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1.
钾素对玉米茎腐病抗性反应中糖类物质代谢的影响 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
通过砂培试验比较人工接种禾谷镰刀菌(Fusarium graminearum)后,不同钾处理对玉米幼根中糖含量及糖代谢关键酶活性和基因表达的影响。结果表明,不施钾处理中,接菌比未接菌处理玉米幼根中蔗糖和葡萄糖含量显著降低,且蔗糖的下降速率高于葡萄糖的下降速率。随着病原菌入侵时间的延长,不施钾处理葡萄糖与蔗糖比值显著升高,接菌8 d后,缺钾幼根葡萄糖与蔗糖的比值是充足供钾幼根的近10倍。此外,钾素有利于病原菌入侵,幼根中蔗糖合成酶(SS)和蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性提高,ss和sps基因表达量增加; 而缺钾处理中,ss基因的表达量几乎没有发生变化,sps基因的表达量在接菌后6 d才有所增加。说明在病原菌入侵后,钾素可以通过调节受侵染组织糖代谢相关酶的活性,协调受侵染部位糖代谢过程,增强抗病能力。 相似文献
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Abstract The humic acids (HA) from composted and uncomposted city refuse (CR) were characterized by degradative (oxidation with persulphate and permanganate) and non-degradative techniques (FT-IR and 13C-NMR) in order to analyze the effect of the composting process on these HA. They were also compared with commercial HA extracted from leonardite. The carboxyl and carbonyl group content of the HA from CR increased slightly during composting. Since the HA from the composted CR showed a lower N and H content, the FT-IR spectra showed a lower intensity in the bands corresponding to peptides and carbohydrates. Differences were revealed when the HA from both CR were compared with those from leonardite which showed a much lower N and H content and a less aliphatic character. The percentage of degraded products by persulphate was higher for the HA from uncomposted CR. For the HA from both CR the major components among the oxidation products were dicarboxylic acids and normal fatty acids. In the leonardite HA, the major components consisted of benzene polycarboxylic acids. 13C-NMR revealed an attenuation of the aliphatic character of the HA from CR with composting. 相似文献
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为研究肥料配比对春玉米农田土壤酶活性的影响,连续4年采用田间定位种植春玉米,分析各生育期各土层酶活性,利用聚类分析和主成分分析揭示酶活性的动态变化差异。结果表明,各种施肥措施显著增加蔗糖酶、脲酶和磷酸酶活性,主要影响10~20 cm土层酶活性。施用有机肥土壤酶活性最大值出现在散粉期,施用无机肥土壤酶活性最大值出现在大喇叭口期。随着土层深度的增加,蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶活性呈下降趋势;过氧化氢酶活性10~20 cm土层最低。配合施肥中增施氮肥降低过氧化氢酶活性,增加蔗糖酶、脲酶活性;增施磷肥增加脲酶、磷酸酶活性;增施有机肥增加过氧化氢酶活性,降低蔗糖酶、脲酶活性。单施氮肥降低土壤脲酶和磷酸酶活性。有机无机肥配施能够延长春玉米生育期土壤酶活性的高值期。土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶和磷酸酶活性分别受全钾、全氮、有机质和全氮、全磷和有机质含量的影响,施肥通过改变土壤元素含量及供给能力影响土壤酶活性。 相似文献
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为探究秸秆预处理过程中产生的胆碱类离子液体残液对干旱胁迫下玉米种子萌发的影响,以典型农作物玉米(Zea mays L.)为研究对象,使用13%聚乙二醇-6000(PEG)模拟干旱胁迫,以种子萌发参数、根芽长、种胚抗氧化酶活性为指标,研究200 mg·L-1胆碱脂肪酸离子液体(胆碱己二酸、胆碱辛二酸)和胆碱氨基酸离子液体(胆碱缬氨酸、胆碱苏氨酸、胆碱天冬氨酸、胆碱天冬酰胺)浸种处理对PEG模拟干旱胁迫下玉米种子萌发的影响。结果表明,PEG模拟干旱胁迫下,胆碱己二酸、胆碱辛二酸浸种处理显著提高了玉米种子的发芽指数,胆碱天冬氨酸、胆碱天冬酰胺浸种处理显著提高了种子的发芽势。另外,胆碱类离子液体浸种均促进了干旱胁迫下玉米根芽的生长,其中胆碱苏氨酸浸种处理下芽长增加最显著,增加48.2%;胆碱天冬氨酸浸种处理下根长增加最显著,增加26.7%。在PEG模拟干旱胁迫条件下,不同胆碱脂肪酸和胆碱氨基酸浸种处理提高了种胚中过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,且丙二醛(MDA)和过氧化氢(H2O2)含量均显著下降。综上,胆碱类离子液体浸种处理可能通过提高PEG模拟干旱胁迫下玉米种胚的抗氧化酶活性,降低MDA和H2O2含量,缓解氧化胁迫,促进PEG模拟干旱胁迫下玉米种子的萌发与萌发后根芽的生长。胆碱类离子液体有望作为作物生长调控物质,这为胆碱离子液体残液的利用提供了可行的途径。 相似文献
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为研究不同氮高效型品种的氮素代谢调控机制,本试验以高氮高效型玉米品种先玉335和低氮高效型玉米品种京农科728为试材,设置5个施氮水平120、180、240、300、360 kg·hm-2,以本地大田生产施氮量360 kg·hm-2为对照(NCK),探讨不同基因型玉米植株氮素转运、氮代谢关键酶活性和关键酶基因表达对减施氮肥的响应特征。结果表明,当施氮量为240~300 kg·hm-2时,先玉335各生育时期氮含量较高,平均产量达到较高水平;当施氮量为180~240 kg·hm-2时,京农科728各生育时期氮含量较高,平均产量达到较高水平。在低氮条件下,相较于先玉335,京农科728的硝酸还原酶(NR)、亚硝酸盐还原酶(NiR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、谷氨酸合成酶(GOGAT)、天冬酰胺合成酶(AS)均可保持较高的活性。相较于拔节期,京农科782在大喇叭口期的NR基因相对表达量显著上调;大喇叭口至灌浆期,两品种的GOGAT1和GOGAT2基因均显著上调;抽雄吐丝和灌浆期,京农科728中的GS1-3基因相对表达量显著上调;灌浆期,先玉335的GS1-3基因表达量显著上调。相较于拔节期,在其他生育期,两品种的GS1-4基因相对表达量均显著下调。相较于拔节期,京农科728在灌浆期的AS1和AS3基因相对表达量显著上调。相较于其他各生育时期,先玉335在拔节期的AS1基因显著上调。本研究结果证明了氮代谢关键酶基因对不同氮高效型品种的氮素吸收调控存在显著差异。本研究为了解不同氮高效型品种的氮素吸收调控特征提供了理论依据。 相似文献
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控释肥对夏玉米碳、氮代谢的影响 总被引:9,自引:1,他引:8
以夏玉米杂交种豫单998为材料,研究3种控释肥对夏玉米碳、氮代谢的影响。结果表明,在等养分量条件下,与常规施肥技术相比,3种控释肥均能有效协调吐丝期至成熟期植株体碳、氮代谢,叶片可溶性蛋白的含量增加2.20%1~0.39%,硝酸还原酶(NR)活性提高3.22%3~2.10%,植株叶片和茎鞘可溶性总糖分别增加6.78%4~6.71%和1.26%3~5.99%,全氮含量分别增加0.50%1~0.69%和1.09%4~1.92%;而可溶性总糖和氮素转运率均小于常规施肥。说明控释肥能较好满足夏玉米在吐丝期至成熟期生长需要,协调其碳、氮代谢,其中以硫加树脂包膜控释肥效果较好。 相似文献
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玉米?水稻轮作和水稻连作土壤根际和非根际氮含量及酶活性 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
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Tuncay Demirer 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(19):2532-2538
AbstractOrganic fertilizers have an important role in plant nutrition practices by protecting the environment, human health, ecological balance and supporting sustainable productivity. Hence, the use of leonardite which has high humic acid content is becoming increasingly common. Objectives of the study were to examine the effects of leonardite application on leaf nutrient contents and some fruit chemical parameters (pH, total soluble solids, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity) of cherry (Prunus avium L.). Cherry Ziraat 900 was used as a test plant and grafted on a Gisela 6 rootstock. The research was carried out in a randomized block design with three replications and 12 parcels. The 10-year-old orchard was chosen as the research area with having planting space of 5.0?m × 2.5?m. Each parcel consists of 25 trees. Four different doses (0-2-4-8?kg tree?1) were applied to drip lines of trees at a depth of 20?cm. Chemical fertilizers (N-P-K) were also added. The effect of the applications in the research has a statistically significant effect on all parameters analyzed in leaves and fruits except for Mg in leaves. In addition, as the dose of leonardite is increased, its effect was also increased and the results appeared in different groups due to the increase of ionization, mobility and adsorption of chemical fertilizers applied in the research. Nutrient absorption was increased because of the increased permeability of stem cell membrane by leonardite applications. Consequently, nutrient levels in the leaves were sufficient and/or excessive and fruit contents were found optimum. 相似文献
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以2009年建立的肥料定位试验为研究平台,于2013年进行了不同施肥处理对夏玉米产量及活性氧代谢影响的研究。结果表明,氮磷钾均衡施肥对夏玉米籽粒产量有显著的增产作用,产量达到9 299.85 kg/hm2,NPK处理的穗粒数和千粒重最高,NP处理的穗长、穗重与NPK处理没有显著差异;氮能有效地提高玉米穗位叶叶绿素含量和籽粒的灌浆速率;氮对玉米穗位叶过氧化物酶活性的影响最大,氮钾配施能够有效地提高玉米穗位叶超氧化物歧化酶活性,增加穗位叶可溶性蛋白质含量,降低穗位叶丙二醛含量。合理配施氮钾能够有效地提高玉米穗位叶光合效率,延缓叶片衰老,提高玉米籽粒产量。 相似文献
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外源水杨酸缓解低温胁迫对玉米种子萌发和早期幼苗生长伤害的生理机制 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
为探讨低温胁迫下外源水杨酸(SA)对植物种子萌发和早期幼苗生长影响的生理机制,本研究以先玉335玉米品种为试验材料,用0.05 mmol·L~(-1)的SA水溶液和去离子水(对照,记作CK)对种子进行浸种处理,研究外源SA对低温胁迫下种子发芽、种胚淀粉酶、氧化损伤水平、抗氧化酶、抗氧化物质和渗透调节物质等的影响。结果表明,与CK相比,SA处理玉米种子的发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数、幼苗干重和鲜重分别显著提高了5.57%、7.20%、23.76%、15.49%和28.52%。SA处理的玉米种胚淀粉酶活性显著提高,在种子萌发第2、第6、第8、第10天比CK提高了28.6%、15.1%、9.6%和16.9%;而超氧阴离子(O_2~)和丙二醛(MDA)含量经SA处理后显著下降。SA处理提高了种胚抗氧化酶的活性,在种子萌发第2、第4、第6和第8天时,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性比CK分别提高了36.6%、25.9%、43.6%和46.3%;过氧化物酶(POD)活性在种子萌发12 d时比CK提高了9.0%;和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性在第4、第6、第8天时比CK分别提高了13.0%、5.7%和17.0%。此外,SA处理还提高了种胚抗氧化物质还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)和渗透调节物质脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖的含量。综上所述,SA可以通过改善渗透调节能力和加速淀粉转化来缓解低温胁迫诱导的氧化损伤。本研究结果为探究SA调控低温胁迫下种子萌发和早期幼苗生长的机制开拓了新视野。 相似文献
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Recep Irfan Nazli Ilker Inal Alpaslan Kusvuran Ahmet Demirbas Veyis Tansi 《Journal of plant nutrition》2016,39(7):912-921
The use of organic materials as a source of nutrients on agricultural lands ameliorates soil physical properties as well as being an environmentally friendly way of disposing of their wastes. This study was conducted to determine effects of three organic materials (poultry litter, cattle manure, leonardite) on yield and nutrient uptake of silage maize. Poultry litter and cattle manure were applied based on phosphorus (P) or nitrogen (N) requirements of the crop whereas leonardite was applied only one dose (500 kg ha?1) and also combined with three inorganic fertilizer doses (100%, 75%, 50% of recommended inorganic fertilizer dose). According to the results, the highest green herbage yield and nutrient uptake values were observed in LEO-100 whereas N-based treatments significantly decreased yield and nutrient uptake of silage maize. The use of organic materials as a combination with inorganic fertilizer in silage maize cultivation is highly beneficial for sustainable forage production. 相似文献
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生物质炭与有机物料配施的土壤培肥效果及对玉米生长的影响 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
生物质炭作为一种多功能的土壤培肥材料被广泛应用,但其与传统有机物料的对比及配施研究还比较少。通过盆栽试验,研究了生物质炭与秸秆、发酵鸡粪单施及配施对壤质潮土和砂土养分含量、酶活性及玉米生长的影响,并采用主成分分析方法对3种有机物料的培肥效果进行综合评价。试验设6个处理,分别为不添加有机物料(CK)、添加生物质炭(BC)、小麦秸秆(WS)、发酵鸡粪(CM)、秸秆和生物质炭(WS+BC)、鸡粪和生物质炭(CM+BC)。研究结果表明,各处理均增加了砂土玉米生物量和株高,3种有机物料的提升幅度排序为:鸡粪生物质炭秸秆,鸡粪还可增加壤质潮土玉米生物量和株高。添加生物质炭和有机物料还可提高土壤有机质含量,其中生物质炭的提升幅度最大。此外,3种有机物料对土壤养分和酶活性的影响各异,单施鸡粪分别增加壤质潮土和砂土的碱解氮22.08%和26.67%,速效磷91.92%和53.65%,脲酶活性40.54%和36.94%;单施生物质炭分别增加壤质潮土和砂土速效磷83.52%和89.91%,速效钾79.38%和127.02%,过氧化氢酶活性3.41%和11.22%,却降低了土壤碱解氮含量,且与鸡粪配施后会抑制鸡粪中氮的有效性;单施秸秆分别增加壤质潮土和砂土速效钾49.48%和63.02%,β-葡糖苷酶活性51.86%和59.09%;生物质炭与鸡粪或秸秆配施可以更均衡地提升土壤肥力。通过主成分分析和相关分析发现,玉米生物量和株高与土壤氮、磷供应正变化的第2主成分(PC2)得分呈极显著正相关关系。因此,3种有机物料中,鸡粪对土壤氮、磷含量及相关酶活性影响最大;秸秆对土壤钾以及纤维素分解相关酶影响较大,而生物质炭对土壤肥力的提升作用更均衡,且土壤肥力综合得分最高。秸秆或鸡粪配施生物质炭可以更全面地提高土壤肥力。 相似文献
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Andrea Ertani Michela Schiavon Adriano Altissimo Clizia Franceschi Serenella Nardi 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2011,174(3):496-503
Intensive land use may affect soil properties (e.g., decreased soil organic matter [SOM] content) and, consequently, reduce crop yields considerably. One way of counteracting the loss of SOM and stimulating plant productivity could be the use of organic residues from agro‐industrial processes as bioactive products. The present study was focused on the possible effects of phenol‐containing organic substances derived from agro‐industrial by‐products on maize (Zea mays L.) metabolism in a pot experiment. Plants were grown for 12 d in a nutrient solution in the absence (control) or in the presence of either a cellulosolitic dry apple hydrolyzate (AP) or a dry blueberry cool extract (BB) applied at two rates (0.1 and 1 mL L–1). Both products increased root and leaf biomass and led to higher concentrations of macronutrients in the plant tissue. AP and BB also had a positive impact on nitrogen (N) metabolism stimulating the activity and gene expression of phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase, a key enzyme of the phenylpropanoid pathway. Furthermore, both products increased leaf concentrations of phenols (+ 28% and 49% for AP and BB, respectively) and flavonoids (+ 22% and 25% for AP and BB, respectively). From our results it can be assumed that residues from agro‐industry may be successfully used as bioactive products in agriculture to increase plant yield and resistance to stress conditions. 相似文献
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高量施锌肥对玉米Zn吸收和积累及产量的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
在田间试验条件下,研究正常施锌(10kg/hm2,25kg/hm2 ZnSO4.7H2O)和超高量施锌处理(50kg/hm2,100kg/hm2,150kg/hm2 ZnSO4.7H2O),对玉米各个生育期植株锌吸收和积累以及产量的影响,以期为玉米增产、品质改善和合理施锌肥提供科学依据。结果表明:在施锌肥量10~150kg/hm2范围内,玉米苗期、拔节期、吐丝期、灌浆期、成熟期的植株和籽粒含锌量都有显著增加的趋势,并且施用量与锌含量呈极显著正相关,正常施锌和超高量施锌在植物体内各个生育期锌含量都呈增加的趋势,且同一浓度施锌量,玉米植株积累的锌量随植株生长而增加,说明玉米在不同生长期从土壤中吸取的锌元素也在不断增加。玉米地上部分各生育阶段对锌的吸收速率总体趋势为,随着施锌量的增加各个生育阶段对锌的吸收速率呈增加趋势,其中,拔节期-吐丝期对锌的吸收速率最高。随着施锌量的增加,玉米产量呈现先增加后降低的趋势,最适合的施锌量为50kg/hm2,相比正常施锌量有所提高,并且高施锌肥可以增加玉米产量、提高玉米籽粒和植株锌含量。 相似文献
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氮肥减施下添加硝化抑制剂对夏玉米灌浆期叶片生理特性的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
为明确氮肥减施条件下添加硝化抑制剂对夏玉米灌浆期叶片生理特性的影响,本研究设置氮肥正常施用量、氮肥不同减施量及其添加硝化抑制剂处理,研究玉米灌浆期叶片SPAD值、荧光特性、氮素代谢关键酶活、籽粒产量及氮效率的变化。结果表明,氮肥减施20%时添加硝化抑制剂处理能够显著增加果穗粒数,籽粒产量为11.59 t·hm-2,达到正常施氮量水平。与正常施氮处理相比,氮肥减施30%和20%时添加或不添加硝化抑制剂,氮效率均显著提高,其中氮吸收效率和氮利用效率在各处理间表现不一致,氮吸收效率以氮肥减施30%处理最高,为0.72 kg·kg-1,氮利用效率以氮肥减施30%添加硝化抑制剂最高,为72.23 kg·kg-1。玉米灌浆期,氮肥减施20%并添加硝化抑制剂处理下穗位叶SPAD值优势明显,最大荧光和PSⅡ综合性能指数等荧光指标明显提高,氮素代谢关键酶硝酸还原酶(NR)和谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性显著增强。综上,在本试验条件下,氮肥减施20%并添加硝化抑制剂能增强玉米灌浆期氮素代谢能力,协调碳氮代谢之间的关系,提高氮效率,增加玉米籽粒产量,达到玉米节本增效的目的。本研究结果为在夏玉米生产上推广施用硝化抑制剂提供了理论依据。 相似文献
19.
成型等离子体技术对玉米苗期叶片某些生理特性影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
为了给等离子体处理技术在农业中的推广应用提供理论参考与技术支撑,利用成型的等离子体处理技术处理玉米种子,对苗期叶片生理生化指标变化进行研究。结果表明,等离子体处理对玉米苗期叶片光合能力没有影响;处理提高了玉米苗期叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、可溶性蛋白含量、可溶性糖含量,在2叶期、4叶期、6叶期和8叶期均高于CK,丙二醛(MDA)含量显著低于CK;在2叶期和4叶期,等离子体处理的玉米苗期叶片硝酸还原酶(NR)活性稍低于CK,在6叶期和8叶期,NR活性分别比CK高26.81%和26.75%。等离子体处理提高了玉米氮代谢能力,且随生育进程的推进,这种趋势愈加明显。 相似文献
20.
G. Verlinden B. Pycke J. Mertens F. Debersaques K. Verheyen G. Baert 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(9):1407-1426
The effect of humic substances on yield and nutrient uptake of grass, maize, potato and spinach was investigated in six field experiments and two pot experiments in a high input cropping system. The humic substances originating from leonardite formations in Canada were applied as liquid solution to the soil (Humifirst liquid) or as a solid incorporated in mineral fertilizers (Humifirst incorporated). Formal meta-analysis of the results of all executed experiments showed that the application of humic substances had an overall positive effect on dry matter yield of the crops and this effect was statistically significant for Humifirst incorporated. In the case of permanent grassland, humic substances promoted mainly the production of the first grass cut, which has the highest grass quality among all cuts during the growing season. Tuber production on the potato field trial showed a high response on the application of humic substances. Total potato yield increased with 13 and 17% for Humifirst liquid and Humifirst incorporated, respectively. The effect of humic substances on maize yield was limited, probably due to the rather high nutrient status of both soils. Finally, the formal meta-analysis showed a consequent increase in nitrogen and phosphorus uptake of all studied crops as well. The effect on potassium and magnesium uptake was also mainly positive, while sodium and calcium uptake were not affected in most of the experiments. 相似文献