Long-term effects of compost amendment of soil on functional and structural diversity and microbial activity

We studied the effects of applying different composts (urban organic waste, green waste, manure and sewage sludge), mineral fertilizer and compost plus mineral fertilizer on chemical, biological and soil microbiological parameters over a 12‐year period. The organic C and total N levels in soils were increased by all compost and compost + N treatments. Microbial biomass C was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased for some compost treatments. In addition, basal respiration and the metabolic quotient (qCO₂) were significantly higher in all soils that had received sewage sludge compost. The Shannon diversity index (H), based on community level physiological profiling, showed a higher consumption of carbon sources in soils treated with compost and compost + N compared with the control. The utilization of different guilds of carbon sources varied amongst the treatments (compost, compost + N or mineral fertilizer). Cluster analysis of polymerase chain reaction‐denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis patterns showed two major clusters, the first containing the mineral fertilization and compost treatments, and the second, the composts + N treatments. No differences in bacterial community structure could be determined between the different types of compost. However, the results suggest that long‐term compost treatments do have effects on the soil biota. The results indicate that the effects on the qCO₂ may be due to shifts in community composition. In this study, it was not possible to distinguish with certainty between the effects of different composts except for compost derived from sewage sludge.     

Impact of Sewage Sludge Compost Utilization on Chemical Properties of Olive Grove Soils

Field experiments were conducted for four years, between 1998 and 2002, in two olive grove soils of adult olive orchards (Olea europaea L. cv. Cornicabra) in a clay loam soil in Seseña (Toledo, Spain) and in a sandy loam soil in Aranjuez (Madrid, Spain). There were four treatments, sewage sludge compost (SSC), sewage sludge compost plus urea (SSC+U), urea (U) and control (C). Each treatment was replicated four times and two depths were studied (0-15 and 15-30 cm). Once a year, before spreading sewage sludge compost, soil samples were taken at depths of 0 to 15 cm and 15 to 30 cm. Organic matter, total Kjeldhal nitrogen, phosphorus availability, pH, and electric conductivity were measured. No differences were found between treatment on organic matter and electric conductivity after four years of application of sewage sludge compost to two olive grove soils. In relation to nitrogen content, sewage sludge compost, only in Seseña, produced higher nitrogen soil content than the traditional urea treatment. Sewage sludge compost applied on olive grove soils improved the Phosphorus availability for the olive tree. In Aranjuez, the use of sewage sludge compost increased the pH of the soil with respect to Urea and Control plots. In Seseña, the reverse effect was found.     

Nitrogen mineralization,N<Subscript>2</Subscript>O production and soil microbiological properties as affected by long-term applications of sewage sludge composts

A field study was conducted to investigate the long-term effect of surface application of sewage sludge composts vs chemical N fertilizer on total N, total C, soluble organic C, pH, EC, microbial biomass C and N, protease activity, deaminase activity, urease activity, gross and net rates of N mineralization and nitrification, CO₂ evolution, and N₂O production. Soil samples were taken from five depths (0–15, 15–20, 20–30, 30–40, and 40–50 cm) of a long-term experiment at the University of Tokyo, Japan. Three fields have been receiving sewage sludge composted with rice husk (RH), sawdust (SD), or mixed chemical fertilizer NPK (CF), applied at the rate of 240 kg N ha^–1 each in split applications in summer and autumn since 1978. Significantly higher amounts of total N and C and soluble organic C were found in the compost than in the CF treatments up to the 40-cm soil depth, indicating improved soil quality in the former. In the CF treatment, soil pH values were significantly lower and electrical conductivity values were significantly higher than those of compost-treated soils of up to 50 cm depth. Soil microbial biomass C and N, CO₂ evolution, protease, deaminase, and urease activities were significantly higher in the compost than in the CF treatments due to greater availability of organic substrates that stimulated microbial activity. Gross N mineralization rates determined by ¹⁵N dilution technique were eight and five times higher in the SD and RH treatments than in the CF treatment, respectively, probably due to high levels of microbial and enzyme activities. Net N mineralization rates were also significantly higher in the compost treatments and were negative in the CF treatment indicating immobilization. Net nitrification rates were higher in compost treatments and negative in the CF treatment. Nitrous oxide productions from compost treatments were higher than the CF treatment due to the greater availability of mineral N as a result of higher mineralization and nitrification rates and soluble organic C in the former. Most of the measured parameters were highest in the surface soil (0–15 cm) and were significantly higher in the SD treatment than in the RH treatment.     

Effect of peat moss‐shrimp wastes compost on the growth of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) on a loamy sand soil

Abstract

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to determine the effect of peat moss‐shrimp wastes compost on barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) grown on a limed loamy sand soil. A control, four rates of compost applied alone and in combination with three rates of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) chemical fertilizer were evaluated. Applications of compost to limed soil substantially enhanced the growth of barley over the control. When considering all treatments, the main effect of compost rates on straw yield, numbers of tillers, plant height, and number of ears was more important than that of fertilizer. A significant interaction on barley growth parameter values was obtained with compost and fertilizer rates. A combination of moderate application of compost and fertilizer gave in some instances, more yield than compost or fertilizer applied alone. Nutrient content of barley increased with rate of compost applied to soil over the control. A significant relationship was found between soil organic carbon (C) and straw yield, number of tillers, plant height and number of ears whereas grain yield was correlated with soil total N. Results from this study indicate that peat moss‐shrimp wastes compost could represent a potential means of renovating low fertility sand soils.     

Assessment of chemical composition of plants cultivated on two different soils amended with sewage sludge compost using MANOVA

Abstract

Application of organic fertilizers may replenish soil organic matter, improve soil fertility and increase plant yield and its quality. This research deals with the effects of soil amendment with sewage sludge compost (SSC) on the chemical composition of plants (white mustard, triticale and white lupine) cultivated on two contrasting soils (light vs. medium). A 3-year pot experiment was conducted and SSC at the rate of 6?Mg ha^?1 was applied to the soils.The study clearly demonstrated that SSC as an organic fertilizer had a minor influence on the modification of the chemical composition of shoots and grain cultivated in crop rotation plants and it was more evident in medium soil. The statistically confirmed effect was mainfested in higher c ontents of N and P in grain of plants in the 2^nd and 3^rd year of the experiment.     

城市固体废弃物堆肥与化肥对不同土壤植物生长的影响研究

温室盆栽试验研究城市固体废弃物堆肥与化肥对不同土壤黑麦草生长的影响,结果表明,堆肥和化肥可明显增加黑麦草干物质产量,阳春和大安2种土壤处理C50干物质产量分别比对照增加39.53%和109.38%,而NPK处理则分别增产267.44%和406.25%。堆肥与化肥配施处理(NPK C25对阳春和NPK C50对大安)产量最高。堆肥处理明显增加土壤pH、有机碳、土壤有效态磷、钾、铁、锰、锌和铜含量。     

How different long‐term fertilization strategies influence crop yield and soil properties in a maize field in the North China Plain

The impact of fertilization on maize (Zea mays L.) yield and soil properties was investigated in a long‐term (> 18 y) experimental field in N China. A completely randomized block design with seven fertilizer treatments and four replications was used. The seven fertilizer treatments were (1) compost (COMP), (2) half compost plus half chemical fertilizer (COMP1/2), (3) balanced NPK fertilizer (NPK), (4–6) unbalanced chemical fertilizers without one of the major elements (NP, PK, and NK), and (7) an unamended control (CK). In addition to maize yield, soil chemical and biological properties were investigated. Compared to the balanced NPK treatment, maize yield from the COMP treatment was 7.9% higher, from the COMP1/2 was similar, but from the NP, PK, NK, and CK treatment were 12.4%, 59.9%, 78.6%, and 75.7% lower. Across the growing season, microbial biomass C and N contents, basal soil respiration, and fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis, dehydrogenase, urease, and invertase activities in the COMP and COMP1/2 treatments were 7%–203% higher than the NPK treatment. Values from all other treatments were up to 60% lower than the NPK treatment. Maize yield is closely related to the soil organic C (OC) and biological properties, and the OC is closely related to various biological properties, indicating that OC is a suitable indicator for soil quality. Our results suggest the most limiting nutrient for improving the yield or soil quality was P, followed by N and K, and balanced fertilization is important in maintaining high crop yield and soil quality. Additionally, increases in OC, N, and biological activities in COMP and COMP1/2 treatments imply that organic compost is superior to the chemical fertilizers tested.     

Residual effects of sewage‐sludge application on plant and soil‐profile chemical composition

Abstract

Long‐term effects on plant and soil‐profile chemical composition imposed by a residential sewage sludge were studied on an Oxisol from Hawaii. Sludge was applied at 0, 45, 90, and 180 Mg/ha in 1983. An NPK‐fertilized treatment was included for comparison. Sudangrass (Sorghum bicolorL. Moench) was grown as a test crop in the 1983–84 and 1986–87 seasons. Soil samples for chemical analysis were taken in 1987 at three depths: 0–23 cm, 23–46 cm, and 46–69 cm.

Beneficial effects of sludge, measured 3 years after application (beginning of the 1986's planting), were evident by large yield increases on sludge‐amended soils relative to the unamended and the NPK‐fertilized soils. The first cutting produced approximately 5 Mg/ha of dry matter from the sludge treatments, regardless of rate, as compared with 3 and 1.5 Mg/ha from the NPK and the 0 treatments. Regrowths showed similar effect, though less dramatic; average yields were 2.6 Mg/ha with sludge and 1.6 Mg/ha without.

Heavy‐metal concentrations in plants were generally unaffected by sludge applications; probably because (i) heavy‐metal contents of the sludge were low, and (ii) soil pH was increased by sludge.

Remarkable increases in pH, exchangeable Ca and extractable P, and resultant decreases in exchangeable Al, in all three soil layers of sludge‐amended soils suggest that surface application of a low heavy‐metal sludge could serve to correct subsoil acidity and enhance subsoil P availability.     

Rice yield nutrient uptake as affected by cyanobacteria soil amendments—a pot experiment

Rice production and cyanobacterial N in acid soil can be improved by liming. There is evidence that the organic amendments can increase the soil pH. The aim of this study was to find appropriate combination of soil amendments and cyanobacteria capable for enhancing nutrient uptake and improving rice yield in acidic paddy soil. Three soil amendments (rice straw, sewage‐sludge composts, NPK) with and without inoculation of cyanobacteria were studied for rice plants (Oryza sativa L.) in a pot experiment. The sludge compost had significantly reduced soil acidity from 5.44 to 6.67. The plant N and K uptake increased significantly with sludge and cyanobacteria application. The yield components increased significantly with sludge, but decreased thereafter, an exception was the number of panicles, with straw compost. These characters were also significantly affected by inoculation with cyanobacteria except 100‐grain weight, filled‐grain percentage, and harvest index. The combination of sludge compost and cyanobacteria improved the yield components and consequently grain yield (138 g pot^–1) compared with sludge treatment only (132 g pot^–1). The amount of cyanobacterial N absorbed (N‐difference method) by rice plant under sludge compost was higher than that of soils amended with either rice straw or NPK treatments. Therefore, the addition of sewage sludge to acid paddy soil not only amended the soil properties but also activated the cyanobacteria and consequently improved rice plant nutrition and grain yield.     

肥料重金属含量状况及施肥对土壤和作物重金属富集的影响

本文对肥料中重金属的含量状况以及施肥对土壤和农作物重金属累积影响的研究进展进行了系统分析和总结。过磷酸钙中锌（Zn）、 铜（Cu）、 镉（Cd）、 铅（Pb）含量高于氮肥、 钾肥和三元复合肥,有机-无机复混肥料中的Pb含量高于其他化肥。有机肥如畜禽粪便、 污泥及其堆肥中的重金属含量高于化肥,猪粪中的Cu、 Zn、 砷（As）、 Cd含量明显高于其他有机废弃物,鸡粪中铬（Cr）含量高;污泥和垃圾堆肥中Pb或汞（Hg）含量高。商品有机肥Zn、 Pb和镍（Ni）含量高于堆肥,Hg含量高于畜禽粪便。多数研究表明,氮磷钾配施与不施肥相比土壤Cd和Pb含量增加,施用有机肥比不施肥提高土壤Cu、 Zn、 Pb、 Cd含量。施用化肥对农作物重金属富集的影响不明确,而施用有机肥可提高作物可食部位Cu、 Zn、 Cd、 Pb 的含量,影响大小与有机肥种类、 用量、 土壤类型和pH以及作物种类等有很大关系。在今后的研究中应着重以下几个方面, 1）典型种植体系下土壤重金属的投入/产出平衡; 2）不同种植体系下长期不同施肥措施对土壤重金属含量、 有效性影响的动态趋势; 3）典型种植体系和施肥措施下土壤对重金属的最高承载年限; 4）现有施肥措施下肥料中重金属的最高限量标准。     

Changes in the microbial community of an arable soil caused by long-term metal contamination

The effects of past applications of farmyard manure (FYM, applied from 1942 to 1967), metal‐contaminated sewage sludge (applied from 1942 to 1961) and mineral fertilizer (NPK, applied from 1942 until now) on the microbial biomass and community structure in a sandy loam, arable soil from the Woburn Market Garden Experiment, UK, were investigated in 1998. Concentrations of Cu, Ni and Zn in soils which previously received sewage sludge were less than current European Union (EU) limits, but the soil Cd concentration was more than twice the permitted limit. Organic‐C concentration in the FYM‐treated soil and contaminated soils was about twice that of NPK‐treated soil. The initial microbial biomass‐C and estimates of total bacterial numbers by acridine orange direct count were significantly (P < 0.05) greater in the FYM‐treated soil compared with the NPK‐treated and the most contaminated soils. Total phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) concentration (another measure of biomass) was significantly greater in the FYM‐treated soil compared with either the low or high metal‐contaminated soils, both of which contained similar PLFA concentrations. In the metal‐contaminated soils, in contrast, fluorescent Pseudomonas counts, as a percentage of total plate counts, were at least 1.5 times greater than in the uncontaminated soils. The concentrations of these microbial parameters were significantly (P < 0.05) less in the NPK soil than in all the other treatments. Biomass‐C as a percentage of organic‐C was also significantly (P < 0.05) greater in the uncontaminated soils compared with the metal‐contaminated soils. Biomass specific respiration rates in the metal‐contaminated soils were c. 1.5 times those in the FYM‐treated soil. In the metal‐contaminated soils, the concentration of mono‐unsaturated and hydroxy‐fatty acids (derived from phospholipids), and lipopolysaccharide hydroxy‐fatty acids (all indicative of Gram‐negative bacteria) were significantly (P < 0.05) greater than branched fatty acids (indicative of Gram‐positive bacteria). Furthermore, Gram‐negative counts were 62–68% greater than Gram‐positive counts in the metal‐contaminated soils. Branched fatty acid concentration was significantly (P < 0.05) greater in the FYM‐treated soil than in the metal‐contaminated soils. Gram‐positive counts were also 63% greater than Gram‐negative counts in the FYM‐treated soil. We found that effects of the relatively small heavy metal concentration caused measurable decreases in soil microbial biomass‐C concentrations, acridine orange direct counts and Gram‐positive counts. There were also increases in biomass specific respiration rates, and the microbial community had changed substantially, nearly 40 years after the metal inputs ceased. We conclude that, at the very least, the current EU permitted limits for heavy metals in agricultural soils should not be relaxed.     

Long-term amendment of four different compost types on a loamy silt Cambisol: impact on soil organic matter,nutrients and yields

This study investigated the long-term effects of different composts (urban organic waste compost (OWC), green waste compost (GWC), cattle manure compost (MC) and sewage sludge compost (SSC)) compared to mineral fertilisation on a loamy silt Cambisol, after a 7-year start-up period. The compost application rate was 175 kg N ha^?1, with 80 kg mineral N ha^?1 and without. Soil characteristics (soil organic carbon (SOC), carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio and soil pH), nutrients (nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) and potassium (K)) and crop yields were investigated between 1998 and 2012. SOC concentrations were increased by compost applications, being highest in the SSC treatments, as for soil pH. N contents were significantly higher with compost amendments compared to mineral fertilisation. The highest calcium-acetate-lactate (CAL)-extractable P concentrations were measured in the SSC treatments, and the highest CAL-extractable K concentrations in the MC treatments. Yields after compost amendment for winter barley and spring wheat were similar to 40 kg mineral N ha^?1 alone, whereas maize had comparable yields to 80 kg mineral N ha^?1 alone. We conclude that compost amendment improves soil quality, but that the overall carbon (C) and N cycling merits more detailed investigation.     

Ryegrass Response to Mineral Fertilization and Organic Amendment with Municipal Solid Waste Compost in Two Tropical Agricultural Soils of Mali

Abstract

A pot experiment was conducted to assess the effect of mineral fertilization and compost on the growth and chemical composition of ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) grown on two Malian agricultural soils coming from Baguinéda, abbreviated as Bgda, (12°23′ S, 7°45′ W) and Gao (16°18′ N, 0°). Treatments included non‐fertilized control, NPK alone, NPK + C₂₅, NPK + C₅₀, NPK + C₁₀₀, PK + C₅₀, NK + C₅₀, NP + C₅₀, K + C₅₀, P + C₅₀, N + C₅₀, and C₅₀ alone, where NPK represents the non modified Hoagland's solution and C₂₅, C₅₀, and C₁₀₀ represent the different rates (25, 50, and 100 T/ha) of compost. Compost and mineral fertilization significantly increased dry matter production. The application of 50 T/ha of compost alone increased the dry matter yield by 10 and 17.5% while mineral nitrogen–phosphorus–potassium (NPK) increased yield by 69.7 and 65% for Gao and Bgda, respectively. The combination of compost and mineral NPK (NPK + C₂₅ for Gao and NPK + C₅₀ for Bgda) affected the highest dry matter yield. For both soils, N concentrations in plants increased significantly with compost rate. Phosphorus and K concentrations in plants varied according to the soil. The application of compost increased the uptake of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and potassium (K from both soils). Increases in soil organic carbon, available P, calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, K, and pH were observed in treatments receiving compost. Therefore, compost appeared to be a good supplier of nutrients for tropical soils.     

连续施用无害化污泥堆肥对沙质潮土肥力的影响

【目的】 研究连续施用无害化污泥堆肥对土壤肥力和环境质量的影响,为无害化污泥资源化利用提供理论依据和技术支撑。 【方法】 通过2013—2015年田间定位试验,每年按照当地农民施肥量在小麦和玉米季分别施用N 225 kg/hm2、P₂O₅ 86 kg/hm2和K₂O 113 kg/hm2 (CK) 基础上,施用无害化污泥堆肥15 t/hm2 (W1)、30 t/hm2 (W2) 和45 t/hm2 (W3),共四个处理,每个处理3次重复。小麦、玉米收获后,采集0—20 cm土层样品,测定常规土壤理化性质、重金属含量以及微生物量碳氮 (SMBC、SMBN)。采用内梅罗指数法计算土壤pH、有机质、全氮、有效磷和速效钾分肥力系数IFI_i,以及土壤综合肥力指数 (integrated fertility index,IFI)。 【结果】 1)施用污泥堆肥处理IFI在试验的第三年 (2015年) 玉米季达到最大值,与CK相比,W1、W2和W3处理IFI分别显著提升了57.3%、95.2%和127.5% (P < 0.05),说明连续施用污泥堆肥可以有效提高土壤肥力水平,其中W3处理效果最明显。2) SMBC和SMBN含量随污泥堆肥施用时间增加而增加。相同作物同一污泥堆肥施用量处理,第三年 (2015年) 的SMBC和SMBN含量均显著高于第一年 (2013年)。W1、W2和W3处理SMBC含量在2015年小麦季达到最大值,较CK分别显著提高了109.9%、176.2%和216.8% ( P < 0.05);W1、W2和W3处理SMBN含量在2015年玉米季达到最大值,较CK分别显著提高了55.6%、100.5%和162.3% ( P < 0.05)。3)施污泥堆肥处理的土壤和植物籽粒中重金属含量分别低于国家环境质量二级标准 (GB15618—1995) 和国家农产品质量安全规定的限量值。根据土壤肥力分级参考标准 (NY/T 391—2000),2015年玉米季W2和W3处理的土壤肥力已经达到I级,培肥作用显著,但长期大量施用导致的土壤重金属累积风险还需长期监测。 【结论】 施用重金属含量达到国家标准的无害化污泥堆肥,可以在短期内有效提升沙质潮土的土壤肥力质量,改善土壤微生物学特性。本试验条件下,连续施用45 t/hm2污泥堆肥效果最显著,沙质潮土的土壤肥力质量在第三年就达到I级,此时土壤和作物籽粒中重金属含量均低于国家相关标准限值。长期大量施用是否会带来重金属累积还需继续监测。      

长期不同培肥措施下玉米产量稳定性及棕壤氮素累积分布特征

  【目的】  研究长期不同培肥措施下玉米产量的稳定性、可持续性和土壤矿质氮累积分布、微生物量氮含量特征,为制定合理的施肥措施和保证东北棕壤地区农业的可持续绿色发展提供理论依据。  【方法】  棕壤肥料长期定位试验始于1979年。选取其中的12个处理:不施肥对照(CK)、单施氮肥(N)、氮磷肥配施(NP)、氮磷钾肥配施(NPK)、低量有机肥(M1)及其与化肥配施(M1N、M1NP和M1NPK)、高量有机肥(M2)及其与化肥配施(M2N、M2NP和M2NPK),分析长期施肥下玉米产量的变化,并于2018年在玉米收获期采集植株和土壤样品,阐明玉米地上部吸氮量变化,0—100 cm土层土壤矿质氮分布、累积及微生物量氮含量的差异。  【结果】  长期不同施肥下玉米产量呈波动变化,且在1979—1998年内玉米产量变化趋势较平稳,1999—2018年内变幅较大。M1NPK、M2NPK处理玉米平均产量最高,在试验前20年较NPK处理分别提高了10.3%、11.7%,后20年分别提高了17.1%、19.4%。随着试验年限增加,玉米产量的稳定性和可持续性增加,有机肥配施化肥各处理高于单施化肥处理,在试验前20年和后20年玉米产量的可持续性指数(SYI)介于0.43～0.58和0.50～0.67,低量有机肥配施处理高于高量有机肥配施处理。配施有机肥各处理肥料贡献率高于单施化肥处理,且试验后20年M1NPK处理肥料贡献率最高,达54%。施肥40年后(2018年)玉米地上部吸氮量以M1NPK处理最高(302 kg/hm2),与M2NPK处理差异不显著。配施低量有机肥玉米收获期80—100 cm土层土壤矿质氮含量较低,M1NPK处理 0—100 cm土层土壤矿质氮贮量为127 kg/hm2,显著低于M1N和M1NP处理。而高量有机肥配施各处理0—100 cm土层土壤矿质氮贮量较化肥试区和低量有机肥试区分别增加了324.5%和172.9%,增加了氮素损失风险。此外,长期配施有机肥处理0—40 cm土层土壤微生物量氮含量增加,但低量和高量有机肥试区各处理间差异不显著。  【结论】  长期不同培肥措施会影响玉米产量的稳定性和可持续性,改变土壤氮素分布和累积,进而影响玉米氮素吸收。低量有机肥(13.5 t/hm2)配施氮磷钾化肥可促进玉米生长和氮素吸收,降低0—100 cm土层土壤矿质氮贮量,降低氮素损失风险,增加微生物量氮含量,较高的微生物量氮又可作为有机氮库来增加土壤供氮并固持易损失的矿质氮和肥料氮,以保证玉米的高产稳产和环境友好。     

长期化肥配施不同有机肥对土壤和玉米中重金属累积的影响

  【目的】  明确长期化肥配施有机肥对重金属元素在土壤和农作物籽粒、秸秆中积累的影响及其环境效应，为安全高效施肥提供科学依据。  【方法】  在北京市农林科学院新型肥料长期定位试验站进行了为期10年的田间试验，其种植模式为冬小麦–夏玉米轮作，试验处理为不施肥 (CK)、单施化肥 (NPK)、氮磷钾 + 鸡粪堆肥的有机肥料 (NPKJF)、氮磷钾 + 污泥堆肥的有机肥料 (NPKWN)、氮磷钾 + 垃圾堆肥的有机肥料 (NPKLJ) 和氮磷钾 + 秸秆粉碎还田 (NPKJG) 共6个处理，施肥处理依据等氮量施肥原则，每季作物施 N 180 kg/hm2、P₂O₅ 90.0 kg/hm2、K₂O 90.0 kg/hm2。在玉米收获后测定了玉米秸秆、籽粒和0—20 cm耕层土壤中重金属全量。  【结果】  添加污泥处理显著提高了土壤中Cd、Hg、As、Cu、Zn的含量，单因子污染指数分别比对照提高了45.10%、150.00%、104.00%、44.60%、65.80%。不同施肥处理对土壤中全量Cd、Cr、Hg、Cu、Zn存在一定的富集效果。各处理重金属单项污染指数在0.02～0.46，远小于1，综合污染指数为0.23～0.36，均小于0.7，试验区土壤重金属均为无污染等级。施用有机废弃物堆肥的处理玉米籽粒Cd、Cu、Zn含量比对照显著增加，各处理间Hg、As、Cr、Pb、Ni含量差异不显著，连续10年定位施肥后试验站土壤以及玉米籽粒中重金属含量均未超标。同一作物不同部位对重金属的富集能力不同，玉米秸秆对重金属的富集能力大于籽粒。玉米籽粒中Pb、Cu、Zn含量与土壤Pb、Cu、Zn含量存在正相关性，玉米秸秆中Cd、Hg、Cr、Ni含量与土壤中Cd、Hg、Cr、Ni含量呈正相关或者显著负相关。  【结论】  在施氮总量不变的前提下，连续施用供试有机堆肥10年后，土壤重金属含量均未超标，土壤重金属单项污染指数在0.02～0.46，综合污染指数为0.23～0.36，无污染风险。只有污泥堆肥需要加强土壤Cd的监测。玉米秸秆对重金属的富集能力大于籽粒。玉米籽粒中Pb、Cu、Zn含量与土壤相应重金属含量存在正相关性，秸秆中Cd、Pb、Hg、Zn与Cr、Ni含量与土壤中相应重金属含量呈正相关，而秸秆中Cr、Ni含量与土壤中相应重金属含量呈负相关。     

长期有机无机肥配施下玉米氮素利用率和红壤碱解氮含量的阶段性变化

  【目的】  充足的氮素供应是玉米高产的保证,研究红壤上玉米氮素吸收和土壤氮素盈余对长期不同施肥措施的响应特征,旨在为红壤地区玉米持续高产和土壤氮素科学管理提供依据。  【方法】  本研究依托江西进贤双季玉米定位试验,选择不施肥(CK)、常量化肥(NPK)、两倍量化肥(DNPK)、有机肥(OM)与常量化肥+有机肥(NPKM) 5个处理,以10年为一个试验阶段,分析了35年来玉米产量、氮肥利用率、0—20 cm土层土壤碱解氮含量以及氮素表观盈余量等的阶段性变化规律。  【结果】  施肥处理(NPKM、DNPK、OM和NPK)玉米35年平均产量较不施肥对照(CK)分别显著提高了3.36～9.07、3.31～5.64、2.46～6.72和1.91～3.70倍,氮素吸收量分别显著提高了5.20～11.93、4.33～7.02、3.66～5.90和1.80～3.64倍。在试验0～10年,各施氮处理间玉米产量无显著差异,氮素吸收量NPKM、DNPK和OM处理间无显著差异,但均显著高于NPK处理。在试验11～20年,NPKM和DNPK处理产量与氮素吸收量显著高于NPK和OM处理;在试验21～35年,NPKM处理的产量和氮素吸收量均显著高于其他处理。NPK和DNPK处理的氮肥偏生产力在0～20年期间升高,在21～35年间下降,而NPKM和OM处理的氮肥偏生产力逐渐升高,至试验31～35年时,显著高于NPK和DNPK处理。各施氮处理土壤氮素均处于盈余状态,前30年均以NPKM处理氮素盈余量最高,较DNPK与NPK处理分别显著提升了13.63%～37.48%、133.95%～208.24%,而在试验31～35年,DNPK处理氮素盈余量与NPKM处理无显著差异。0—20 cm土层土壤碱解氮含量与氮素盈余量呈显著正相关 (P<0.05),氮素盈余量每增加 10 kg/hm2,0～10、11～20、21～30、31～35年耕层土壤碱解氮含量分别增加1.00、1.20、1.60、2.80 mg/kg。  【结论】  在试验前20年,单施化肥玉米氮素吸收量和肥料的偏生产力呈增加趋势,之后呈下降趋势。而有机无机肥配施或者单施有机肥可持续提高氮肥利用率,促进玉米增产。氮素盈余量的增加与耕层土壤碱解氮含量呈显著正相关;随施肥年限的延长,有机无机肥配施对土壤养分含量提升效果增强。     

Predicting Nitrogen and Carbon Mineralization of Composted Manure and Sewage Sludge in Soil

The capability of organic wastes to release available N in soil varies largely, depending on their source and form of production, or rather on their composition and biodegradability. Our purpose was to predict mineralization rates of different materials using their analyses joined with a simulation model, and to evaluate the influence of soil type and application rate of the organic materials on N and C transformations in soil. Four organic materials, sewage sludge (SS), sewage sludge compost (SSC), cattle manure compost (CMC), hen and cattle manure compost (HCMC), were applied to two soils at rates of 2 and/or 4%. The soils were incubated aerobically for 168 days at 30°C, during which CO₂ evolution rates and mineral-N concentrations were measured periodically. Hot water extractable C and N of all organic amendments correlated well with short term C and N mineralization, except HCMC that immobilized N although its soluble N content was large. NCSOIL, a computer model that simulates C and N cycling in soil with organic amendments, predicted well C and N mineralization of SS, SSC and CMC when considered as three-pool materials that decomposed at specific rates of 0.4, 0.024 and 10^?4 d^?1, using hot water soluble C and N as the labile pool. N immobilization by HCMC could be simulated only if the distribution of N between the labile and resistant pools was derived by optimization of NCSOIL, while hot water soluble C was labile. Laboratory methods to determine an intermediate pool or components that contribute to immobilization are required for improving the predictions of C and N mineralization from organic amendments.     

Effects of organic and mineral amendments on available P and phosphatase activities in a degraded Mediterranean soil under short-term incubation experiment

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of mineral and organic-P-fertilizers on soil P availability, bacteria densities and phosphatase activities, in a degraded Mediterranean soil characterized by low level in soil organic matter and nutrients. A typical degraded Mediterranean soil, originating from a siliceous mineral parent material, was amended with different organic or mineral P-sources: aerobically digested sewage sludge (SS), with or without physico-chemical treatment by ferric chloride; sewage sludge compost (SSC); Na or K mineral P-salts (Pi-salts). All the amendments were carried out in order to provide soil with a P total quantity equivalent to 0.5 g P₂O₅/kg of soil. Bacterial density, phosphatase activities (i.e. acid (APH) and alkaline (BPH) phosphomonoesterases and phosphodiesterases), BPH/APH ratio, and available P (P Olsen) were measured after 25 and 87 days of incubation. Results showed that all the P-sources used to fertilize soil during this study resulted in significant increase in P concentration. However, different responses in phosphatase activities and bacterial densities were obtained with regards to the amendment applied to soil. Indeed, it appeared clearly that sewage sludge (SS) considerably stimulated soil biological activity, and more especially the different kinds of phosphatases involved in P mineralization and P turn-over. On the contrary, sewage sludge compost (SSC) as well as P-salts amendments did not affected these parameters in most cases. Results showed also that the incubation time influenced almost all the biological and chemical parameters investigated during this study. As a consequence, P availability was considerably improved in the amended soils between the two sampling dates.     

Labile and stable pools of organic matter in soil amended with sewage sludge biochar

One of the main advantages of using biochar for agricultural purposes is its ability to store carbon (C) in soil for a long-term. Studies of labile and stable fractions of soil organic matter (SOM) may be a good indicator of the dynamics of biochar in soils. This study evaluated the effects of applying sewage sludge biochar (SSB) in combination with mineral fertilizer on fractions of SOM. To conduct this evaluation, 15 Mg ha^?1 of SSB combined or not with mineral fertilizer (NPK) was applied to the soil in two cropping seasons. Apart from total organic C (TOC), the labile and stable fractions of SOM were also determined. The combined use of SSB and NPK resulted in higher TOC, a 22% to 40% increase compared to the control and to the NPK treatments, respectively. The SSB produced at a lower temperature increased the labile fractions of SOM, especially the microbial biomass C, showing its capacity to supply nutrients in the short-term. The stable pools of SOM are increased after adding SSB produced at a higher temperature. It was concluded that pyrolysis temperature is a key-factor that determines the potential of SSB to accumulate C in labile and stable fractions of SOM.