干旱内陆河流域平原区生态环境需水分析——以新疆自治区台兰河流域为例

从干旱区台兰河流域存在的环境问题出发,在确定流域平原区生态环境需水类型的基础上,构建了台兰河流域平原区生态环境需水定量模型,估算了流域平原区生态环境的规模。计算结果表明,台兰河平原区最大生态环境需水量为4.146×108m3,最小生态环境需水量为2.372×108m3,最适生态环境需水量为2.983×108m3,分别占台兰河平原区水资源总量(8.121×108m3)的51.05%,29.21%和36.73%。在不考虑河流输沙需水量的情况下,台兰河河流生态环境需水量平均为1.440×108m3。在考虑输沙需水量的情况下,河流生态环境需水量平均为2.604×108m3。明确了在确定流域生态环境需水量时,必须考虑研究区环境状况和生态保护目标,从而在不同区域和用水部门间进行调配,并针对流域不同的生态系统状况和对应生态系统类型确定了面向生态的水资源合理配置方案。     

民勤绿洲生态环境需水量计算研究

生态环境需水量是在特定的时间和空间条件下,为了维持和改善生态环境系统正常的生态结构与生态环境功能所需要的水资源量.从石羊河下游民勤绿洲的生态环境系统的特殊性和典型性出发,为维持和保护区域生态环境系统正常的生态功能,探讨区域生态环境需水量计算方法,提出适合研究区的生态环境需水量计算模型,并对研究区域生态环境需水进行定量化计算,得出2000年民勤绿洲生态环境需水量为4.07×108m3.     

河北省自然湿地生态需水量分析

阐述了湿地生态环境需水量的概念和计算方法,在河北省湿地现状分析的基础上,对河北省主要湿地的生态需水量进行了测算,河北省湿地的适宜生态需水量为3.60×108m3,保证率为75%的最小生态环境需水量为2.65×108m3。在此基础上提出:河北省应建立节水型农业,把湿地生态用水列入水库分水计划及南水北调供水计划,协调湿地生态用水和生产、生活用水的关系等改善湿地生态用水的保障措施。     

汾河中下游河道生态需水量研究

汾河中下游流域地处我国黄土高原干旱、半干旱地区,水资源短缺与生态环境矛盾十分突出,从水资源开发利用中的生态环境问题出发,构建了适合汾河中下游生态需水量计算模型。河流生态需水量是一个随着时段、河段的不同而发生变化的动态值,把汾河中下游以水文站分成5段,分别计算了不同水文频率年各河段生态需水量,把河道生态需水量分为河道蒸发、渗漏、自净、输沙需水量和基础流量,并根据它们之间的相互关系,界定了总生态需水量。结果表明,汾河中下游20%,50%,70%和95%水文频率年河道生态需水量分别为6.17×108m3,3.78×108m3,2.37×108m3,1.59×108m3;占流域代表年径流量的百分比分别为55.43%,61.97%,61.27%,88.15%,且占多年平均流量的百分比分别为73.68%,45.10%,28.27%,18.92%。要实现汾河流域的可持续管理,必需采取切实有效的措施进行水资源开发调控,分时段分河段地进行水资源的合理利用。     

石羊河流域河流系统生态环境需水量概算

通过探讨流域生态环境需水量概念及分析方法,概算了石羊河流域河流基础生态环境需水量、河流输沙需水量、流域湖泊湿地生态环境需水量和下游地下水合理补给需水量。结果表明:石羊河流域河流系统基础生态环境需水量为2.458 6×108m3,约占流域地表水资源来水量的16.93%;输沙需水量为5.30×108m3;流域湖泊湿地需水量为1.53×108m3,下游地下水补给需水量为1.758 6×108m3。生态环境需水量整合后,适宜的生态需水量约占水资源总量的36.49%~48.60%。     

湿地生态用水计算方法探讨与应用实例

湿地生态用水是湿地为维持自身发展过程、保证基本生态功能发挥所需要的水量,作为一种特殊的生态系统类型,湿地的生态用水计算比其他生态系统复杂,其中包括湿地植被需水量、满足蒸发需水量、湿地土壤需水量、湿地动物需水量、野生生物栖息地需水量以及景观建设需水量等等。本文介绍了用水量平衡法计算湿地生态系统需水的方法,并分别探讨了湿地中植被、土壤、生物栖息地等诸项生态需水量的计算方法。用这些方法对乌梁素海湿地的生态用水量进行了具体探索。乌梁素海湿地包括内蒙古自治区的第二大淡水湖———乌梁素海及其周围的沼泽地。通过分析计算,得出乌梁素海湿地在汛期、非汛期的生态用水量分别为2 .93×10 8m3 和3.10 9×10 8m3 ,全年的生态用水量为6 .0 2 9×10 8m3 。乌梁素海湿地每年耗水量、出水量占进水总量的12 .88% ,每年需要向湿地补充2 .32 9×10 8m3 的水资源量。所以现在所补水量难以满足湿地生态系统对水的需求问题,使得湿地面临着水资源短缺的危机。乌梁素海湿地属于黄河流域中游湿地,所在区域自然环境恶劣,缺水问题十分严重,湿地退化问题更是突出,因此用生态需水理论计算湿地需水量对于保护和恢复这一地区的湿地具有重要意义     

内陆河下游民勤绿洲主要防风固沙植被生态需水量研究

通过大型蒸渗仪和植物径流测定系统对民勤绿洲5种主要防风固沙植物单株生态需水进行了测定,并结合G IS和野外调查,确定不同植被类型的面积、生态需水定额和生态需水量;通过天然降水与生态需水的耦合,分析了不同植被类型生态需水的时空变化规律。研究表明,5种植物年平均单株最大生态需水定额分别为:沙枣1597.4 mm、新疆杨806.77 mm、梭梭534.05 mm、柽柳426.76 mm、白刺318.83 mm;5种植被年最大生态需水总量为2.29×108m3;实际生态需水量分别为:新疆杨0.29×108m3、沙枣0.69×108m3、梭梭0.44×108m3、柽柳0.05×108m3、白刺0.02×108m3,总实际生态需水量1.49×108m3,减去0.35×108m3有效天然降水用于植被生态需水,另需1.14×108m3的生态需水,占民勤绿洲总用水量的14.92%;降水高峰期与植被生态需水的高峰期一致,主要集中于6,7,8,9四个月,分别占全年的74.1%和77.25%;有效降水对杨树、沙枣、梭梭、柽柳和白刺生态需水的贡献率分别为8.59%,10.29%,43.25%,58.4%和196%。     

基于生态需水的水资源分析——以贵州省盐津河流域为例

[目的]探究中国西南湿润地区流域生态需水量计算方法,为流域水资源配置提供科学的数据参考。[方法]选择贵州省盐津河流域为研究对象,采用彭曼法、Kristensen-Jensen模型、MIKE SHE分布式水文模型(DHI)、环境功能设定法等方法从农田系统、林草系统、水生态系统计算流域最小及满意需水量,并结合水资源状况对盐津河水资源配置提出建议。[结果]盐津河总生态需水量为1.39×10~7~2.04×10~7m~3,流域内农田用水较多的是4,7和8月,林草系统不存在缺水现象,河道内枯水期及丰水期水量差距较大,可利用水量为3.84×10~7~9.17×10~7 m~3,在保证枯水期生态水量同时,取水时间主要在5—8月。[结论]河道取水应注意考虑农田作物用水规律,在预留农业用水时需要考虑作物类型及种植面积,严格遵循降雨及生态用水规律,建立蓄水设施,保证全年的生产生态用水。     

扎龙国家自然湿地生态环境需水量研究

湿地生态环境需水是指维持湿地生态系统生态平衡和正常发展、保障湿地系统生态水文功能和相关环境功能正常发挥所需的水量,以扎龙国家自然湿地为例,选取植被需水量、土壤需水量、生物栖息地环境需水量及污染物净化需水量为主要指标,估算了扎龙湿地生态环境需水量。按照湿地管理的需要,划分扎龙湿地生态环境需水量为5个级别,其中最小生态环境需水量为24 588×108m3,中等需水量为40 879×108m3,最大需水量为71 934×108m3。     

辽宁省中西部地区重点河流生态需水量初探

在对辽宁省中西部地区河流生态环境历史及现状调查的基础上,比较分析辽河、浑河及太子河、大凌河生态环境现状,表明生态环境用水存在严重的被挤占现象,影响辽宁省水资源可持续发展的成败。因此,通过考虑辽宁省中西部地区河流特性和水资源条件,采用Qp(p=90%)法和Tennant法分别对不同时段的辽河铁岭站、浑河邢家窝堡站,太子河唐马寨站,大凌河朝阳站进行生态需水量计算,得出各站各时段生态需水量,其中全年生态需水量为:辽河铁岭站25769.4万m^3,浑河邢家窝堡站20444.44万m^3,太子河唐马寨站26338.68万m^3,大凌河朝阳站7316.34万m^3。这将为辽宁省中西部重点河流的可持续发展管理提供重要的理论依据。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.