小麦抗穗发芽酶反应生化标记选择法研究

以穗发芽抗性不同的小麦品种（系）及不同杂交组合的F2为试材，用邻苯二酚作底物进行多酚氧化酶生化染色标记，对小麦抗穗发芽酶反应标记选择法进行了研究。结果表明，种子染色标记的最佳条件是：0.125%的邻苯二酚溶液，在气温18~25℃条件下浸种10~15min，覆膜保湿酶反应4~6h，晒干后进行比色分级。对不同色级的种子进行抗穗发芽、酚酶活性鉴定，表明小麦穗发芽率与酶反应生化标记后的种子色级存在极显著的正相关，生化标记后颜色越深的材料越不抗穗发芽，不染色或染色浅的低酚酶活性种子则具有较强的抗穗发芽性。用该法成功选育出抗穗发芽小麦新品种宝麦8号（冀审麦2004012号）。     

低酚酶活性选择对小麦穗发芽的影响

为探讨小麦抗穗发芽育种新方法,本研究对10个小麦品种(系)连续3代进行了低PPO活性选择,对40份后代品系的整籽粒PPO活性、酚含量、吸水率、穗发芽率以及种皮、胚、胚乳的PPO活性和酚含量进行了测定.结果表明,10个小麦品种(系)的PPO活性随定向选择世代的增加逐渐降低,穗发芽率也逐渐降低,证明了酚酶活性与小麦穗发芽抗性密切相关.选择代数与整籽粒PPO活性、吸水率、穗发芽率、种皮PPO活性、胚PPO活性、胚乳PPO活性呈显著负相关;整籽粒PPO活性、吸水率、穗发芽率、种皮PPO活性、胚PPO活性、胚乳PPO活性相互之间呈正相关;选择代数与整籽粒酚含量、种皮酚含量、胚酚含量、胚乳酚含量无相关性.本研究可为培育抗穗发芽小麦新品种提供依据.     

水稻穗发芽的温度效应及抗性种质筛选

穗发芽是杂交水稻生产、制种中的一种常见现象,严重影响稻米品质和种子质量,而温度是影响水稻穗发芽的主要环境因子。为明确水稻穗发芽的温度效应,试验对不抗穗发芽材料Ⅱ-32B进行温度处理,检测其穗上发芽率,结果显示:在24～34℃温度范围内,Ⅱ-32B的穗上发芽率介于21.3%～58.2%;高于28℃,穗上发芽率明显提高;高于32℃后,穗上发芽率又有所降低;低于28℃,穗上发芽率明显偏低;表明水稻穗发芽受温度影响较大。对重庆地区42份保持系亲本种质材料进行穗发芽抗性筛选,所有亲本材料的穗上发芽率最低为8.8%,最高为66.8%;筛选出抗穗发芽的2级材料3份,分别为166B、127B、139B。     

低酚酶活性选择对小麦面粉褐变的影响

为探讨小麦面粉低褐变的育种方法,本研究对15个小麦品种(系)进行了低酚酶活性的连续3代选择,通过对60份样品的多酚氧化酶活性、酚含量、吸水率、面粉褐变速率,以及种皮、种胚、胚乳各部分多酚氧化酶活性和酚含量的测定,发现多酚氧化酶选择次数与酚酶活性、吸水率、褐变速率、种胚酚酶活性、种皮酚酶活性、胚乳酚酶活性呈显著负相关。多酚氧化酶活性与褐变速率呈显著正相关,经过3次酚酶活性的选择,导致15个小麦品种(系)的酚酶活性逐渐降低,褐变速率也越来越低,为培育低面粉褐变速率新品种提供依据。小麦面粉白度是磨粉品质的最重要的指标之一,是小麦制粉精度及划分面粉等级的重要标准,但目前对小麦面粉白度的研究还不够深入,尤其面粉白度的育种方法更是缺乏。本研究的多代低酚酶活性染色标记选择法是小麦面粉白度有效选择方法之一,该方法简便易行,投入小,效果可靠,在小麦面粉白度育种上具有重要意义。     

施硅对感染白粉病小麦叶片抗病相关酶活性及硅微域分布的影响

以抗/感白粉病的南农99-18/苏麦3号为试验材料,研究外源硅对接种白粉病后小麦叶片的几丁质酶、β-1,3葡聚糖酶、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性和叶片硅微域分布的影响,以探讨外源硅增强小麦抗白粉病的作用机理。结果表明,在不接病原菌时,施硅与否对抗/感病品种的PAL、PPO、β-1,3葡聚糖酶活性和感病品种的几丁质酶活性无显著性影响,但施硅可显著地提高抗病品种的几丁质酶活性;接种病原菌后,抗/感品种小麦叶片的几丁质酶、β-1,3葡聚糖酶、PAL和PPO活性均显著提高,而施硅处理显著地提高了感病品种的这四种酶活性和抗病品种的几丁质酶与β-1,3葡聚糖酶活性,但施硅处理对于抗病品种的PAL和PPO活性影响不显著。同时,施硅处理下,叶片硅元素相对重量都有不同程度提高,并有向刺状体基部和维管束组织富集趋势;接种病原菌后,叶片硅元素明显向病原菌侵染位点聚集,尤其有外源硅供给条件下,这种富集效应尤为显著。这意味着,硅不仅通过调节植株体内与抗病性密切相关的酶活性,而且同时可通过在侵染位点的淀积而构建了防病原菌侵入的"物理或机械屏障",以达到增强小麦的抗病性,从而抑制小麦白粉病病害发展。     

长江中下游麦区小麦新品种穗发芽抗性及鉴定方法研究

为鉴定长江中下游麦区主推品种的穗发芽(PHS)抗性,筛选高抗穗发芽种质资源,探讨简单、高效测定穗发芽的方法,本研究以长江中下游麦区小麦新品种为试验材料,利用田间穗发芽法(GP)、降落值(FN)法和搅拌值(SN)法对本麦区小麦新品种的穗发芽抗性进行鉴定。结果表明,田间穗发芽率与FN、SN呈极显著负相关,FN法与SN法均可作为评价小麦穗发芽抗性的有效方法。SN与FN呈极显著正相关,相关系数为0.957,SN法测试时间短,样品用量少,品种间SN变幅大,能更准确地鉴定穗发芽抗性差异小的品种。聚类分析结果表明,白皮小麦鄂麦170、襄麦35、红皮小麦宁麦19、宁麦21、信麦8811、皖西麦0638和宁麦23为一类,田间穗发芽率最高为62.36%,FN150 s,SN100 cp,穗发芽抗性弱;扬麦25、扬麦23、扬富麦101、扬麦16、苏科麦1号、扬麦20、宁麦22、镇麦10号、扬麦21为二类,田间穗发芽率小于1%,FN250 s,SN900 cp,穗发芽抗性强;其他品种抗性中等,为三类。综上,SN法是鉴定穗发芽抗性的高效方法之一,可把SN900 cp作为抗穗发芽指标。本研究为长江中下游麦区抗穗发芽种质资源的筛选及穗发芽抗性育种提供了科学依据。     

水稻制种中杂交种子穗发芽生理特性研究

利用易于穗发芽和不易穗发芽的水稻不育系D69A和D23A分别与蜀恢527配合制种,比较研究水稻制种中杂交种子(F0)穗发芽过程中的生理差异。结果表明：制种组合D69A/蜀恢527F0种子穗发芽率为44.84%,比D23A/蜀恢527(穗发芽率为5.59%)易于穗发芽;在授粉后15d至完熟的籽粒灌浆期,经10d穗发芽诱导处理过程中,D69A/蜀恢527F0种子α-淀粉酶活性和β-淀粉酶活性均明显高于D23A/蜀恢527;同时D69A/蜀恢527F0种子ABA/GA含量比呈抛物线趋势变化,而D23A/蜀恢527F0种子ABA/GA含量比基本呈反抛物线趋势变化。这表明在杂交水稻制种中,内源激素组成中的GA含量优势和高水平的淀粉酶活性是穗发芽主要的生理特征。     

不同种源银柴胡种子质量及幼苗抗逆性综合评价

为研究不同种源银柴胡种子质量及抗逆性,为道地产区银柴胡规模化种植提供优质种源材料。测定采自不同种源地的13份银柴胡种子材料的千粒重、种子活力、不同温度下的发芽率等种子质量指标,以及大田试验植株幼苗的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、丙二醛(MDA)、膜透性、脯氨酸(Pro)、可溶性蛋白等抗逆生理指标,对种子质量指标和幼苗抗逆生理指标进行主成分综合评价。结果表明,13份银柴胡种源材料中85%的种子生活力在95%以上,62%的种子千粒重在1.45～1.65 g,种子最适发芽温度为20～25 ℃。13份银柴胡种源材料综合排名依次为3号、1号、5号、2号、9号、11号、7号、10号、4号、8号、13号、6号、12号。综合排名靠前的有种源3号、1号、5号、2号,说明这4个种源银柴胡种子质量较好、抗逆性强。     

分子标记和辐射技术在小麦-长穗偃麦草抗赤霉病易位系创建中的应用

为了打破小麦抗赤霉病育种种质资源狭窄的局限,丰富抗赤霉病遗传材料,本研究通过对中国春-长穗偃麦草二体异代换系DS7E/7A与扬麦16杂交后代进行辐射诱变,以产生小麦-长穗偃麦草易位系选择群体,并结合赤霉病抗性鉴定和长穗偃麦草染色体特异分子标记辅助选择,最终获得了5个小麦-长穗偃麦草抗赤霉病易位单株,创建了一条有效获得小麦-长穗偃麦草抗赤霉病易位系的技术路线。小麦-长穗偃麦草抗赤霉病易位系的成功创建不仅为小麦抗赤霉病育种提供了重要的中间材料,也将为小麦近缘种的抗赤霉病研究和利用提供理论与实践参考。     

外源NO对盐胁迫下甜高粱种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

为探究外源NO对盐胁迫下甜高粱种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,以国能4号甜高粱为试验材料,采用不同浓度(0.05、0.1和0.2 mmol·L^-1)硝普钠(SNP,NO供体)处理1.6%NaCl胁迫下的种子和幼苗,统计种子发芽数,测定幼苗叶片叶绿素、脯氨酸、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、丙二醛(MDA)含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性等生理生化指标。结果表明,盐胁迫抑制了甜高粱种子的萌发,种子发芽指标(种子发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数)显著降低,1.6%NaCl是甜高粱种子萌发的敏感盐浓度;喷施不同浓度SNP可显著提高盐胁迫下甜高粱种子的发芽率及幼苗叶片叶绿素、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量,降低叶片MDA含量,增强抗氧化酶活性,其中0.1 mmol·L^-1SNP处理效果最佳。0.1 mmol·L^-1SNP处理下,与单独盐浓度处理相比,甜高粱种子发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数分别增加了29.51%、39.21%和38.91%;幼苗叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量分别提高了230.00%、184.38%、214.13%、17.00%、8.78%和40.63%;MDA含量降低了34.01%;SOD、POD、CAT和APX活性分别增强了33.38%、55.75%、23.17%和116.46%。综上,盐胁迫下适宜浓度的SNP处理,可提高甜高粱幼苗叶片渗透调节物质含量,增强抗氧化酶活性,清除体内活性氧,从而促进幼苗生长,增强植株抗盐性。本研究结果为提高甜高粱耐盐性及揭示其耐盐机制提供了理论依据。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.