不同光周期条件下日本牙鲆尾部神经分泌系统转录组分析

为发掘日本牙鲆响应光周期变化的重要功能基因,采用新一代高通量测序RNA-seq技术分析8L∶16D、12L∶12D和16L∶8D等3个光周期条件下日本牙鲆尾部神经分泌系统(caudal neurosecretory system,CNSS)的基因表达变化。转录组测序结果显示,3个样品分别产生了5 807 622、6 147 140和6 116 872个Clean reads。分别对8L∶16D、12L∶12D和16L∶8D条件下的文库进行两两比较,共获得200个差异表达基因。GO分类分析表明,差异表达基因属于生物学过程、细胞定位和分子功能的42个类别。KEGG Pathway显著性富集分析差异表达基因共涉及29条代谢途径,包括糖酵解/糖异生、钙离子信号转导、血管平滑肌收缩和光信号转导等通路。上述结果不仅加深了对鱼类尾部神经分泌系统功能的认识,也为进一步探索硬骨鱼类光信号转导机制提供了多方面多层次的信息。     

斜带石斑鱼神经坏死病毒CP基因shRNA干扰载体的构建及效果评价

利用Invitrogen公司的在线生物学软件分析斜带石斑鱼神经坏死病毒CP基因,设计针对CP基因不同位置的小发卡RNA( short hairpin RNA,shRNA)干扰序列[其结构特征为正链( 19 nt) -环(4 nt) -负链(19 nt)].化学合成这些序列,并退火连接为双链干扰片段,将双链干扰片段定向克隆到干扰载体pENTRTM/U6中,构建shRNA干扰载体pshRNA -124、pshRNA-896和pshRNA-NNV.然后,用脂质体转染法分别将3种shRNA干扰载体和pEGFP-CP基因共转染导入黑头呆鱼(FHM)肌肉细胞,荧光显微镜观察细胞荧光强度,分析荧光抑制效率,Real-time RT-PCR检测CP基因mRNA的表达水平变化.结果表明,在pEGFP-CP与shRNA干扰载体共转染组,pshRNA-124、pshRNA-896、pshRNA-NNV的荧光抑制效率分别为47％、68％、51％.3种shRNA干扰载体都有干扰效果,均能干扰绿色荧光蛋白的表达,其中pshRNA-896干扰效率最好.Real-time RT-PCR检测表明,干扰质粒pshRNA-124、pshRNA-896、pshRNA-NNV对pEGFP-CP基因的沉默效率分别约为60％、96％和55％,与对照组相比差异显著(P＜0.05).研究表明,靶向斜带石斑鱼神经坏死病毒CP基因的shRNA干扰载体构建成功,为进一步运用RNA干扰技术进行CP基因的功能研究奠定了基础.     

Cd对凡纳滨对虾血细胞活性氧含量(ROS)、细胞凋亡率及应激反应基因表达的影响

为探讨镉(Cd)对虾类血细胞的免疫毒性,以凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)为研究对象,设置0 mg/L对照组和10.5 mg/L Cd处理组,利用流式细胞仪检测血细胞中的活性氧含量(ROS)和细胞凋亡率,并利用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测血细胞中抗氧化酶(Cu-Zn SOD、CAT和GPx)、金属硫...     

斜带石斑鱼甘露糖受体基因的克隆表达及其功能

为了研究斜带石斑鱼甘露糖受体(Epinephelus coioides mannose receptor, Ec MR)在抗赤点石斑鱼神经坏死病毒(red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus,RGNNV)感染中的免疫功能,实验成功克隆与表达了EcMR。结果显示,EcMR cDNA全长4 793 bp,共编码1 446个氨基酸。Ec MR的蛋白结构域包括1个信号肽(signal peptide)、1个富含蓖麻类β型三叶草结构域(RICIN)、1个Ⅱ型纤维连接蛋白结构域(FNⅡ)、8个串联的C-型凝集素样结构域(CLECTs)以及1个跨膜结构域(transmembrane region)。实时定量PCR(qRTPCR)和细胞免疫荧光(IF)分析结果显示,Ec MR在斜带石斑鱼的8个组织中均有表达,其mRNA的相对表达量顺序为鳃头肾脑脾脏肝脏外周血心脏肌肉。在研究Ec MR是否参与RGNNV入侵过程中时发现,RGNNV可以在GF-1细胞系中快速增殖,同时显著激活Ec MR的表达。为进一步探究RGNNV对GF-1细胞系的影响,本实验通过双染色法检测了RGNNV感染GF-1细胞系后的细胞凋亡情况,研究表明,RGNNV感染可以促进GF-1细胞系的凋亡,并且细胞凋亡率随着RGNNV感染时间延长而增加。同时,qRT-PCR和酶活性检测结果显示,RGNNV的感染可以显著促进凋亡相关基因的转录水平以及Caspase-3、Caspase-8、Caspase-9的酶活性水平。综上所述,本研究成功克隆了EcMR,并揭示了其在RGNNV入侵过程中一定的相关性。本研究结果将为石斑鱼病毒性疾病的防控提供参考。     

中华绒螯蟹眼柄端髓X器官神经分泌细胞钙激活钾通道研究

采用膜片钳的内面向外式记录了中华绒螯蟹眼柄端髓X器官(MTXO)神经内分泌细胞钙激活钾通道活动。结果表明,在对称性高钾溶液中(200mmol.L-1),钙激活钾通道的单通道活动为快速开放的矩形方波,时程长短不一,通道电导为(213.4±11.2)pS。在-80~ 80mV钳制电压下,通道电流幅度及开放概率呈现明显的电压依赖性;随浴液游离Ca2 浓度的增加,通道的开放概率和开放数目增加,表现出明显的钙敏感性。药物敏感试验结果显示,80mmol.L-1四乙胺(TEA)可完全阻断通道活动。表明中华绒螯蟹眼柄端髓X器官(MTXO)神经分泌细胞钙激活钾通道(BKCa)具有大电导、电压依赖性、Ca2 敏感性和四乙胺(TEA)敏感性等特征。     

三种生殖激素在母犬发情期的变化及影响

动物繁殖生理活动与多种生殖激素的作用密切相关。其中,一些激素直接参与生殖生理活动,而另一些激素则是间接地通过维持机体正常的生理状态来保证正常的繁殖机能。一旦缺乏某种激素或分泌量不足,将会导致繁殖功能障碍。由于生殖激素的种类很多,该实验主要选定促黄体生成素(LH)、促卵泡素(FSH)、孕酮(P4)三种激素,测定其分泌量多少来检测母犬在发情期的排卵情况。排卵检测,诱发超排具有重要的科学价值和实践意义。     

对虾白斑综合征病毒囊膜蛋白VP19的单克隆抗体制备及其定位

为了更好地研究对虾自斑综合征病毒(WSSV)蛋白VP19在WSSV感染过程巾的作用,利用VP 19的单克隆抗体直接对VP19进行了定位.从患白斑综合征的中国明对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)鳃丝中提取WSSV,将提纯的WSSV经十二烷基磺酸钠-聚内烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)分离,然后洗脱提纯其病毒蛋白VP19并免疫Balb/c小鼠,取免疫小鼠脾细胞和骨髓瘤细胞融合,用间接免疫荧光技术(IFAT)和Western-Blot技术筛选出1株阳性杂交瘤细胞,将检测出的阳性杂交瘤细胞经有限稀释法克隆,研制出抗VP19的单抗,再利用免疫胶体金技术对病毒蛋白VP19进行定位,结果显示,胶体金粒子位于WSSV病毒的囊膜上,说明病毒篮白VP19位于WSSV囊膜上.[中国水产科学,2009,16(1):69-74]     

流式细胞术在水产动物研究中的应用

流式细胞术(Flow Cytometry,FCM)是20世纪70年代发展起来的对细胞的物理和化学性质进行快速测定的技术.它以大量的单个细胞为检测单位,研究结果客观准确,它还具有快速、灵敏和同时检测多个参数等优点.     

5-羟色胺对中华绒螯蟹眼柄MTXO细胞兴奋和分泌活动的影响

采用全细胞膜片钳技术，通过检测膜电容变化的方法实时监测细胞的分泌活动，在单个细胞水平观察了5-羟色胺（5-HT）对中华绒螯蟹（Eriocheir sinensis）眼柄视神经节端髓X器官（MTXO）3种类型神经内分泌细胞兴奋性和分泌活动的调控作用。在电流钳模式下，5-HT使河蟹眼柄MTXO A型和B型细胞产生去极化反应，并诱导细胞兴奋，出现不同频率的动作电位；相反5-HT诱导C型细胞产生超级化反应，抑制细胞的兴奋活动。在全细胞电压钳记录模式下，5-HT明显地引起A型和B型神经内分泌细胞的膜电容增加，C型细胞的膜电容没有明显的变化。这表明，5-HT通过调控河蟹眼柄神经内分泌细胞的兴奋性诱导CHH和MIH的释放，抑制C型细胞的分泌活动。     

斑点叉尾鮰呼肠孤病毒CCRV诱导CCK细胞凋亡的研究

为研究斑点叉尾(鱼回)呼肠孤病毒(CCRV)诱导斑点叉尾(鱼回)肾脏细胞(CCK)发生凋亡的机理,以CCRV感染的CCK细胞为实验材料,采用Hoechst 33258染色、DNA片段化检测、TUNEL反应、亚G1期细胞检测以及线粒体膜电位变化检测等方法进行实验.感染试验结果显示,病毒感染斑点叉尾(鱼回)肾脏组织细胞后,细胞变圆、皱缩,随后细胞脱落,细胞单层呈网状,感染72 h后出现典型细胞病变效应(CPE);病毒感染48 h后Hoechst 33258染色结果显示,细胞的染色质固缩、核边缘化或破裂,可观察到凋亡小体,细胞凋亡率随时间增加;DNA片段化检测结果显示,病毒感染细胞12 h后细胞基因组DNA出现片段化,随后逐渐增强,72 h达到最高;TUNEL反应结果表明,病毒感染细胞72 h后细胞基因组DNA断裂,有大量游离3’末端自由羟基(-OH)存在.亚G1期细胞检测结果显示,病毒感染48 h后,约53.44％细胞处于亚G1期;利用JC-1检测试剂盒检测病毒感染细胞的线粒体膜电位变化,病毒感染细胞24 h后线粒体膜通透性发生改变,膜电位变化显著.紫外线灭活与热灭活的斑点叉尾(鱼回)呼肠孤病毒不能诱导斑点叉尾(鱼回)肾脏细胞发生凋亡,表明细胞凋亡依赖于病毒复制.     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO₂ and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl^‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H⁺ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.