高产棉田土壤碱性磷酸酶及脲酶空间变异特征分析

以10 m×10 m网格布点连续采集棉田3个生长期的土样,测定土壤碱性磷酸酶和脲酶活性,运用地统计方法建立其空间变异模型和等值线图,探讨棉田土壤在棉花生长的不同阶段,土壤碱性磷酸酶和脲酶活性在时间及空间上的变化特征。结果表明,3个时期的碱性磷酸酶和脲酶均属于中等变异性。土壤碱性磷酸酶和脲酶垂直空间变异性不同,棉花在3个生长期0～20 cm土层脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性的变异系数均大于20～40 cm土层,而碱性磷酸酶的变异系数在垂直方向是底层大于上层。棉田土壤酶活性也存在时间变异规律,棉花生长发育至吐絮期,酶活性逐渐增加。在垂直空间分布上,3个时期土壤碱性磷酸酶和脲酶活性均随土壤深度的增加而降低。     

荒漠灌区不同种植年限苜蓿地土壤酶活性的变化研究

在干旱荒漠绿洲区大田试验条件下,研究了不同种植年限(0,3,4,5,7,10 a)苜蓿地土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶及过氧化氢酶活性的季节性动态变化,旨在探讨种植不同年限苜蓿对土壤生物化学性状的影响,为粮草合理轮作周期的制订提供科学依据。结果表明:种植苜蓿与撂荒地相比,土壤酶活性得到不同程度的提高,且各年限间土壤酶活性差异显著。其中土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶及纤维素酶活性均随生长年限增加呈先增高后降低再增加的变化趋势,而淀粉酶、碱性磷酸酶及过氧化氢酶活性均随种植年限增加呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,种植苜蓿5a土壤酶活性增加最明显,0~60 cm土层依次较CK分别增加了80.56%、69.91%、46.75%、533.33%、110.71%、11.81%;土壤6种酶的活性均随着土层深度的增加而减小,在表层0~20 cm土层,土壤酶活性最强。脲酶和淀粉酶活性在夏季最高,蔗糖酶、纤维素酶、过氧化氢酶及碱性磷酸酶活性均在春季达到最高。对6种酶之间的相关性进行分析,研究发现除蔗糖酶外,其余5种酶间呈显著或极显著相关。     

玉米旱作栽培条件下不同秸秆覆盖量对土壤酶活性的影响

通过玉米旱作栽培条件下秸秆覆盖栽培定位试验,研究了不同秸秆覆盖量对土壤酶活性的影响.结果表明:秸秆覆盖可使土壤酶活性增加,蔗糖酶和碱性磷酸酶活性在9 000 kg/hm2 覆盖量下达到最高,在0～20 cm层蔗糖酶和碱性磷酸酶活性分别比对照(覆盖量0 kg /hm2)增加46.9%和9.0%,脲酶活性在13 500 kg/hm2覆盖量下最高,且在0～20 cm层脲酶活性较对照增加了3.9倍;脲酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性均随土层的加深而降低,而碱性磷酸酶活性各层间差异不显著.     

氮肥形态对小麦不同生育期土壤酶活性的影响

采用田间试验与室内分析相结合的方法,研究了氮肥形态对小麦不同生育期土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明： 脲酶、蛋白酶活性随小麦生育时期推进呈现出两个峰值,蔗糖酶先降后升再降,呈倒‘S’型曲线,脱氢酶在越冬、成熟期高,其它生育期低,曲线似‘U’型,过氧化氢酶活性在返青后呈急剧上升,拔节后缓降。0～20 cm酶活性普遍高于20～40 cm;施肥可以提高土壤酶活性,可使脲酶活性提高60.3%,蛋白酶活性平均提高36.0%,蔗糖酶活性平均提高36.7%,脱氢酶活性平均提高100%,过氧化氢酶平均提高33.8%;土壤酶活性变异系数的平均值大小顺序是：脲酶＞脱氢酶＞蛋白酶＞蔗糖酶＞过氧化氢酶;氮肥形态对小麦不同生育期5种土壤酶的影响各异,没有一定的规律性 。     

覆膜和灌溉对小麦秸秆还田土壤酶活性的影响

为研究西北半干旱区小麦秸秆还田高效利用措施,采用大田模拟试验研究了覆膜和灌溉对小麦秸秆还田后土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明:与秸秆不还田(CK)相比,秸秆还田处理均显著增大了土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性。与秸秆还田(S)相比,秸秆还田+覆膜处理(SC)增大了低温时土壤的酶活性,秸秆还田+灌溉处理(SW)对不同还田时期,还田深度10cm和20cm处土壤中的4种酶活性影响显著,均增大了酶活性。土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性总体均以秸秆还田+覆膜+灌溉处理(SCW)的最高。从土壤总体酶活性大小考虑,在西北半干旱地区进行小麦秸秆还田,SCW处理为最佳的还田方式,可显著增大土壤中的酶活性。     

施用氮磷钾对黄土丘陵区山地红枣林土壤酶与土壤肥力的影响

采用野外试验与室内分析,研究了连续4 a施氮磷钾肥对黄土丘陵区山地枣园土壤酶活性及土壤养分含量的影响。结果表明:连续4 aNPK1施肥处理能够明显增强土壤脲酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶的活性,提高土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量;在土壤剖面中总的趋势是土壤酶活性和土壤速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量随土层深度加深而降低。土壤酶活性与土壤养分因子的相关分析表明,在0~20 cm土层,磷酸酶与有机质、速效磷,过氧化氢酶与有机质、全氮呈显著或极显著性正相关。在20~40 cm,脲酶与有机质、全氮、速效氮,磷酸酶与速效钾,过氧化氢酶与速效磷,蔗糖酶与有机质、速效钾呈显著或极显著性正相关。在40~60 cm,脲酶与全氮、速效磷,磷酸酶与有机质、速效氮,过氧化氢酶与速效磷,蔗糖酶与有机质、全氮、速效磷呈显著或极显著正相关。     

贺兰山西坡不同类型草地土壤酶活性特征

以阿拉善左旗境内贺兰山中段（西坡）山前地带的主要草地类型为对象,分析不同类型草地土壤酶活性的分布特征,及其与气候、植被和土壤等环境因子的关系。结果表明：① 随着海拔高度的降低,土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性表现为：高山草甸＞山地草原＞山地荒漠草原＞草原化荒漠,且在0～10 cm土层的差异尤其显著;② 各类草地土壤酶活性均沿土壤垂直剖面依次降低,差异呈显著性水平;③ 偏相关及逐步回归分析表明,影响该区草地土壤脲酶和蔗糖酶活性最主要的因素为土壤微生物碳氮、有机碳和全氮,碱性磷酸酶主要受土壤微生物碳和全氮影响,对过氧化氢酶影响最大的因子为土壤微生物碳、pH、全氮和降水量。     

甜樱桃重茬土壤有效养分及酶活性的变化

为了探讨甜樱桃重茬土壤中有效养分以及酶活性的变化,在樱桃苗圃地分别从尚未栽种过甜樱桃苗、正茬、重茬区域采集土壤样品,测定土壤有效养分含量(NO3--N、NH4+-N、速效K、有效P及有效B等)和4种土壤酶(脲酶、过氧化氢酶、碱性磷酸酶以及蔗糖酶)的活性。结果表明:与樱桃正茬土壤相比,甜樱桃重茬土壤NO3--N、速效K、有效P、有效B、有效Zn、有效Fe、有效Cu、可交换性Mg含量、脲酶以及碱性磷酸酶活性含量显著降低;与正茬土壤相比重茬土壤中随着土层深度的增加,矿质元素含量(除有效Mn、Fe以及可交换性Ca含量外)和4种土壤酶活性显著降低,但可交换性Ca含量上升;樱桃重茬土壤有效养分比例失调,其中Ca/P、Ca/K及Ca/Zn严重失调,其中0~20 cm土层失调比例高达104.93%、140.45%和184.59%,20~40 cm土层失调比例分别为110.03%、178.42%以及144.47%,Zn/Mn和Zn/Mg失调较严重,失调比例高达50%以上。其中相关性分析表明:茬数与有效Mn含量呈线性极显著正相关;脲酶和碱性磷酸酶与速效K、有效P、有效B、有效Zn及有效Cu呈极显著正相关;蔗糖酶与速效K、有效P和有效Cu呈极显著正相关;脲酶、碱性磷酸酶和蔗糖酶与交换性Ca含量呈极显著负相关。总之,重茬土壤的有效养分含量以及土壤酶活性显著降低,养分比例失调。     

子午岭地区植被演替过程中土壤养分及酶活性特征研究

选择植被自然恢复不同年限的阳坡梁坡地作为研究对象,采用时空互代法研究子午岭地区植被恢复过程中土壤养分和酶活性的变化.结果表明,植被恢复140 a内,不同土层土壤有机质含量、全氮含量、蔗糖酶活性、脲酶活性、碱性磷酸酶活性和过氧化氢酶活性增加,且表土层(0～20 cm)土壤养分含量和酶活性高于下层土壤(20～40 cm).以裸露地为对照,土壤0～20 cm土层,有机质含量、全氮含量、蔗糖酶活性、脲酶活性、碱性磷酸酶活性和过氧化氢酶活性分别增加了23.8%～534.9%、9.3%～300.0%、213.6%～521.5%、40.4%～286.5%、22.7%～232.2%和3.2%～22.4%,土壤速效磷含量呈现波动变化, 过氧化氢酶活性变化幅度比其他三种酶低.土壤有机质含量与全氮、速效磷含量密切相关;土壤蔗糖酶与土壤有机质、全氮均为极显著的相关关系(0.930/0.918);土壤脲酶活性与全氮含量相关系数最高(0.804);土壤碱性磷酸酶活性与有机质、全氮含量都呈极显著相关(0.977/0.984);土壤过氧化氢酶活性与全氮含量极显著相关,相关系数达0.996.     

银川平原不同类型盐渍化土壤酶活性及其与土壤养分间相关分析研究

为了研究银川平原不同类型及程度盐碱地土壤酶活性及其分布特征,文中采用高锰酸钾滴定法、硫代硫酸钠滴定法及比色测定法和相关分析法研究了银川平原不同类型及盐渍化不同程度土壤酶活性及其与土壤养分间的相关关系。结果表明:随着碱化土壤pH值和盐化土壤全盐含量的增加,土壤过氧化氢酶、转化酶、碱性磷酸酶和脲酶活性均呈现逐渐降低的趋势(p<0.01)。土壤碱性磷酸酶活性表现为碱化土壤显著高于盐化土壤,过氧化氢酶、转化酶和脲酶活性在不同类型土壤间差异不显著。0-20cm深度土壤酶活性表现出明显的季节变化,碱化土壤碱性磷酸酶活性、盐化土壤过氧化氢酶活性表现8月>6月>9月;碱化盐化土壤转化酶活性、碱化土壤脲酶活性、盐化土壤碱性磷酸酶活性季节变化表现为随着取样时间的推移而逐渐增加,即9月>8月>6月。碱化、盐化土壤过氧化氢酶、转化酶、碱性磷酸酶和脲酶活性之间及其与土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、有效磷、全钾、碱解氮、速效钾含量之间有很好的正相关关系。     

阜新露天煤矿排土场边坡土壤团聚体稳定性及分形特征

露天煤矿排土场边坡水土流失严重。以阜新露天煤矿排土场为对象,探究不同坡位、坡向和恢复年限间土壤团聚体稳定性及分形维数的差异,为排土场边坡生态恢复提供理论依据。选取自然恢复5 a和10 a排土场边坡,分析坡上、坡中和坡下以及阴坡与阳坡间土壤团聚体的平均质量直径(MMD)、几何平均直径(GMD)、分形维数(D)和破坏率(PAD)的差异及其影响因素。结果表明:恢复5 a阴坡及恢复5 a和10 a阳坡土壤团聚体的MMD和GMD从坡上到坡下逐渐增加,D和PAD逐渐减小。MMD和GMD阴坡大于阳坡,D和PAD阴坡小于阳坡。恢复5 a与10 a边坡团聚体的MMD、GMD、D和PAD差异均不显著。与对照裸地相比,坡上团聚体稳定性下降,坡中和坡下略有增加。排土场边坡土壤团聚体的D与MMD、GMD和>0.25 mm团聚体含量呈显著负相关,与PAD呈显著正相关。机械稳定性团聚体的D与含水量呈显著负相关,水稳性团聚体的D与有机质含量呈显著负相关。说明土壤结构和稳定性表现为阴坡好于阳坡,坡下优于坡上,应对不同坡位和坡向采取不同的恢复措施。     

京津水源区坡耕地土壤侵蚀特征分析

坡耕地是保障粮食安全与经济发展的重要资源.本文利用承德市南山径流场资料对不同坡长下径流深、含沙量及侵蚀量进行对比分析,结果显示:坡长和降雨强度都对土壤侵蚀有影响,随着坡长变化,导致土壤侵蚀量变化的两个主导因素不断变换.雨强小于0.25 mm/min时,坡面土壤侵蚀模数随坡长的增加而增大;雨强大于0.25mm/min时,随坡长的增加先增大后减小,最大侵蚀量总是出现在22 m坡长范围内.径流深均值与侵蚀量增量随坡长变化趋势一致,含沙量均值变化与雨强关系密切.所以治理京津水源区坡耕地水土流失,应在22 m坡长以内采取等高植物篱等措施,既可降低工程投入,又减少坡面土壤流失,提高土地生产力.     

Spatiotemporal variation and correlation of soil enzyme activities and soil physicochemical properties in canopy gaps of the Tianshan Mountains,Northwest China

The study of the heterogeneity of soil enzyme activities at different sampling locations in canopy gaps will help understand the influence mechanism of canopy gaps on soil ecological processes. In this paper, we analyzed the spatiotemporal variation of soil enzyme activities and soil physicochemical properties at different sampling locations (closed canopy, expanded edge, canopy edge, gap center) in different sampling time (December, February, April, June, August, and October) on the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains, Northwest China. The results showed that soil catalase, cellulase, sucrase, and acid phosphatase activities were relatively high from June to October and low from December to April, and most of soil enzyme activities were higher at closed canopy than at gap center. Soil urease activity was high during December-February. The soil temperature reached the highest value during June-August and was relatively high at gap center in October, December, and February. Soil water content was significantly higher in December and April than in other months. Soil bulk density was higher at gap center than at closed canopy in December. Soil pH and soil electrical conductivity in most months were higher at closed canopy than at gap center. Soil organic carbon, soil total nitrogen, and soil total phosphorus were generally higher at gap center than at closed canopy. Furthermore, sampling time played a leading role in the dynamic change of soil enzyme activity. The key factors affecting soil enzyme activity were soil temperature and soil water content, which were governed by canopy gaps. These results provide important support for further understanding the influence mechanism of forest ecosystem management and conservation on the Tianshan Mountains.     

黄土高原西部人工灌木林土壤水分分布规律

利用便携式中子水分测定仪,对黄土高原西部丘陵区不同立地条件、不同灌木类型覆盖下土壤水分含量进行观测研究,同时对人工灌木林土壤水分分布规律进行了初步的探讨。结果表明：阴坡土壤水分储量最高,其次为半阴坡和半阳坡,阳坡最低,坡向因子与土壤水分储量呈显著正相关,坡位因子与土壤水分储量相关性不显著。柠条(Caragana korshinskii)、半日花(Helianthemum songaricum)耗水量较大,沙木蓼(Atraphaxis bracteata）、梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)等耗水量居中,荒漠锦鸡儿(Caragana roborovskyi)、甘蒙锦鸡儿(Caragana opulens)、枸杞(Lycium chinense)耗水量较低,在植被恢复过程中,应根据物种抗旱性的不同在不同坡向进行合理的配置。从单株植物对土壤水分水平分布的影响看,随着离树干距离的加大,土壤水分含量越高,但在不同的土层深度土壤水分水平分布特征有差异。     

2000-2017年天山北坡西白杨沟流域土壤侵蚀时空变化分析

掌握天山北坡西白杨沟流域水土流失时空变化特征,为该区域水土保持和生态环境建设提供科学依据。以西白杨沟流域为研究区,采用样地调查、遥感和地理信息系统相结合的方法,应用CSLE模型,定量分析2000-2017年西白杨沟流域土壤水力侵蚀时空变化特征,分析该区域侵蚀强度和坡度、旅游活动的关系,结合实地调查,探讨西白杨沟流域水力侵蚀强度变化的驱动机制。结果表明:(1)2000-2017年西白杨沟流域土壤侵蚀量总体呈增加趋势。流域内土壤侵蚀强度主要是以轻度、微度为主,分别占流域总面积的65.52%、24.71%。(2)2000-2017年西白杨沟流域不同坡度下土壤侵蚀模数变化明显。坡度≤5°时,土壤侵蚀模数无明显波动;坡度在25°~35°时土壤侵蚀模数最大,土壤侵蚀较为严重。坡度>35°时,土壤侵蚀模数减小。流域内土壤侵蚀主要发生在25°~35°。(3)植被盖度、地上生物量随着旅游强度的增加而减少(CK>LG>MG>HG),土壤侵蚀受人为活动的影响较为显著。     

黄土高原沟壑区坡耕地土壤入渗规律研究

通过野外人工模拟降雨试验 ,分析了 3种入渗公式中经验参数在坡耕地不同耕作措施、不同坡度及不同降雨条件下的变化规律 ,探讨了坡度、土壤初始含水率、降雨强度、不同耕作措施对土壤入渗的影响     

Characteristics of soil seed banks at different geomorphic positions within the longitudinal sand dunes of the Gurbantunggut Desert,China

Understanding the characteristics of soil seed banks in sand dunes is crucial to stabilize the dune systems and maintain the plant populations in deserts. In this study, we conducted a survey investigation in the field and a seed germination experiment in the laboratory to explore the characteristics of soil seed banks at various geomorphic positions of longitudinal sand dunes in the Gurbantunggut Desert, China. Totally, 17 plant species belonging to 17 genera and 9 families were identified in soil seed banks, and 35 plant species belonging to 34 genera and 17 families were identified in aboveground vegetation. Plant species richness in soil seed banks decreased with increasing soil depth. The highest species richness was presented in the upper slope of the windward slope and the lowest species richness was presented in the base of the windward slope. There was no significant difference in seed density of soil seed banks among the examined seven geomorphic positions. The highest seed density occurred in the lower slope of the leeward slope while the lowest occurred in the crest. Moreover, seed density decreased with increasing soil depth, being the highest in the upper soil layer(0–2 cm). For both soil seed banks and aboveground vegetation, there was no significant difference in Simpson's diversity index among the seven geomorphic positions; however, Shannon-Wiener diversity index and Pielou's evenness index showed significant differences among the seven geomorphic positions. Those results showed that although there was no significant difference in seed density of soil seed banks among the seven geomorphic positions, the geomorphic positions significantly affected the species richness, diversity and distribution of soil seed banks. Therefore, understanding the characteristics of soil seed banks at different geomorphic positions of sand dunes is essential to vegetation restoration or reestablishment. Furthermore, the Jaccard's similarity coefficients of plant species between soil seed banks and aboveground vegetation at the seven geomorphic positions were low, suggesting that vegetation restoration or reestablishment processes should be promoted through adding seeds to surface layers.     

Effects of spring fire and slope on the aboveground biomass,and organic C and N dynamics in a semi-arid grassland of northern China

The aboveground primary production is a major source of carbon(C) and nitrogen(N) pool and plays an important role in regulating the response of ecosystem and nutrient cycling to natural and anthropogenic disturbances. To explore the mechanisms underlying the effect of spring fire and topography on the aboveground biomass(AGB) and the soil C and N pool, we conducted a field experiment between April 2014 and August 2016 in a semi-arid grassland of northern China to examine the effects of slope and spring fire, and their potential interactions on the AGB and organic C and total N contents in different plant functional groups(C_3 grasses, C_4 grasses, forbs, Artemisia frigida plants, total grasses and total plants).The dynamics of AGB and the contents of organic C and N in the plants were examined in the burned and unburned plots on different slope positions(upper and lower). There were differences in the total AGB of all plants between the two slope positions. The AGB of grasses was higher on the lower slope than on the upper slope in July. On the lower slope, spring fire marginally or significantly increased the AGB of C_3 grasses, forbs, total grasses and total plants in June and August, but decreased the AGB of C_4 grasses and A.frigida plants from June to August. On the upper slope, however, spring fire significantly increased the AGB of forbs in June, the AGB of C_3 grasses and total grasses in July, and the AGB of forbs and C_4 grasses in August. Spring fire exhibited no significant effect on the total AGB of all plants on the lower and upper slopes in 2014 and 2015. In 2016, the total AGB in the burned plots showed a decreasing trend after fire burning compared with the unburned plots. The different plant functional groups had different responses to slope positions in terms of organic C and N contents in the plants. The lower and upper slopes differed with respect to the organic C and N contents of C_3 grasses, C_4 grasses, total grasses, forbs, A. frigida plants and total plants in different growing months. Slope position and spring fire significantly interacted to affect the AGB and organic C and N contents of C_4 grasses and A. frigida plants. We observed the AGB and organic C and N contents in the plants in a temporal synchronized pattern. Spring fire affected the functional AGB on different slope positions, likely by altering the organic C and N contents and, therefore,it is an important process for C and N cycling in the semi-arid natural grasslands. The findings of this study would facilitate the simulation of ecosystem C and N cycling in the semi-arid grasslands in northern China.     

艾比湖流域5种土壤类型的酶活性和理化性质

以艾比湖流域为研究区,研究了荒漠5种类型土壤（黑钙土、栗钙土、棕漠土、灰漠土和灰钙土）的4种酶（过氧化氢酶、磷酸酶、脲酶和蔗糖酶）活性和理化性质（0~15、15~30 cm和30~50 cm土层）,并分析土壤酶活性与理化性质间的相关关系。结果表明：① 黑钙土和栗钙土的土壤理化性质优于其他土壤类型;各类型土壤理化性质的垂直分布表现出一定的规律性,土壤含水率和总盐表现为递减,土壤pH、有机质、全氮和速效磷则表现为递增。② 不同土壤类型的土壤酶活性间存在分异,除黑钙土外,其他类型土壤的酶活性在土壤剖面上递减规律不明显。③ 土壤酶活性间存在不同程度的正相关关系。④ 干旱区土壤酶活性与土壤有机质和全氮呈极显著正相关,与土壤含水率呈显著或极显著正相关,个别土壤酶活性与土壤pH呈显著负相关,与总盐和速效磷相关性不显著。⑤ 不同土壤类型酶活性和理化性质间的相关性表现不一,影响不同土壤类型酶活性的主要理化因子也不同。