华中五味子锈病菌及其重寄生菌的鉴定

 五味子属植物是我国传统的中药材。五味子春孢锈菌(Aecidium schisandrae J. Y. Zhuang)引起华中五味子(Schisandra sphenanthera)锈病为国内外新报道。该病在四川省雅安市喇叭河自然保护区华中五味子生长地造成严重危害,其病株率91%,病叶率36%,造成叶片枯斑、脱落。华中五味子锈病的重寄生菌(Tuberculina sp.)为国内外首次报道。该重寄生菌的自然重寄生率达35.5%,重寄生菌寄生在华中五味子锈菌春孢子器(锈子器)出口处,阻碍春孢子的释放。本文报道了华中五味子锈病的症状特点、病原形态特征及华中五味子锈菌的重寄生现象和重寄生菌的形态特征。     

大叶白蜡树锈病及其重寄生菌研究

 小叶白蜡树锈孢锈菌(Aecidium fraxinibungeanae Diet.)引起大叶白蜡树(Fraxinus chinensis var.rhynchophylla Hemsl)锈病为国内新记录。该锈病在我国重要白蜡产区乐山市严重发生,病株率和病叶率分别可达100%和56%,造成叶片病部坏死,病叶脱落,严重影响白蜡产量。大叶白蜡树锈病菌的重寄生菌(Tuberculina sp.)为国内外首次报道。该重寄生菌在乐山市及雅安市大叶白蜡树锈病菌上寄生很普遍,自然重寄生率达46.8%。重寄生菌寄生在大叶白蜡树锈菌春孢子器(锈子器)出口处,阻碍春孢子(锈孢子)的释放。本文还报道了大叶白蜡树锈病的危害、症状特点、病原形态特征及大叶白蜡树锈病菌的重寄生现象和重寄生菌形态特征。     

长叶胡颓子锈病菌及其重寄生菌

长叶胡颓子是具有开发利用价值的野生植物资源。胡颓子春孢锈菌引起的长叶胡颓子锈病 ,使长叶胡颓子叶枯、落叶。长叶胡颓子锈病菌的重寄生菌Tuberculinasp .是长叶胡颓子锈病菌上的自然重寄生菌 ,为国内外首次报道。该重寄生菌寄生长叶胡颓子锈菌春孢子器处 ,阻碍春孢子的释放。本文报道了长叶胡颓子锈病的症状特点、病原形态特征及长叶胡颓子锈菌的重寄生现象及重寄生菌的形态特征     

梨胶锈菌重寄生菌对贴梗海棠锈病菌的寄生及控病作用

本文报道了梨胶锈菌的重寄生菌在贴梗海棠锈病菌上的寄生形态特征、侵入及控病作用。重寄生菌在贴梗海棠锈菌的性子器旁及性子器相对叶背发生重寄生现象。描述和测量了重寄生菌产孢结构的形态及大小。重寄生菌以分生孢子萌发形成芽管，经性子器口和锈子器口侵入（不能直接侵入），完成侵入所需最短时间为７个小时。潜育期８～９天。用重寄生菌孢子悬浮液，在性子器成熟时喷雾接种防治贴梗海棠锈病，重寄生率从５月初的３７．４％逐渐上升至７月中旬的９４．６％。     

黄柏鞘锈菌重寄生菌研究初报

首次报导了重寄生菌寄生黄柏鞘锈菌(Coleosporium phellodendri Kom)的重寄生现象。重寄生菌寄生在黄柏鞘锈菌的夏孢子堆上,在不同的程度上阻碍了鞘锈菌夏孢子堆的发育和夏孢子的释放,寄生严重时甚至不能形成夏孢子。调查表明,黄柏鞘锈菌重寄生菌在7月底8月初开始发生,9月中下旬达到高峰,该重寄生菌在雅安周边县(区)的黄柏鞘锈菌上自然寄生很普遍,在一些黄柏林地,自然重寄生率高达100%,重寄生指数为60～90。经鉴定,黄柏鞘锈菌的重寄生菌为柱隔孢菌(Ramulariasp.)。     

赭红枝顶Acremoniumsalmoneum对竹叶锈病菌的重寄生作用研究

竹叶锈病（Pucciniaspp．）是竹类主要病害之一,影响竹林生长。为了利用重寄生菌赭红枝顶孢Acremoniumsalmoneum防治竹叶锈病,本文研究了该重寄生菌的寄生规律及其抑病作用。结果表明,该重寄生菌的分生孢子自然条件下可在锈病病斑上越冬,作为次年重寄生的初侵染源;分生孢子主要依靠风吹雨溅在林间传播,可发生多次再侵染;林间温度在16．4～25．4℃下,潜育期为10～18d;采用纸环法观察重寄生菌对锈病菌（Puccinialongicornis和尸phyllostachydis）夏孢子的萌发情况可知,重寄生菌对锈病菌夏孢子的萌发有较强的抑制作用,24h后2种锈菌夏孢子的萌发率均很低,分别仅为11．1％和8．7％,同时该重寄生菌可抑制锈病病斑的扩展。竹叶锈病重寄生发生与环境条件有密切关系,在竹林较密、经营管理较差的林分竹叶锈病重寄生率明显较高。     

小驳骨锈病的重寄生现象及重寄生菌鉴定(英文)

在小驳骨锈病的冬孢子堆上发现一种重寄生菌。被重寄生菌寄生的病斑表面可见到一层白色菌丝体。光学显微镜下发现,被寄生的柄锈菌菌丝和冬孢子断裂、变形和退色。18S rDNA PCR扩增及测序结果表明,重寄生菌为刀孢轮枝菌(Lecanicillium psalliotae),本文首次报道刀孢轮枝菌寄生柄锈菌。     

梨胶锈菌的重寄生菌研究Ⅳ重寄生菌的越冬、传播及侵入

 本文报道了梨胶锈菌(Gymnosporangium asiaticum Miyabe ex Yamada)的重寄生菌(Tuberculina vinosa Sacc.)越冬、传播及侵入的研究结果。重寄生菌在自然条件下以分生孢子在其寄生部位越冬;经150天后,其孢子萌发率为29.5%;分生孢子随气流传播;孢子萌发形成芽管经性子器口和锈子器口侵入,不能直接侵入;完成侵入所需最短时间为10小时;在14~12℃下,潜育期为12~7天。在梨胶锈菌发生期,重寄生菌可发生多次再侵入。     

梨胶锈菌的重寄生菌研究Ⅳ重寄生菌的越冬、传播及侵入

本文报道了梨胶锈菌（ＧｙｍｎｏｓｐｏｒａｎｇｉｕｍａｓｉａｔｉｃｕｍＭｉｙａｂｅｅｘＹａｍａｄａ）的重寄生菌（ＴｕｂｅｒｃｕｌｉｎａｖｉｎｏｓａＳａｃ．）越冬、传播及侵入的研究结果。重寄生菌在自然条件下以分生孢子在其寄生部位越冬；经１５０天后，其孢子萌发率为２９．５％；分生孢子随气流传播；孢子萌发形成芽管经性子器口和锈子器口侵入，不能直接侵入；完成侵入所需最短时间为１０小时；在１４～１２℃下，潜育期为１２～７天。在梨胶锈菌发生期，重寄生菌可发生多次再侵入     

Tuberculina sp.,苹果锈病菌的一种重寄生菌

苹果锈病(Gymnosporangium yamadai)在我国大部分苹果产区均有发生，在一些地区发病严重。该病造成叶片枯斑，早期落叶，削弱树势，影响产量。该病长期采用化学农药或砍伐其转主寄主柏科植物进行防治，导致杀伤天敌，有益生物种类减少，果园生态群落结构恶化，果品中农药残留量增加。由于该锈菌同时在转主寄主柏科植物上寄生危害，也给药剂防治及防治效果带来不利影响。利用重寄生菌防治植物病害是生物防治的方法之一。植物锈菌的重寄生菌研究，国内外已有报道。但苹果锈病菌的自然重寄生菌尚未见报道。本文是苹果锈病菌的自然重寄生现象及重寄生菌的研究报道。     

Leaf Rust on Aegilops speltoides Caused by a New Forma Specialis of Puccinia triticina

ABSTRACT A leaf rust attacking Aegilops speltoides in its natural habitat is reported for the first time. It was found in two locations in northern and central Israel. The two collections from A. speltoides resemble wheat leaf rust, Puccinia triticina, in most spore dimensions, in the morphology of the substomatal vesicle of the urediniospore, and in DNA content in pycniospore nuclei. Similarly to P. triticina isolates from wheat, isolates taken from A. speltoides are compatible with Thalictrum speciosissimum as an aecial host and they are crossed easily with wheat leaf rust isolates. However, isolates from A. speltoides differ from wheat leaf rust in their telial host range. They are avirulent to cultivated wheat cultivars, but attack hundreds of A. speltoides accessions that were immune to wheat leaf rust. This distinct host preference justifies delineation of the newly found leaf rust as a forma specialis (f. sp. speltoides) within P. triticina.     

The effects of rust and anthracnose on the photosynthetic competence of diseased bean leaves

ABSTRACT The effects of rust (caused by Uromyces appendiculatus) and anthracnose (caused by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum) and their interaction on the photosynthetic rates of healthy and diseased bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) leaves were determined by gas-exchange analysis, in plants with each disease, grown under controlled conditions. The equation P(x)/P(0) = (1 - x)() was used to relate relative photosynthetic rate (P(x)/P(0)) to proportional disease severity (x), where beta represents the ratio between virtual and visual lesion. The beta values obtained for rust were near one, indicating that the effect of the pathogen on the remaining green leaf area was minimal. The high values of beta obtained for anthracnose (8.46 and 12.18) indicated that the photosynthesis in the green area beyond the necrotic symptoms of anthracnose was severely impaired. The impact of anthracnose on bean leaf photosynthesis should be considered in assessments of the proportion of healthy tissue in diseased leaves. The accurate assessment of the healthy portion of the leaf could improve the use of concepts such as healthy leaf area duration and healthy leaf area absorption, which are valuable predictors of crop yield. The equation used to analyze the interaction between rust and anthracnose on the same leaf was P(z) = P(0) (1 - x)(x) x (1 - y)(y), where P(z) is the relative photosynthetic rate of any given leaf, P(0) is the maximum relative photosynthetic rate, x is anthracnose severity, y is rust severity, betax is the beta value for anthracnose in the presence of rust, and betay is the beta value for rust in the presence of anthracnose. From the resulting response surface, no interaction of the two diseases was observed. Dark respiration rate increased on diseased leaves compared with control leaves. The remaining green leaf area of leaves with both diseases was not a good source to estimate net photosynthetic rate because the effect of anthracnose extended far beyond the visual lesions, whereas the effect of rust on photosynthesis was essentially limited to the pustule plus halo.     

成株期叶锈病侵染对大麦植物光合作用和产量的影响

 应用¹⁴C同位素示踪分析法研究叶锈病(Puccinia hordei)在花期后(GS71)侵染对大麦植物光合作用的影响,结果表明,给叶片接菌后0至8天内无明显的光合病变,8天之后叶片的总光合量下降而单位绿叶面积光合效率提高,且这种下降%和提高%分别与锈病严重度呈显著的直线相关(r² ≥ 0.980,P<0.001);植株上单叶发病后其它器官的光合作用略有增强,全株叶片发病后穗部光合作用的增加达到显著水平(P<0.05)。
叶锈病在抽穗期(GS55)侵染后,植株籽粒产量和千粒重减低(P<0.01),而病叶干物重则显著增高(P<0.01),本文分析讨论了这些变化的生理机制。     

小麦叶锈菌寄生生理的研究

感染叶锈菌(Puccinia triticina)的小麦病叶段經消毒后在无光条件下飼以充足养分能产生大量夏孢子堆;并在培养后40—50天仍能继續形成新鲜孢子堆,部分菌絲从叶段切面生出。經三苯基四唑化氯染色,质壁分离测定及切片鏡检观察証明寄主細胞在培养中存活的时限为10天左右。这些資料说明小麦锈菌具有一定腐生能力,作者对“绝对寄生性”的概念以及过敏反应的生物学基础作了評論。不同碳源中葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖及甘油对叶段上孢子堆的形成都有极明显的促进作用;氮源以蛋白腖为佳,无机氮亦可代替。培养过程中夏孢子堆有时变黑而死亡,試驗証明这是由于酚类物质經多元酚酶作用而氧化,产生对菌具有更強毒性的醌类物质,最后形成黑色素。这一过程可以被还原性的抗坏血酸抑制。叶段上所产生夏孢子在合成培养基上能形成白色小菌落,对碳氮源的要求大体与叶段培养相同。飼标記葡萄糖(G_1~(14)及G_(1～6)~(14)标記)后测定証实锈菌及病組織葡萄糖酵解的HMP趋势較強,健組織则EMP趋势較強。病組織有机酸含G~(14)的量显著高于健組織;病健組織間叶綠素、醣及氨基酸中G~(14)的含量則无差异。抗、感病品种間醣的含量似无明显差异,酚的绝对含量与抗病性无相关,但抗病品种受病后酚类物质增加,感病品种則相反。感病組織中去氫酶活性及抗坏血酸含量則較抗病組織为高。对抗锈机制的理論也作了討論。