锦屏县马铃薯晚疫病发生规律及影响因素

为了明确贵州省锦屏县马铃薯晚疫病的发生情况及关键影响因素,根据2014—2018年贵州省锦屏县马铃薯晚疫病的监测情况,分析了菌源基数、气候条件、抗性品种等对马铃薯晚疫病的影响.结果表明,锦屏县马铃薯晚疫病在3月下旬至5月上旬发生,低海拔坝区发病较早、发病严重,高海拔山区晚疫病发生较晚.同时,菌源基数、气候条件及抗性品种均能影响晚疫病发生,低温、高湿,高菌源基数,感病品种有利于晚疫病发生.研究结果为马铃薯晚疫病的预测预报及防治提供了科学可靠的参考依据.     

重庆马铃薯晚疫病发生原因及防治对策

马铃薯是重庆市的特色农作物之一,也是集口粮、加工、菜用等多用途的作物,种植面积达26.7万hm2,产量居全国第六位。晚疫病是马铃薯生产过程中的一种毁灭性病害,由致病疫霉Phytophthora infestans(Mont.)de Bary引起。近年来,由于品种抗性降低、适宜的气候条件等原因,马铃薯晚疫病发生严重,年均发生面积在8万hm2左右,每年造成20%～30%的产量损失,严重时达50%以上。尤其是2007年全市晚疫病发生面积达12.3万hm2,成灾面积3.9万hm2,绝收0.87     

鄂西北地区马铃薯晚疫病发病影响因素试验

为研究鄂西北山区气候马铃薯晚疫病发生规律,对预测预报马铃薯晚疫病提供参考,我们针对不同马铃薯品种、海拔和播期的发病情况进行了试验。结果表明种薯抗病性是影响马铃薯晚疫病的重要因素,本地品种和原种对马铃薯晚疫病有明显的抗性,晚熟品种抗性要明显高于早中熟品种。海拔和播期对马铃薯晚疫病发病程度没有明显的相关性,但高海拔和晚播期会推迟发病时间,海拔600m以上的高山地区发病期比海拔300m以下地区可推迟约27d,春播马铃薯较冬播马铃薯发病时间平均推迟22.5d。     

近年来中国马铃薯晚疫病的时空演变特征及防控情况分析

为系统全面地了解马铃薯晚疫病在我国的发生演变特征及防控情况,基于2008—2017年国家统计局官方数据、《中国农业统计资料》《全国植保专业统计资料》及全国马铃薯品种分布等数据,对全国及各马铃薯产区晚疫病的发生及防治情况进行综合量化分析。结果表明：马铃薯晚疫病在我国连年发生,年平均发生面积约197.47万hm²,占马铃薯总种植面积的40.66%;晚疫病造成马铃薯年平均产量损失占所有病害所致产量损失的63.54%,远高于其他病害,损失巨大;在我国马铃薯4大产区中,马铃薯晚疫病在北方一作区的年平均发生面积最大,约73.44万hm²,而在西南混作区造成的年平均产量损失最高,约14.29万t;晚疫病发生与马铃薯种植区域的重心在空间上呈现相似的迁移趋势;以费乌瑞它为代表的高感晚疫病品种在全国大面积种植,但近年来部分抗病品种的种植面积正在逐年增加;近年来我国对马铃薯晚疫病的防治面积大幅度提升,但仍太过依赖化学防治,应加大绿色防控技术的推广和应用力度。     

马铃薯晚疫病的发生与防治

房县常年种植马铃薯3000hm2,总产1030万kg,每hm2产量3525kg,单产与总产年均略有增长。逐步发展了马铃薯——玉米连作和城郊地膜马铃薯——水稻连作,生产形成了风味各异的品种。但由于马铃薯连年种植、宜菜宜粮、菜粮兼用,生产期限拉长,食用量需求增大,导致晚疫病呈现逐年加重的发生趋势。     

2009年鄂西南山区马铃薯晚疫病暴发成灾原因及综合防控

恩施自治州位于鄂西南山区,常年种植马铃薯12万hm2以上,产鲜薯150万t以上,是南方马铃薯的主产区。马铃薯占该地区夏粮产量的80％以上,占全年粮食总产的1／4左右,是该地区的主要粮食作物,也是蔬菜、饲料和加工原料作物。马铃薯晚疫病在该地区每年均有发生,发病面积一般在4—6万hm2,占播种面积的30％～50％,产量损失在2～3万t,占马铃薯总产的7％～10％。     

不同品种马铃薯晚疫病田间抗性监测研究

通过5个马铃薯参试品种晚疫病抗性监测的试验,摸清荔波县主栽品种对马铃薯晚疫病的田间抗性情况。结果表明,抗性最好的品种是青薯9号,其次是宣薯2号和中薯3号,再次是荷兰7号,费乌瑞它品种的抗性最差。从产量上看,青薯9号品种产量最高,其次是宣薯2号和中薯3号,最后是荷兰7号,最低的是费乌瑞它品种。     

黔东南州马铃薯晚疫病流行因素研究

根据黔东南州近年来16个县市马铃薯晚疫病资料进行统计分析,总结探索黔东南州马铃薯晚疫病流行因素主要有气候条件适宜、品种抗性差等,为马铃薯晚疫病的预测预报及防治提供参考。     

内蒙古自治区主栽马铃薯品种对黄萎病的抗性鉴定

为明确内蒙古自治区主栽马铃薯品种对黄萎病的抗性情况,于2016年分别在内蒙古自治区乌兰察布市凉城县、锡林郭勒盟正蓝旗、锡林郭勒盟多伦县3个试验田对16个马铃薯品种抗性进行鉴定。试验采用室内与田间鉴定相结合,通过调查地上部植株和地下部块茎的发病程度评价马铃薯品种的抗性。室内抗性鉴定结果显示,在所测定的16个马铃薯品种中,抗病品种有3个(10≤病情指数20),占总品种的18.75%;中抗品种有8个(20≤病情指数35),占总品种的50.00%;感病品种有5个(病情指数≥35),占总品种的31.25%,未发现免疫和高抗品种。田间人工病圃和自然病圃抗性鉴定结果显示,部分品种在不同地区的抗性表现不稳定,其中合作88在不同地区的抗性水平较强,适合在黄萎病流行地区种植,从而达到防病增产的目的。     

柳州和来宾蔗区甘蔗花叶病发生情况和品种抗性分析

2016年通过对广西柳州和来宾蔗区甘蔗花叶病发生情况调查和当地主栽品种的田间抗性的分析评价,明确了不同种植区域、不同品种及不同种植期感抗花叶病有一定差异。柳州和来宾蔗区新植蔗发病率为0.00~56.72%,宿根蔗发病率为0.00~93.51%。宿根蔗感病程度比新植蔗重。柳州蔗区发病率较高,平均为19.36%,来宾蔗区发病率较低,平均为8.12%。品种间存在显著的抗性差异。ROC16表现为免疫,桂柳2号、桂糖40和粤糖00-236表现为高抗,桂糖21和粤糖93-159表现为中抗,ROC22和台优表现为感病,柳城05-136表现为高感。系统聚类分析结果与品种的田间抗性评价结果一致。     

Untersuchungen zur Befallsentwicklung und Ertragswirkung der Dürrfleckenkrankheit (Alternaria spp.) in Kartoffelsorten unterschiedlicher Reifegruppe

Early blight is a major disease of potatoes which has established in most potato growing areas as a destructive disease. The integration of several factors like weather conditions, nutrition, the use of potent fungicides as well as the cultivation of tolerant varieties are essential parts of an integrated control strategy and can be effective in preventing early blight disease. Cultivar resistance to early blight disease has become more important due to losses in fungicide sensitivity. Nevertheless, little research has been directed towards this area. Several, perennial field trials were carried out in order to investigate disease susceptibility for varieties out of different maturity groups. Early maturing varieties have shown to be more susceptible. The disease intensity (AUDPC) was much more expressed in early varieties contrary to medium and late maturing varieties. However, a stronger impact on potato yield has been found in the medium to late maturing varieties. We discuss the relevance of time and amount of leaf damage for formation of tuber yield.     

中国马铃薯晚疫病监测预警系统“China-blight”的组建及运行

马铃薯晚疫病是严重威胁世界马铃薯生产和粮食安全的重要病害之一,同时也是植物病害中流行速度最快的病害之一。由于品种多不抗病,目前国内外主要依靠化学防治控制该病害。为了提高用药的时效性,将信息技术与植物病害流行学原理相结合,设计并组建了中国马铃薯晚疫病监测预警系统"China-blight"(www.china-blight.net)。该系统由"中国晚疫病实时分布"、"未来48小时不同区域晚疫病菌侵染危险性预测"和"晚疫病化学防治决策支持系统"等子系统构成,此外还包括"晚疫病防治方法"、"品种抗病性"、"化学药剂库"、"其他病虫害"、"问题与经验交流"和"用户田间管理电子档案"等知识信息与服务功能。通过对2009年我国北方马铃薯一作区6-7月份病害侵染时段出现次数与晚疫病实际发生情况进行比较,预测信息与病害实际发生程度相符,该系统可以用于对马铃薯晚疫病田间防治的指导。     

3种除草剂对甘薯田杂草的田间防效试验

为明确乙草胺、乙氧氟草醚、二甲戊乐灵3种除草剂对甘薯的安全性和对甘薯田杂草的防治效果,进行了田间小区试验。结果表明：各处理对甘薯安全,综合30、45d调查结果,喷洒50％乙草胺乳油4500mL／hm^2对禾本科杂草株防效较好;喷洒24％乙氧氟草醚乳油1500mL／hm^2对阔叶杂草防效较好;喷洒50％乙草胺乳油4500mL／hm^2、24％乙氧氟草醚乳油750mL／hm^2和24％乙氧氟草醚乳油1500mL／hm^23个处理对杂草的综合防效较好。30d综合株防效分别为73．05％、65．55％、83．81％;45d综合株防效分别为86．26％、84．54％、88．81％,鲜重防效分别为92．90％、97．11％、97．80％,可有效防除甘薯田杂草。     

Vorkeimung, organische Stickstoffdüngung, Kupferbehandlung – welche Maßnahme sichert im ökologischen Landbau den Kartoffelertrag?

Limiting factors in organic potato production are predominantly nitrogen and infestation with late blight disease (Phytophthora infestans). To maintain high yields, organic nitrogen fertilization, presprouting and control of potato late blight with copper-treatments are potential measures. Field trials were conducted from 2005 to 2007 to evaluate which single measure and combination of measures were most likely to achieve the best results. Organic nitrogen fertilization led to an average yield increase during all three years of trial. Tuber presprouting accelerated plant emergence and also increased yields. It was the most effective single measure, provided that late blight disease appeared (2005 and 2007). In absence of infection with late blight, presprouting had no influence on potato yield (2006). Copper-treatments only had a positive impact on potato yield in combination with optimized plant nutrition and presprouting. Varieties with early tuber development (e.?g. “Princess”) have almost completed formation of yield when infection with late blight sets in. Up to this time, all measures to increase yield should be finished.     

锰锌·氟吗啉50%可湿性粉剂对马铃薯晚疫病的防效研究

马铃薯晚疫病(Phytothora infestans de Bary)是世界马铃薯生产中最具毁灭性的病害,由于马铃薯晚疫病菌的变异性及其能形成稳定遗传的抗药性,开发新型杀菌剂成为防治马铃薯晚疫病的有效措施。近年来,锰锌.氟吗啉50%可湿性粉剂作为新型杀菌剂对卵菌纲真菌的防治效果突出。为验证该药剂对马铃薯晚疫病的防治效果,本文在黑龙江省马铃薯主产区内随机选择了3个试验点,并于2008年和2009年连续2年进行了该药剂对马铃薯晚疫病的防效研究,结果表明:在各供试处理中,锰锌.氟吗啉50%可湿性粉剂(3次,1 125ga.i./hm2)对马铃薯晚疫病具有很好的防治效果(平均防效>85%),锰锌·氟吗啉50%可湿性粉剂(3次,750ga.i./hm2)和霜脲.锰锌72%可湿性粉剂(3次,1 080ga.i./hm2)的防效相当(平均防效均在80%左右),也表现出对抗晚疫病有较好的防治作用;并且,各供试药剂处理均能提高马铃薯产量,锰锌·氟吗啉50%可湿性粉剂(3次,1 125g a.i./hm2)的增产率最高,2008年平均增产率为19.51%,2009年平均增产率为21.08%。这表明,锰锌·氟吗啉50%可湿性粉剂不仅对马铃薯晚疫病有较好的防治效果,还可以保证马铃薯稳产、增产。     

Spatial Analysis of Phytophthora infestans Genotypes and Late Blight Severity on Tomato and Potato in the Del Fuerte Valley Using Geostatistics and Geographic Information Systems

ABSTRACT Genetic structure of Phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of potato and tomato late blight, was analyzed spatially in a mixed potato and tomato production area in the Del Fuerte Valley, Sinaloa, Mexico. Isolates of P. infestans were characterized by mating type, allozyme analysis at the glucose-6-phosphate isomerase and peptidase loci, restriction fragment length polymorphism with probe RG57, metalaxyl sensitivity, and aggressiveness to tomato and potato. Spatial patterns of P. infestans genotypes were analyzed by geographical information systems and geo-statistics during the seasons of 1994-95, 1995-96, and 1996-97. Spatial analysis of the genetic structure of P. infestans indicates that geographic substructuring of this pathogen occurs in this area. Maps displaying the probabilities of occurrence of mating types and genotypes of P. infestans, and of disease severity at a regional scale, were presented. Some genotypes that exhibited differences in epidemiologically important features such as metalaxyl sensitivity and aggressiveness to tomato and potato had a restricted spread and were localized in isolated areas. Analysis of late blight severity showed recurring patterns, such as the earliest onset of the disease in the area where both potato and tomato were growing, strengthening the hypothesis that infected potato tubers are the main source of primary inoculum. The information that geostatistical analysis provides might help improve management programs for late blight in the Del Fuerte Valley.     

甘肃旱区马铃薯晚疫病始发期的预测研究

本研究利用2012—2013年甘肃省马铃薯主栽区的气象资料,结合甘肃马铃薯晚疫病发生的实情,筛选出显著影响晚疫病发生的相关气象因子,建立了甘肃干旱山区,二阴区和川塬区的马铃薯晚疫病始发期预报方程,但川塬区晚疫病始发期预报模型还需进一步的设计与优化。方程模拟结果:温度是二阴区内晚疫病始发的关键因素;降水量主要影响干旱山区马铃薯的晚疫病发生;在同一地区内,川塬区和二阴区晚疫病始发期早于干旱山区,这与干旱山区空气流动性相对强于川塬区和二阴区有关。通过对甘肃干旱山区,二阴区与川塬区马铃薯晚疫病始发期预报方程进行验证,得知预报方程对干旱山区和二阴区晚疫病始发期的预测准确率较高,预测始发期区间较小,误差小,在甘肃晚疫病预警和防治工作中具有较强的指导作用。     

宁夏马铃薯晚疫病菌交配型和生理小种研究

为明确宁夏回族自治区马铃薯主产区晚疫病菌的交配型种类以及生理小种的类型、组成和分布,为宁夏有针对性地选育马铃薯抗晚疫病品种提供科学依据。利用A1、A2交配型标准菌株和含有11个主效抗性基因的鉴别寄主,对2018年-2019年从原州区、泾源县、彭阳县、隆德县、西吉县、盐池县、海原县采集得到的130个马铃薯晚疫病菌菌株进行交配型和生理小种鉴定。结果表明,宁夏马铃薯晚疫病菌群体的交配型和生理小种存在多样性,采集地交配型有A1、A2、SF(自育型)3类,分别占被测菌株的30%、63.8%、6.2%;生理小种有8种类型,其中生理小种1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11发生频率最高,占被测菌株总数的44.62%,是宁夏马铃薯主栽区的晚疫病菌优势小种,在各测试地均有分布;次优势小种为3.4.10和1.2.3.5.6.7.8.11,发生频率分别为12.31%和10.77%。宁夏不同种植区域马铃薯晚疫病菌交配型组成复杂,采集地组成差异较大,但西吉县、原州区交配型年度间的变化基本趋于一致。宁夏马铃薯晚疫病菌群体组成日趋复杂,生产中要合理布局已有抗病品种,挖掘培育抗病水平高的新品种,综合防控马铃薯...     

The effects of host diversity and other management components on epidemics of potato late blight in the humid highland tropics

ABSTRACT A field study at three highland sites near Quito, Ecuador, was conducted to determine whether host-diversity effects on potato late blight would be as important as recently found in studies conducted in temperate areas. We compared three potato mixtures and use of mixtures in combination with different planting densities and two fungicide regimes. Treatment comparisons were made by absolute and relative measures of host-diversity effects and incorporating a truncated area under the disease progress curve as a means of standardizing comparisons across sites. Potato-faba intercrops consisting of only 10% potato provided an estimate of the effects of dilution of susceptible host tissue. Host-diversity effects were very different across study sites, with a large host-diversity effect for reduced disease only at the site most distant from commercial potato production. Planting density had little influence on host-diversity effects or on late blight in single-genotype stands. Fungicide use in combination with potato mixtures enhanced a host-diversity effect for reduced late blight. Potato-faba intercrops produced only a small decrease in potato late blight. Effects of host diversity on yield were variable, with the greatest increase in yield for mixtures treated with fungicides at the site most distant from commercial potato production. The effects of host diversity on late blight severity may be less consistent in the tropical highlands than in the temperate zone, but can contribute to integrated disease management.