二十四节气话农事

古有谚语:"春雨惊春清谷天,夏满芒夏暑相连,秋处露秋寒霜降,冬雪雪冬小大寒"来描绘中国的立春、雨水、惊蛰、春分、清明、谷雨、立夏、小满、芒种、夏至、小暑、大暑、立秋、处暑、白露、秋分、寒露、霜降、立冬、小雪、大雪、冬至、小寒、大寒二十四节气,可见节气变化对于农业生产的重要性。在人类从事农业生产的早期,由于播种收获等农事活动,已经认识到春生夏长秋收冬藏的规律。中国秦汉便有了完整的二十四节气,用以指导农业生产;东汉《四民月令》记述按月和节气安排农事活动;北魏《齐民要术》阐明以节气为依据安排耕、种、收。后世各代也都以二十四节气决定农时的依据。我们借鉴前人的经验,凭借科学的态度,应读者的要求特别开辟《二十四节气话农事》专题,对于广大农民朋友正确运用二十四节气,掌握天气气候规律,科学安排日常生产生活,顺应农时、不违农时,破除迷信、科学种田,争取农业丰收,都有着重要的参考作用。     

红花栽培管理与病虫害防治

红花又称草红花、刺红花,属于菊科一年生草本植物,以花入药,有活血、通经、止痛的功能,用于闭经、痛经、瘀血作痛、冠心病、心绞痛、跌打损伤等.     

巴西农药市场特点

巴西是南美洲最大的国家,国土面积为851.49万平方公里,约占南美洲总面积的46%,居世界第五,仅次于俄罗斯、加拿大、美国与中国。巴西是农业大国,主要农作物有大豆、甘蔗、玉米、稻米、咖啡、子棉、木薯、柑桔、烟叶、芸豆、香蕉、小麦、马铃薯、西红柿、葡萄等。其中,巴西是世界第一大咖啡生产国和出口国、最大的蔗糖生产和出口国、第二大大豆生产和出口国、第三大玉米生产国。全国可耕地面积约4亿公顷,被誉为"二十一世纪的世界粮仓"。巴西于2008年代替美国成为全球最大的农药市场,2011年在甘蔗、棉花、咖啡、小麦、大豆和玉米等作物需求量的驱动下,农药销售额达到新高。根据巴西国家农药工业联     

茶入联中香隽永

茶之为饮,发乎神农氏,闻于鲁周公。中国是世界上较早发现和利用茶叶的国家之一,人们在长期的饮茶过程中,给茶渗入了丰富的文化内涵,逐渐形成了独特的文化现象。茶与文化关系至深,涉及民俗、宗教、文学、美术、书法、诗词、楹联、旅游、戏曲、音乐、歌舞等诸多领域。楹联是我国特有的文化艺术形式,种类繁多,茶联便是其中之一。楹联始于五代,亦称楹贴、对联,是悬挂或粘贴在柱身、门上的联语,由一联对偶句组成,以讲究工整的对仗,有“字数相等、词性相同、结构相应、句式相似、内容相关、平仄相对”的要求。     

桔小实蝇在湖北省的适生性分析

桔小实蝇Bactroceradorsalis（Hendel）俗称黄苍蝇,果蛆,英文名又称orientalfmittly（东方果实蝇）,属双翅目,果实蝇科,目前主要分布在热带和亚热带地区。国外分布于美国、澳大利亚、印度、巴基斯坦、日本、菲律宾、印尼、泰国、越南等,国内广东、广西、福建、四川、湖南、台湾等省。幼虫在果内取食为害,常使果实未熟先黄脱落,严重影响产量和质量。除柑桔外,尚能为害芒果、番石榴、番荔枝、阳桃、枇杷等200余种果实。     

襄州区植保专业化统防统治工作现状与对策

近几年来,襄州区植保站贯彻＂预防为主,综合防治＂的植保方针和＂公共植保、绿色植保＂的植保理念,按照＂政府支持、市场运作、农民自愿、绿色植保＂的原则,以提高防效、降低成本、减少用药、保障生产为目标,以集约项目、整合力量、优化技术、创新服务、规范管理为突破口,     

农家小顾问——二十四节气话农事（续）

古有谚语：＂春雨惊春清谷天,夏满芒夏暑相连,秋处露秋寒霜降,冬雪雪冬小大寒＂来描绘中国的立春、雨水、惊蛰、春分、清明、谷雨、立夏、小满、芒种、夏至、小暑、大暑、立秋、处暑、白露、秋分、寒露、霜降、立冬、小雪、大雪、冬至、小寒、大寒二十四节气,可见节气变化对于农业生产的重要性。在人类从事农业生产的早期,由于播种收获等农事活动,已经认识到春生夏长秋收冬藏的规律。中国秦汉便有了完整的二十四节气,用以指导农业生产。我们借鉴前人的经验,凭借科学的态度,应农民朋友的要求特别开辟《二十四节气话农事》专题,对于广大农民朋友正确运用二十四节气,掌握天气气候规律,科学安排日常生产生活,顺应农时、不违农时,破除迷信、科学种田,争取农业丰收,都有着重要的参考作用。     

甘肃省苹果病虫害发生情况初探

采用抽样调查和定点调查相结合的方法,在2010-2011年对甘肃省苹果病虫害种类、分布范围和危害程度进行了系统调查。结果表明:甘肃省危害苹果的病害共22种,虫害40种,主要病虫害有苹果树腐烂病、斑点落叶病、褐斑病、锈病、山楂叶螨、金纹细蛾、绣线菊蚜、康氏粉蚧、桃小食心虫等;其中苹果树腐烂病在全省各市(州)均有发生,天水、平凉、庆阳、陇南为中度偏重发生,平均发病率达30%,斑点落叶病和褐斑病在兰州、白银、天水、平凉、庆阳、陇南、定西普遍发生,庆阳、平凉中度发生,山楂叶螨在天水、平凉、武威、庆阳中度发生,苹果绵蚜在平凉、定西轻度发生,庆阳中度偏重发生,检疫性害虫苹果蠹蛾在酒泉、嘉峪关、张掖轻度发生。     

葡萄对重金属吸收能力的差异性研究

在成熟期,测定土壤以及葡萄根、茎、叶和果实中Pb、Cd、Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Hg、As等重金属含量,探讨其在植株不同部位分布特征及不同品种吸收能力。结果表明:植株不同部位重金属分布特征不一致,Cd主要积累在茎和根,As主要在根和叶,Zn、Cu、Hg主要在叶,Pb、Cr、Ni主要在根;葡萄对不同重金属吸收能力差异较大,其中对Cd吸收能力最强,具有富集能力,Zn吸收能力次之,具有一定富集能力,而Cu、Hg、Ni、Cr、As、Pb吸收能力相对很弱,基本无富集作用;不同品种吸收能力差异明显,户太8号较强,其次为巨峰、醉金香和阳光玫瑰,茉莉香等综合吸收能力较弱。     

柑桔、茶树及蔬菜的防寒抗冻技术措施

今年初大范围的低温雨雪天气让农作物遭受严重影响,据有关资料表明,我国16个省、市、自治区因低温冻害,作物受灾686．67万hm^2（1．03亿亩）,其中成灾353．4万hm^2（5301万亩）,绝收73．53万hm^2（1103万亩）。据新华社报道,2008年低温雨雪天气发生在湖南、贵州、江西、湖北、重庆、山东、广西、四川、安徽、陕西、甘肃、河南、江苏、浙江、云南、上海等16个省、市、自治区,降温幅度大,持续时间长,油菜、蔬菜、小麦、茶叶、柑桔等农作物及果树冻害严重。就今年冻害情况,本刊特刊登省农业厅专家撰写的抗冻救灾系列文章,从科学角度指导农民防寒抗冻技术,指导农民尽快恢复发展春季农业生产,以求减少雪灾后的损失。     

Dieldrin residues in soybeans in Illinois, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1971, and 1974

The Illinois soybean crop was monitored in 1965, 1966, 1967, 1971, and 1974 for dieldrin residues resulting from aldrin applied to corn in the years before soybean cultivation. Residue levels of dieldrin in soybeans increased between 1965 and 1974. The percent of fields which had soybeans with a dieldrin level above 0.03 ppm increased between 1965 and 1974. Dieldrin residue levels in soybeans grown in Illinois are expected to decline now that the use of aldrin has diminished and will soon cease. No significant correlation was evident between the dieldrin levels in soybeans and the area of the State where they had grown, the date of planting, or the variety.     

Het koolcystenaaltje,heterodera cruciferae Franklin, 1945, in Nederland

Summary Heterodera cruciferae is found in the Netherlands in five different locations, living on cabbage, rape and rapeseed, whereas beets are not attacked. ThisHeterodera is distinguished from nearly all otherHeterodera's known in Europe by its small, red brown, roundish lemon-shaped cysts and its short, thick larvae(Fig. 1, 2, 3, 5). The only exception isHeterodera humuli, which has however a thinner cyst wall of a lighter colour with a conspicuous, coarse, irregular punctation and larva stylets with distinctly forward-pointing knobs (Fig. 7, 8). The males are redescribed; they have 5–7 lip annules and three teeth on each spiculum tip (Fig. 4). Population density and type of damage with culture of rape seem to be about the same as with beet sickness caused byH. schachtii (Fig. 6). In the most important cabbage areaH. schachtii plays a more important role thanH. cruciferae. With both eelworms, an advisory service based on soil sample examinations would probably be useful for the culture of cruciferous crops.     

p,p'-DDE, polychlorinated biphenyls, and endrin in oldsquaws in North America, 1969-73.

Organochlorinated compounds were monitored in oldsquaws (Clangula hyemalis) and their food from Lake Michigan between October and May, 1969-72; in adult oldsquaws, eggs, young, and food from northwest Hudson Bay in 1971; and in oldquaws from five wintering areas other than Lake Michigan in 1971-73. Analyses were conducted on 300 carcasses, 14 wings, 29 gullet samples, and 11 clutches. Average residues in carcasses from Lake Michigan ranged from 4 to 107 ppm PCBs, 2 to 42 ppm DDE, and less than 0.1 to 0.7 ppm endrin. Differences in DDE levels occurred between several sex and age classes during December on Lake Michigan; these differences were not apparent in the spring. Increases in DDE and PCB residues for oldsquaws occurred on Lake Michigan between December and May. DDE residues in the wing and carcass were significantly correlated. Residues were relatively low in oldsquaw foods from Lake Michigan; concentration factors between the food and the ducks varied between 1X and 22X, depending on the date and compound. Organochlorinated residues were lower in Arctic than in Lake Michigan food samples. DDE in paired male and female oldsquaws was highly correlated, as was DDE in females and clutches. Eggshell thickness had declined 4.5% compared with eggs collected before 1947. Residues were higher in oldsquaws wintering on the Great Lakes and lowest in oldsquaws from coastal areas.     

彭泽县2005年棉铃虫的发生特点及分析

2005年彭泽县的棉铃虫在棉田的发生表现出发生时间早、产卵密度前期偏高,后期则明显偏低、各代间蛾、卵的消长关系极不平衡、发生面积小、发生程度轻的特点,其主要受其种群的消长、气候及棉田的管理等因素的综合影响。     

Mercury, arsenic, and cadmium in fish, water, and sediment of American Falls Reservoir, Idaho, 1974.

Mercury and cadmium were found in fish, water, and sediment of American Falls Reservoir (AFR), Idaho. Mercury and cadmium levels in some fish exceeded human health standards set by the Food and Drug Administration, U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, and the World Health Organization. Analyses performed on the flesh of rainbow trout showed mercury residues of up to 1.20 mg/kg, which were higher than residues previously reported in trout collected in 1970 and 1971 from AFR. Cadmium residue levels were as high as 0.80 mg/kg. Although arsenic was found in reservoir sediment at levels of 1.36-2.40 mg/kg, it was not detected in fish.     

Metabolism of the methoxychlor isostere,dianisylneopentane, in mouse,insects, and a model ecosystem

Dianisylneopentane or 1,1-bis(p-methoxyphenyl)-2,2-dimethylpropane was metabolized largely by O-demethylation to form mono- and diphenol derivatives. Only a small percentage was degraded by α-hydroxylation and rearrangement. In the model ecosystem, dianisylneopentane reacted very similarly to methoxychlor, accumulating in fish to about the same extent and yielding a slightly higher ratio of polar to nonpolar metabolites. The neopentyl group proved to be approximately as stable in biological systems as the isosterically equivalent trichloromethyl group.     

Effects of temperature onPhytophthora porri in vitro,in planta,and in soil

Cardinal temperatures for mycelial growth ofPhytophthora porri on corn-meal agar were <5 (minimum), 15–20 (optimum) and just above 25 °C (maximum). The number of infections after zoospore inoculation of young leaf plants was relatively low at supra-optimal temperatures, but was not affected by sub-optimal temperatures. Even at 0 °C plants were infected. The incubation periods needed for symptom formation were 36–57 d at 0 °C, 13–18 d at 5 °C, and 4–11 d at > 11 °C, and were fitted to temperature between 0 and 24 °C with a hyperbolical model (1/p=0.00812^*T+0.0243). Oospore germination, reported for the first time forP. porri, was strongly reduced after 5 h at 45 °C, and totally absent after 5 h at 55 °C. Soil solarization for six weeks during an exceptionally warm period in May–June 1992 in The Netherlands raised the soil temperature at 5 cm depth for 17 h above 45 °C, but did not reduce the initial level of disease in August significantly.     

乌鲁木齐周围地区盘星藻属植物

本文首次报道新疆维吾尔自治区乌鲁木齐周围地区的盘星藻属５种,４变种,其中４株,４变种为新疆新记录,这些结果是对１９９１年７月和１９９５年４－６月所采集的８７号标本鉴定后获得的。