湿地松松针中鞣质的提取与分离工艺研究

通过单因素试验法对湿地松松针提取物得率及提取物含鞣质量的影响因素进行了研究,获得了湿地松松针中鞣质提取的最佳条件:提取剂为水,提取温度120℃,提取时间5 h,液料比14∶1(mL∶g),pH值为10。在此条件下,湿地松松针总提取物得率为17.69%,提取物中含鞣质29.17%。同时,利用高效液相色谱(HPLC)对没食子酸进行了初步分离,确定了没食子酸的分离条件,并测定了鞣质加酸分解后没食子酸含量变化,证明提取物中可能含有可分解的水解鞣质或复合鞣质。     

火炬松松针多糖提取工艺及其抗氧化性研究

以多糖得率为指标,从火炬松松针中浸提多糖,并测定其体外抗氧化活性。在单因素试验基础上采用响应面法优化超声波辅助热水浸提火炬松松针多糖,最佳的工艺参数为:30 g松针粉末在超声波作用时间25 min,热水浸提1 h,液料比25∶1(m L∶g),热水浸提温度91℃。在此条件下,火炬松松针多糖得率达1.867%,提取率达91.39%。通过测定松针多糖对苯基苦基肼自由基(DPPH·)、羟基自由基(·OH)和2,2-联氮-二-(3-乙基-苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)自由基(ABTS+)的清除能力评价其体外抗氧化能力。结果显示:火炬松松针多糖对自由基DPPH·、·OH和ABTS+都有较强清除能力,且都呈较好的量效关系,火炬松松针多糖具有较强的体外抗氧化能力。     

马尾松松花粉多糖提取工艺

为加快对马尾松松花粉多糖的开发利用,探究提取多糖的最佳工艺组合。试验以贵阳成熟马尾松林松花粉为研究对象,采用超声破壁技术及苯酚-硫酸法测定多糖含量,通过探究料液比、提取时间、提取温度、提取次数4个不同因素对马尾松松花粉多糖提取率的影响,并结合单因素和正交试验,得出松花粉多糖的最佳提取条件。结果表明:提取次数对马尾松松花粉多糖提取量的影响最大,其次为料液比和温度,二者对多糖提取量的影响相差不大,提取时间对多糖提取量的影响最小;马尾松松花粉多糖最佳的提取工艺组合为料液比1∶10(g∶m L)、提取时间2.0 h、提取温度85℃、提取3次,提取率为11.246 3 mg/g。因此,通过此工艺组合,可提高松花粉多糖的提取率,对马尾松松花粉的开发利用具有重要意义。     

竹笋水溶性多糖提取工艺研究

采用单因素试验和正交试验设计,探索了毛竹笋水溶性多糖提取的最佳工艺条件.结果表明,影响竹笋水溶性多糖得率的因素主次关系依次是乙醇体积分数＞提取温度＞提取时间＞水料比;多糖的最佳提取工艺条件为:水料比10:1(mL:g),提取时间4h,提取温度100℃,95%乙醇醇析.在此最佳工艺条件下,竹笋水溶性多糖的得率为0.32%.     

响应面法优化桑黄菌丝体多糖超声波提取工艺的研究

为了探索超声波法提取桑黄菌丝体多糖的最佳工艺.在单因素试验的基础上,选取超声波时间、液料比和超声波功率为影响因子,应用Box-Behnken中心组合进行3因素3水平的试验设计,以桑黄菌丝体多糖的得率作为响应值,应用响应面法(RSM) 对超声波的提取条件进行进一步的优化.结果表明,超声波法提取桑黄菌丝体多糖的最佳提取条件为:桑黄菌粉0.1g,提取时间260s,液料比49∶1(mL∶g), 提取功率464W,提取两次,桑黄菌丝体多糖的得率为13.19%.桑黄菌丝体多糖得率比常规水提法高,同时大大缩短了提取时间.     

正交试验法优化北五味子多糖提取工艺的研究

通过单因素试验研究料液比、提取温度、提取时间3个因素对北五味子得率的影响。在单因素的基础上,优化提取工艺采用正交试验法。结果表明,提取北五味子多糖的最佳条件为：液料比1g ：25mL ,60℃提取45min ,在此条件下北五味子多糖得率为20．74％。     

超声波辅助水提取淡竹叶黄酮和固形物的工艺研究

采用超声波辅助提取法,对淡竹叶总黄酮和固形物得率的工艺条件进行研究。以水为提取溶剂,通过单因素试验研究提取温度、提取时间、超声功率、料液比以及提取次数等对淡竹叶黄酮得率和固形物得率的影响。在单因素的基础上,通过正交试验对超声波辅助提取淡竹叶黄酮和固形物的工艺进行优化。结果表明:超声波辅助提取淡竹叶总黄酮的最佳工艺条件为提取时间40 min,料液比1∶20,超声温度70℃,超声频率40 k Hz。在此最佳工艺条件下总黄酮得率为1.23%。超声波辅助提取固形物的最佳工艺条件为提取时间50 min,料液比1∶40,超声温度70℃,超声频率50 k Hz。在此最佳工艺条件下固形物得率为13.15%。     

水酶法提取辣木油的工艺研究

通过中性蛋白酶水相溶剂中提取辣木油的单因素和正交试验,研究了影响辣木油水酶法提取的主要因素,得出了水酶法提取辣木油的最佳工艺条件。研究结果表明,最佳条件为:酶用量为辣木籽质量的3.0%,液料比9∶1(mL∶g),温度50℃,孵育时间18 h,pH值5.0的条件下,辣木油平均得率超过28.6%。     

超声波在松仁多糖提取中的应用

采用单因素试验和正交试验,进行了超声波辅助提取松仁多糖的研究,得到了超声波辅助提取松仁多糖的最佳工艺条件:脱脂松仁粉100g,水浴温度90℃,料液比1∶45(g∶mL),时间35min,超声功率800W。在此工艺条件下,多糖得率为9.74%。与直接加热提取法进行比较,结果表明,超声波辅助提取能大大缩短提取时间,提高松仁多糖得率。     

响应面法优化超声辅助提取桔梗多糖工艺

以桔梗(Platycodon grandiflorus)多糖得率为试验指标,在单因素试验的基础上,采用响应面分析法对影响超声辅助提取桔梗多糖得率的4个主要因素进行优化。结果表明,桔梗多糖最佳提取工艺为液料比20∶1、超声时间20min、超声温度70℃、超声功率150 W,在此条件下桔梗多糖得率为8.108%,达到理论值8.172%的99.22%。     

超声波辅助提取脱脂红松仁中水溶性多糖的研究

采用超声波辅助提取法对脱脂红松仁中水溶性粗多糖的提取工艺进行了研究.通过正交试验,分别考察了提取温度、液料比、提取时间及醇沉浓度4个因素对红松仁多糖提取率的影响,得出优化的工艺条件：提取温度为70℃,液料比为20：1,提取时间为40 min,醇沉浓度为80%,此条件下多糖的提取率为3.65%,平均含量为45.38%.结果表明,超声波辅助提取的效率和含量均优于传统热水浸提法,且具有提取温度低、时间短及效率高的优势.     

Comparison of methods for protein extraction from pine needles

Extraction of proteins from pine needles for proteomic analysis has long been a challenge for scientists. We compared three different protein extraction methods including sucrose, Tris-HCl and trichloroacetic acid （TCA）/acetone （TCA method） to determine their efficiency in separating pine needle proteins by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis （SDS-PAGE） and two-dimensional PAGE （2D-PAGE）. Proteins were then separated by SDS-PAGE. Among three methods the method using sucrose extraction buffer showed the highest efficiency and highest quality in separating proteins. In addition, clearer and more stable strips were detected by SDS-PAGE using sucrose extraction buffer. When the proteins extracted using sucrose extraction buffer were separated by 2D-PAGE, more than 300 protein spots, with isoelectric points （PI） ranging from 4.0 to 7,0 and molecular weights （MW） from 6.5 to 97.4 kD, were observed. This confirmed that the method with sucrose extraction buffer was an efficient and reliable method for extracting proteins from pine needles.     

仙鹤草多糖的提取及部分理化性质

以多糖提取率为指标,采用L9（3^4）正交实验设计对仙鹤草多糖的提取工艺条件进行优化,并采用脱蛋白与DE-52纤维素离子交换柱层析法对仙鹤草多糖进一步分离纯化．同时对多搪的性质进行分析鉴定。实验结果表明,仙鹤草多糖的最佳提取工艺为：浸提温度为80℃,浸提时间12h,料液比1：15．在此条件下仙鹤草多糖提取率为2．15％,浸提温度是影响得率的主要因素。纯化后的仙鹤草多糖组分HAPI、HAPII多糖含量分别为70．08％、78．80％。     

油松毛虫产卵、取食偏嗜行为及油松针叶内含物测定

[目的]为明确油松毛虫在油松上的产卵和取食部位以及可能机理,为未来害虫发生预测模拟提供基础信息数据。[方法]通过室内模拟试验,统计油松毛虫在盆栽油松幼苗不同部位上的产卵量和取食不同油松针叶的偏嗜情况及死亡率;测定油松针叶内含物含量并与油松毛虫偏嗜行为进行了相关性分析。[结果]在一年生油松针叶上平均产卵块数最多(3.10±0.28),显著高于二年生针叶和三年生针叶;取食一年生油松针叶的油松毛虫数量最多(13.40±0.91)、死亡率最低(13.60%±4.87%),显著优于取食二年生油松针叶和三年生油松针叶的幼虫。油松毛虫幼虫取食选择、成虫产卵选择和幼虫体长与油松针叶内含水量成显著正相关(P0.01);与寄主总酚含量(P0.01)和碳氮比(P0.05)成显著负相关。[结论]油松毛虫对一年生油松针叶具有明显的产卵和取食偏嗜行为。一年生油松针叶内含水量最高、总酚含量最低、有机碳含量最低可能是造成寄主偏嗜行为的原因。     

响应面法优化超声波辅助提取黑木耳多糖的工艺研究

黑木耳是我国重要的药食兼用真菌,采用超声波辅助提取黑木耳多糖的方法,改进了传统的浸提工艺。研究超声功率、超声时间、液料比及水浴浸提时间等因素对黑木耳多糖提取效果的影响,在单因素基础上,进行响应面分析实验,结果表明,超声波辅助提取黑木耳多糖的最佳工艺条件为：超声功率520W,超声时间13min,液料比132,水浴浸提时间3.1h,黑木耳多糖得率可达16.59%。     

Seasonal differences in freezing stress resistance of needles of Pinus nigra and Pinus resinosa: evaluation of the electrolyte leakage method

Seasonal changes in freezing stress resistance of needles of red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) and Austrian pine (Pinus nigra Arnold) trees were measured by an electrolyte leakage method and by visual observation. During most of the year, freezing stress resistance determined by the two methods gave similar results. The electrolyte leakage method provided a good estimate of seasonal changes in freezing stress resistance except for red pine needles in their most winter-hardy state. To obtain a reliable estimate of freezing stress resistance in winter-hardy red pine needles it was necessary to combine the electrolyte leakage method with visual observations. When red pine needles survived exposure to -80 degrees C or lower, electrolyte leakage was never more than 30% even when the needles were exposed to a slow freeze-thaw stress of -196 degrees C. However, rapid freezing of red pine needles to -196 degrees C resulted in electrolyte leakage of over 80%. Red pine needles attained a much higher freezing stress resistance during the winter than Austrian pine. Red pine needles also acclimated and deacclimated faster than Austrian pine needles. An index of injury was developed based on the electrolyte leakage method ((R(2) + R(1))/2, where R(1) is the minimum % electrolyte leakage from noninjured tissue and R(2) is the maximum % electrolyte leakage at the highest injury) that reliably predicted freezing stress resistance of pine needles for most of the year. Important aspects for developing a successful index of injury for pine needles are: use of cut needles, vacuum infiltration and shaking during incubation in water.We conclude that: (1) during cold acclimation the cell wall properties of the pine needles changed and these changes, which appeared to differ in the two species, might explain the very low leakage of electrolytes from winter-hardy needles of red pine; (2) pine needles survive winter by developing the ability to tolerate extracellular ice formation, because after rapid freezing the needles were severely injured; and (3) red pine is adapted to a shorter growing season and colder winters than Austrian pine.     

Ultrasound-associated extraction of seed oil of Korean pine

Experiment on ultrasound- associated extraction of seed oil of Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) was conducted in Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China. The factors affecting extraction yield, such as ultrasonic frequency, extracting temperature, extracting time and the ratio of material to liquid (ratio of Korean pine seed to absolute alcohol), were analyzed under specific condition and the optimal extracting parameters were obtained as the ultrasonic frequency 32 000 Hz, the extracting temperature 80℃, the extracting time 50 rain, and the ratio of material to liquid 1: 30. The study demonstrates that ultrasound is a reliable and great efficiency tool for the fast extraction of Korean pine seed oil。     

The biology of Lophodermella conjuncta Darker on Corsican pine needles

The biology of Lophodermella conjuncta on Corsican pine needles was studied. Results of a spore exclusion experiment and histological examination of needles indicated that infection of young current years needles occurred and that the fungus first colonized only the endodermis. Infection remained latent until symptoms developed, from hyphae penetrating the mesophyll from the endodermis, in July of the year following infection. Ascocarps were produced on second year needles by mid-August. Aseospores were trapped throughout the year.Infected needles were cast prematurely during the third season. The phenomenon of latent infection of pine needles by some pine needle fungi is discussed.     

偃松松塔多糖的单糖组成分析及活性研究

偃松松塔经乙醇提取后,渣经热水提取、喷雾干燥、醇沉制备偃松松塔多糖(PPCP),并用苯酚硫酸法检测多糖的含量,气相色谱法测定PPCP的单糖组成。研究结果表明:PPCP是一种杂多糖,主要由阿拉伯糖、甘露糖、葡萄糖和半乳糖组成,具有典型的多糖红外光谱特征,4种单糖物质的量比为2.33∶1.00∶2.20∶1.94。通过测定PPCP清除DPPH·、·ABTS^+的能力以及还原能力评价PPCP抗氧化活性,然后通过体外实验评估其对RAW 264.7巨噬细胞免疫调节活性,结果表明:偃松松塔多糖有较强的自由基清除能力和Fe^3+还原能力,偃松松塔多糖以浓度依赖性方式表现出较强的抗氧化活性,在多糖质量浓度为2.0 g/L时,DPPH·的清除率(79.72%)达到最大,·ABTS^+清除率(39.63%)达到最大,其Fe^3+还原能力也达到最大值(0.78);松塔多糖能够刺激RAW 264.7巨噬细胞产生大量的NO,并没有对细胞增殖产生影响。