结构稳定性,但存在局部较强变异特征。     

Influence of evapotranspiration assessment on the accuracy of moisture transport modeling under the conditions of sprinkling irrigation in the south of Ukraine

ABSTRACT

The paper presents the results of computational experiments for evaluating the impact of different evapotranspiration assessment methods usage on the accuracy of soil moisture dynamics simulation for the conditions of sprinkling irrigation. We consider a differential one-dimensional model of moisture transport stated in terms of water head which uses as an initial data the estimates of evapotranspiration according to the methods of Ivanov, Shtoiko, Penman–Monteith and SEBAL. The differential moisture transport model was discretized using the finite-difference scheme. Its unknown parameters values were found by solving an inverse problem using the metaheuristic particle swarm optimization algorithm. We perform water head modeling accuracy assessment using different methods of evapotranspiration evaluation along with their linear combination. The Ivanov’s method was found to be the most accurate in the conditions of soybean growing in the south of Ukraine under sprinkling irrigation while linear combination of four considered methods gives an additional increase of accuracy by 6.5%.     

Dissolved organic matter and inorganic N jointly regulate greenhouse gases fluxes from forest soils with different moistures during a freeze-thaw period

ABSTRACT

Antecedent soil moisture before freezing can affect greenhouse gases (GHG) fluxes from soils during thaw, but their critical threshold values for GHG fluxes and the underlying mechanisms are still not clear. By using packed soil-core incubation experiments, we have studied nitrous oxide (N₂O), carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) fluxes from a mature broadleaf and Korean pine-mixed forest soil and an adjacent white birch forest soil with nine levels of soil moisture ranging from 10 to 90% water-filled pore space (WFPS) during a 2-month freezing at ?8°C and the following 10-day thaw at 10°C. The threshold values of soil moisture ranged from 50 to 70% WFPS for CH₄ uptake and from 70 to 90% WFPS for N₂O and CO₂ emissions from the two soils during the freeze-thaw period. Under the optimum soil moisture condition, fulvic-like compounds with high bioavailability contributed more than 60% of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the soil. Cumulative N₂O emissions from forest soils during the freeze-thaw period were greatest when the concentration ratio of nitrate-N to dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was 0.04 g N g^?1 C. Cumulative soil CO₂ emissions and CH₄ uptake during the freeze-thaw period were both regulated by the interaction between soil DOC and net N mineralization. The activities of β-1,4-glucosidase and β-1,4-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase, microbial biomass C and N, and the microbial biomass C-to-N ratios, were all significantly correlated to the soil N₂O, CO₂, and CH₄ fluxes. Overall, upon a freeze-thaw period with different soil moistures, GHG fluxes from forest soils were jointly regulated by inorganic N and DOC concentrations, and related to the labile components of DOM released into the soil, which could be strictly controlled by the related microbial properties.     

四川省土壤水分状况空间分布特征

土壤水分状况(SMR)是确定土壤分类单元的重要依据,也是土壤资源可持续利用的保证。基于1951—1980年四川省160个气象站的地面气候资料,利用FAO-56 Penman-Monteith公式和FAO-PPP-17 Penman修正公式计算各个站点年/月潜在蒸散量和干燥度(IA),采用地统计学原理与普通Kriging法对年/月IA进行空间插值,依据《中国土壤系统分类检索(第三版)》中有关SMR的规定,对四川省可能的SMR空间分布特征进行分析。结果表明:四川省SMR区域差异明显,整体呈现"东湿西干"的空间分布特征;以"湿润"和"半干润"为主,湿润主要分布于四川盆地,"半干润"主要分布在川西南山地及川西北高山高原地区;"常湿润"分布在宜宾部分区域,川西北德荣南部为"干旱"。本研究为四川省土壤系统分类与土壤资源的可持续利用提供了科学依据。     

黄土丘陵区不同植被类型下土壤水分动态

[目的]探讨黄土丘陵区不同植被类型对土壤水环境分异规律的影响。[方法]以陕西省延安市燕沟鸡蛋卯小流域1997年退耕建造的样板坡面为对象,于2009年4—10月对其西坡面,自坡顶向下分布的7种植被类型(苹果园、刺槐林、沙棘灌丛、柠条林、紫穗槐灌丛、荒草地、农地(谷子)),采用土钻法每月中旬监测。[结果]生长季(4—10月)0—200cm深度平均土壤含水量大小呈现:紫穗槐灌丛荒草地农地(谷子)刺槐林柠条林沙棘灌丛苹果园。不同植被类型下土壤水分垂直剖面分布有较大差异,在浅层(0—40cm),恢复时段的紫穗槐灌丛、刺槐林下土壤含水量一般高于荒草地,沙棘灌丛、农地(谷子)、苹果园土壤含水量低于荒草地;在中层(40—120cm),荒草地土壤含水量最高,苹果园含水量最低,乔灌林地居中;在深层(120—400cm),只有紫穗槐灌丛、农地(谷子)土壤含水量高于荒草地,其他乔灌林地、苹果园含水量较低。[结论]延安地区植被恢复的乔灌林土壤含水量以紫穗槐灌丛偏高,柠条林、刺槐林、沙棘灌丛对深层土壤水分消耗较大,不利于土壤水环境及其永续利用。     

藏北地区土壤水分遥感反演模型的研究

土壤水分是反映地表土壤特性的重要表征参量,也是遥感反演领域的一个热点问题。利用MODIS卫星数据第7波段对水分变化较敏感的特点,构建了一种简单实用的土壤水分反演回归模型。结果表明,利用该模型计算的预测值与实地观测值间的相关性比较好,达到了显著水平(P0.001),可以作为研究区土壤含水量遥感反演回归模型。由于该方法具有简单实用的特点,为高原土壤水分遥感监测提供了可行的方法。     

毛乌素沙地南缘臭柏群落土壤水分空间分布特征

为对臭柏群落土壤水分空间分布特征进行初步研究,以毛乌素南缘神木大保当镇臭柏(Sabina vulgaris Ant.)群落为研究对象,选取10个样地利用环刀进行土壤取样,通过土壤烘干法测出土壤含水量与蓄水量并进行分析。结果表明:(1)在坡位影响下,各样地间的土壤含水量存在显著性差异(P0.05),含水量和蓄水量整体分别表现为沙丘下部沙丘中部丘间低地沙脊,沙丘中部沙丘下部丘间低地沙脊;(2)在坡向影响下,各样地的土壤含水量存在显著性差异(P0.05),含水量和蓄水量均表现为背风坡迎风坡;(3)在林内外植被影响下,各样地的土壤含水量存在显著性差异(P0.05),含水量和蓄水量均表现为草地臭柏沙地。表明臭柏群落对土壤水分空间分布有一定的影响。     

壤中滴灌条件下植被混凝土水分运移规律

以复合人造土壤为研究对象,研究滴头流量、坡度因子对植被混凝土水分运移过程的影响效应,揭示壤中滴灌条件下植被混凝土湿润锋运移动态变化及含水率时空分布特征,探讨植被混凝土与天然土壤在水分运移方面的异同,为高陡边坡生态恢复下壤中滴灌系统的灌溉布局与灌溉制度提供理论参考.结果表明:滴头流量、坡度对垂直向上方向的水分运移影响最大...     

番茄种植地土壤水分传感器最佳埋设深度试验

土壤水分传感器测定土壤含水率从而指导灌溉,对于提高作物水分利用效率和产量都具有十分重要的意义。对番茄种植中产量与水分利用效率最佳的水分条件以及土壤水分传感器的最佳埋设位置进行了试验研究。结果表明,在开花坐果期土壤含水率下限控制在60%的田间持水率,结果盛期土壤含水率下限控制在75%的田间持水率是番茄生长的最优水分条件;同时,10-20cm土层土壤含水率能很好地代表计划湿润层内的平均土壤含水率(开花坐果期和盛果期R²分别达到0.95和0.85以上),把土壤水分传感器埋设于此土层深度比较合理。