微晶化磷矿粉对杨树生长及土壤不同形态磷含量影响

为了研究磷矿粉经微晶化活化后的应用效果,探讨解磷细菌对微晶化磷矿粉的实际应用效应提升能力,以过磷酸钙作为对比肥料,利用盆栽试验研究了普通磷矿粉原料、微晶化磷矿粉及解磷细菌对杨树生长、磷吸收和土壤磷有效性的影响。结果表明,与普通磷矿粉相比,微晶化磷矿粉显著促进了杨树的苗高、地径和生物量积累,杨树地上部磷的含量和总吸收量分别增加8.96%和22.85%。与过磷酸钙处理相比,微晶化磷矿粉的处理杨树的生长及生物量无显著性差异,但杨树地上部磷的含量和总吸收量分别减少10.05%和11.97%。微晶化磷矿粉中加入解磷细菌,土壤中的细菌、放线菌和微生物总量分别增加41.89%、28.57%和41.53%,真菌数量减少31.19%,但对杨树生长、磷素吸收和土壤磷素的有效性影响较小。微晶化磷矿粉处理与普通磷矿粉处理相比,土壤中酸溶性磷和有效磷含量分别增加53.27%和45.35%。与过磷酸钙处理相比,酸溶性磷和有效磷含量分别增加15.68%和13.60%。磷矿粉原料处理的土壤全磷含量最高,各处理水溶性磷含量差异不显著。以上研究表明,磷矿粉经微晶化作用后显著提高了杨树的生长,促进了磷素的吸收利用,有利于土壤长期保持供磷能力,但解磷细菌的加入对杨树生长和土壤供磷能力影响较小。     

磷肥种类和用量对土壤磷素有效性和棉花产量的影响

田间试验研究了两种磷肥不同用量对土壤磷素、棉花全生育期磷素的有效性以及棉花产量的影响。结果表明:增施磷肥能增加棉田土壤速效磷、全磷含量、磷素活化系数以及棉花产量,土壤速效磷和磷素活化系数平均比对照处理增加302%和180%。同时,也能增加棉花对磷素的吸收和干物质的积累。但过量施用磷肥并不能显著增加棉花产量、吸磷量和干物质积累量。棉花对磷素的吸收和干物质积累以施磷量150kg.hm-2最优。两种磷肥比较显示,重过磷酸钙对棉田速效磷含量和磷素活化系数的贡献高于磷酸二铵,分别比磷酸二铵高244%和325%。     

酸性土壤上磷矿粉释磷机理与农学效应

在三种酸性土壤上,进行了直接施用磷矿粉的高粱幼苗试验和培养实验,结果表明：供试土壤严重缺磷,不施磷肥的对照处理,高粱幼苗表现出严重的缺磷症状。若以施磷(P)量为50mg/kg的过磷酸钙为参照,除JX-PR外,其它磷矿粉的肥效高于过磷酸钙的处理;四种磷矿粉的肥效一般顺序为：NPR > MPR > HJP-PR > JX-PR,与2% 柠檬酸浸提的枸溶性磷和土壤速效磷（P）的增加量相一致;从幼苗的实验结果看,土壤速效磷（P）含量与高粱幼苗干物质量有良好的线性关系。磷矿粉中SiO2和CaO含量的高低影响磷矿粉直接施用的效果。     

生物有机肥对盐碱土壤养分及玉米产量的影响

通过室内和田间试验,研究了施用生物有机肥对玉米产量、盐碱土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效磷、速效钾的影响。结果表明：各施肥处理小区产量为7652.10 g/7 m2~8609.17 g/7 m2,均显著高于对照（CK,6782.30 g/7 m2）。室内盆栽试验各处理在根长、根干重、株高、苗干重、次生根明显高于对照。改善了土壤,增加了土壤中有机质、全氮、全磷、速效磷、速效钾的含量;各处理均显著高于对照,田间试验中A处理的全氮、全磷分别高于对照0.83%和0.97%;速效磷A和速效钾C处理分别比对照高5.56 mg/kg和15.04 mg/kg;室内盆栽试验也有相同趋势。速效钾对玉米幼苗的根长、根重呈显著正相关,相关系数r=0.6628和r=0.5399;全氮、速效磷对玉米穗重、小区产量也呈显著正相关。说明施入生物有机肥起到了改良盐碱土壤、提高玉米产量的作用。     

长期定位施肥对蔬菜保护地土壤磷素空间分布的影响

以长期定位施肥蔬菜保护地土壤为材料，研究不同施肥处理对土壤磷素在剖面上分布特征的影响。结果表明：不同施肥处理土壤全磷和速效磷含量在剖面中均呈现随土层深度增加而减少的趋势，而且在同一土层内，施有机肥各处理土壤速效磷含量高于不施有机肥各处理。在0~60cm土体内施有机肥各处理土壤磷素活化系数明显高于对照和不施有机肥各处理。在土壤剖面中施肥各处理有机磷含量均高于对照，配施有机肥处理也高于单施化肥处理。磷素在土壤中的积累和长期施用有机肥是导致土壤磷素向下层移动的主要因素。     

不同解磷菌群对复垦土壤磷素形态及油菜产量的影响

为培肥复垦土壤、提高土壤潜在的磷素有效性,采用盆栽试验研究施用不同浓度单一及混合解磷菌群对复垦土壤磷形态以及油菜产量、吸磷量、叶绿素含量的影响。结果表明,与不施解磷菌群处理相比,施入不同浓度的解磷菌群能够提高土壤有效磷含量、碱性磷酸酶活性及土壤全磷的含量,其中,效果最好的是解磷细菌群,较不施解磷菌群处理,土壤有效磷含量、碱性磷酸酶活性及土壤全磷含量分别提高21.69%~50.42%,7.17%~25.45%,2.38%~9.52%,且在中浓度4 m L/盆处理下含量达到最大;施入解磷菌群能够提高油菜的产量和叶绿素含量,解磷细菌群作用效果最显著,分别较不施解磷菌群处理提高4.13%~41.76%,3.60%~17.90%,在中浓度4 m L/盆处理下油菜的产量和叶绿素含量达到最大,油菜吸磷量变化不显著;不同解磷菌群处理对复垦土壤Hedley无机磷形态含量也有影响;不同解磷菌群处理的土壤H_2O-Pi、NaHCO_3-Pi、NaOH-Pi含量均高于CK处理,残渣态-P、HCl-Pi含量低于CK处理,其中,作用最显著的是中浓度4 m L/盆的解磷细菌群处理;解磷细菌群处理的土壤H_2O-Pi,NaHCO_3-Pi,NaOH-Pi含量均高于不施解磷菌群处理。施入解磷菌群可以增加土壤H_2O-Pi、NaHCO_3-Pi、NaOH-Pi含量,降低HCl-Pi、残渣态-P的含量。综合分析结果显示,中浓度的解磷细菌群处理可以促进土壤磷素的活化,提高土壤有效磷含量,同时可显著提高作物叶绿素含量及其产量,结果可为矿区复垦土壤磷肥合理配施提供理论依据。     

长期施肥对设施土壤磷素积累及释放的影响

研究了长期定位条件下不同施肥处理对保护地土壤磷素积累及释放的影响。结果表明,施磷肥的土壤其全磷、速效磷和有机磷的含量明显高于不施磷肥的土壤,且在同一条件下,施加有机肥能提高土壤中不同形态磷素的含量。四种处理土壤全磷含量的大小顺序为：AP>BP>A>B,速效磷和有机磷含量的大小顺序为：AP>A>BP>B。有机肥能明显促进土壤磷素的释放,四种处理土壤磷素累积释放量的大小顺序为：AP>BP>A>B。抛物线扩散公式能很好地拟和土壤磷素释放特征。     

磷基土壤调理剂在低磷红壤上对小白菜生长的影响

采用盆栽试验研究不同用量的土壤调理剂对低磷红壤改良及小白菜生长的影响。研究结果表明：土壤调理剂提高了土壤团聚体的数量、pH、全磷、有机质及阳离子交换量,以200%和100%土壤调理剂效果最好,显著高于化肥和不施磷肥处理;200%土壤调理剂处理的小白菜地上部与地下部干重分别为化肥处理的83.3%和81.3%,是不施磷的4.48倍和2.8倍;50%土壤调理剂处理的水溶性糖含量与还原糖分别比不施磷肥增加77.92%和57.94%;50%土壤调理剂处理小白菜地上部磷含量最高0.4%,比不施磷肥提高42.86%,磷素利用率26.7%。说明磷基土壤调理剂可部分替代磷肥,且土壤调理剂用量越高,对低磷红壤的改良效果越好。     

生物炭及改性生物炭对滨海盐渍化稻田土壤磷素淋失的影响

针对黄河三角洲盐碱稻田土壤磷素有效性低、淋失严重的问题。采用田间定位试验,探究了生物炭及改性生物炭添加对土壤磷有效性和磷素淋失风险的影响。试验设4个处理：(1)空白对照,CK;(2)常规施肥,NPK;(3)常规施肥+秸秆源生物炭8000 kg/hm²;(4)常规施肥+秸秆源铁改性生物炭8000 kg/hm²。结果表明：相比于NPK处理,生物炭及改性生物炭处理后表层土壤速效磷、全磷含量显著增加,其中速效磷含量增加41%以上。土壤全磷含量随土壤深度增加而降低,在60～80 cm土层中改性生物炭处理土壤全磷含量最低。土壤金属氧化物、有机碳及可溶性有机碳与土壤全磷、速效磷及水溶性磷存在显著正相关关系,表明土壤磷、金属氧化物和有机质可能存在共迁移;改性生物炭添加后土壤磷素饱和度显著降低。综上所述,改性生物炭添加降低土壤磷素淋失风险。     

微晶化磷矿粉对杨树幼苗根际土壤微环境特征的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了CK(不施磷肥)、SP(过磷酸钙)、普通磷矿粉(MP0)、平均粒径为7.26 μm的微晶化磷矿粉(MP1)和平均粒径为4.04 μm微晶化磷矿粉(MP2)等处理对鲁林1号杨树幼苗根际土壤微生态环境特征的影响。结果表明： MP2处理的有机酸总量与SP处理无显著性差异,但明显高出CK、MP0和 MP1处理43.55%、21.89%和10.15%;MP1、MP2和SP处理的总糖含量差异不显著,但均显著高于CK和MP0处理;而各处理的氨基酸总量均未达差异显著水平。MP2处理的pH值分别较CK、MP0和MP1处理降低0.31、0.17和0.12个单位;SP与MP2处理的EC值差异不显著,但明显高于其他处理;同时,SP和3个磷矿粉处理的CEC值均显著高于CK,而SP与MP0、MP1、MP2处理间差异未达显著水平。此外,MP2处理的速效磷含量分别比CK、MP0和MP1处理显著提高35.19%、14.45%和7.85%,而3个磷矿粉处理对速效钾、交换性Ca和Mg含量并未表现出明显的影响作用。以上分析认为,两个微晶化磷矿粉处理相比对照和普通磷矿粉处理均能明显提高杨树苗根系分泌物中有机酸总量,显著提高根际土壤中速效磷含量,且粒径越小,其提高幅度越大。说明微晶化磷矿粉的粒径变小能提高土壤的供磷能力。     

Radio Tracer Studies on P Use Efficiency in a Rice Based Cropping System

Tracer studies using ³²P labelled superphosphate and rock phosphate were conducted in microplots in a field experiment on rice-rice-greengram cropping system. The trial revealed that in all the rice crops studied, P uptake and P use efficiency were higher in superphosphate treated plots than in rock phosphate applied ones. P uptake was improved with organic manuring through application of green manure or crop residues like long rice stubbles. While superphosphate performed well either with or without organic manuring, rock phosphate performed fairly well only with organic manuring. Fairly good P use efficiency could be obtained in the system when green manuring and rock phosphate application in the first crop was followed by superphosphate and long stubble incorporation in the second crop. Apparent recovery values also showed nearly the same results. But tracer studies were found to be definitely superior in the evaluation of fertilizers.     

Phosphorus Utilization Efficiency and Yield Responses of Drip Irrigated Cotton under Plastic Film Mulching to Three Types of Water Soluble Phosphorus Fertilizers

[Objective] To select suitable phosphate fertilizer types for drip irrigated cotton under plastic film mulching in calcareous soil, the lint yield responses and phosphorus (P) utilization rate of cotton to three types of water soluble P fertilizer were compared. [Method] Two-year field trials were conducted with four treatments including no P fertilizer (P0), monoammonium phosphate (MAP), diammonium phosphate (DAP) and triple superphosphate (TSP). All P fertilizers and potassium fertilizer as potassium chloride were applied as base fertilizer before sowing. To maintain nutrient balance, additional nitrogen was applied as urea. Ten percent of nitrogen was applied as base fertilizer before seeding, and 90% of nitrogen was applied with drip irrigation. The cotton dry matter, lint yield, P uptake and soil available P were measured at harvest. [Result] When compared with the no P fertilizer control, the lint yields of MAP, DAP and TSP increased by 11.01%, 6.97% and 8.52%, respectively, and shoot dry matter increased by 10.96%, 4.86% and 8.36%, respectively. MAP significantly increased the shoot dry matter and lint yield of cotton when compared with DAP but not TSP. Application of the three P fertilizers significantly increased P uptake of cotton, and average utilization rates of MAP, DAP and TSP were 26%, 22% and 24%, respectively. Input of P fertilizers improved economic benefit. The profit from MAP use was higher than that of DAP and TSP. However, the effects of MAP, DAP and TSP on soil available P were not significant. [Conclusion] Application of MAP, DAP and TSP could significantly increase cotton yieldand economic benefit, with the effect of P fertilizers in the order of MAP > TSP > DAP.     

施磷对不同间作体系间作优势与磷肥利用的影响

为了探明施磷水平对不同间作体系产量间作优势和磷肥利用的影响,在河北曲周主要研究了施磷对玉米‖蚕豆、玉米‖大豆和玉米‖油菜3种间作体系土地当量比(LER)、磷吸收量、磷肥吸收效率和磷间作优势的影响。结果表明：玉米‖蚕豆的LER是1.24~1.31,玉米‖油菜的LER是1.20~1.24,玉米‖大豆的LER是1.11~1.15,均大于1,具有明显的间作优势;3个磷水平下,吸磷量表现为玉米‖大豆>玉米‖蚕豆>玉米‖油菜,除玉米‖油菜间作体系外,比单作玉米分别高21.5%%~40.2%和13.3%~22.9%,且均随着施磷量的增加而增加,但增加幅度降低;3种间作体系均具有明显的磷间作优势,除玉米‖大豆间作体系外,施磷后均降低;磷肥吸收效率除玉米‖蚕豆在施磷90 kg/hm²外均低于单作玉米,并且随着施磷量的增加而降低。这表明,通过活化磷能力强的作物与玉米间作可以提高土壤难溶性磷的利用,玉米‖大豆和玉米‖蚕豆比玉米‖油菜效果好,适宜的施磷量为90 kg/hm²。     

修复剂及其施用水平对广西高铅污染土壤的影响

为降低高铅污染土壤对农作物的毒害,通过采用水浸取、DTPA浸取单步浸取试验,研究不同类型修复剂对广西环江、阳朔2个地区的高铅污染土壤的影响。结果表明,随着施加水平的增加,各个修复剂对土壤pH增加幅度的大小顺序是：有机肥>磷矿粉>钙镁磷肥>生石灰,磷矿粉、有机肥能够提高供试土壤的pH。磷酸二氢钾、过磷酸钙（高、中、低）均显著降低土壤DTPA-Pb含量,分别为32%~72%、31%~57%;而磷酸二氢钾对水溶态铅含量的影响与之相反,增加了水溶态铅含量1~3.4倍,过磷酸钙（高）显著地降低了水溶态铅含量,降低水溶态铅含量约88%。有机肥能够通过降低土壤水溶态铅的含量,增加了DTPA的浸取率。对供试土壤S-1,生石灰、有机肥、磷矿粉均显著降低了土壤中水提取态铅的含量,土壤水提取态铅含量均为低浓度处理>高浓度处理;对供试土壤S-2,有机肥、磷矿粉在不同施加浓度均显著地降低了水溶态铅的含量,降低为41%~55%。     

On Increasing Mustard Productivity with an Inexpensive Source of Leaf—applied Phosphorus

A simple randomized field experiment was conducted for two years to test the comparative efficacy of three sources of leaf-applied phosphorus (sodium dihydrogen orthophosphate, diammonium phosphate and monocalcium superphosphate) on the yield performance of mustard ( Brassica juncea L. Czern. and Coss.) var. Varuna. The quantity of P was 3.5 kg ha⁻¹. In addition, 20 kg N and 2 (or 6) kg S ha⁻¹ were included in the spray applied in two equal splits at 70 and 90 days as supplement to the basal application of 60 kg N, 17.5 kg P and 33.2 kg K ha⁻¹. The two-year data revealed that spray treatments were significantly efficacious in augmenting most of the yield attributing parameters as well as seed and oil yield by about 20% over the water-sprayed control. However, as the three sources of phosphorus proved equally effective, commercial grade monocalcium superphosphate could be preferred over others due to its cost effectiveness and easy availability.     

基于高光谱的棉花叶片磷含量估测模型

研究不同施磷条件下棉花叶片叶绿素含量的变化规律，旨在建立基于高光谱的叶片磷含量估测模型，实现棉花叶片磷含量快速监测。在盆栽试验条件下，设置不同的磷肥量，测定棉花功能叶叶绿素含量与磷含量，并利用植被指数和叶绿素含量的相关性构建磷含量的光谱变量，从而实现利用高光谱对棉花叶片磷含量的定量监测。结果表明：(1)棉花播种后100天左右，叶片磷含量与叶绿素呈现显著关系(决定系数R²=0.96)。(2)利用多个植被指数(X)和叶绿素含量(I)的相关性构建倒一叶、倒二叶、倒三叶、倒四叶的磷含量光谱变量，其中各叶片相关性最优的模型：倒一叶(L₁)为I₁=2.6131X_RENDVI-0.4275,X_RENDV为红边归一化植被指数，R²=0.71,RMSE=0.2；倒二叶(L₂)为I₅=0.0142X_TVI+0.3274,X_TVI为三角植被指数，R²=0.76,RMSE...     

2010年春季微山湖叶绿素a及初级生产力研究

2010年4月对微山湖不同水域叶绿素a含量和初级生产力进行调查,并就环境因子对其影响进行了研究。结果表明,微山湖叶绿素a平均含量为6.29 μg/L,表现为入湖河道>航道区>养殖区;初级生产力均值为188.67 mgC/(m3?d),表现为入湖航道>养殖区>湖区航道;逐步回归分析发现,总氮、总磷对微山湖叶绿素a含量影响显著;总磷含量对入库河流叶绿素a含量影响显著。总磷含量对微山湖、入湖河流初级生产力影响显著;磷酸盐含量对入湖河流初级生产力影响显著。     

共培养提高解磷菌解无机磷能力及解无机磷基因(pqqE)的克隆

在土壤磷循环相关的生态学系统中,解磷微生物担任着重要的角色,它能将难溶性磷转化为可溶性磷,从而提高磷肥的利用率。通过磷钼蓝比色法对9株解磷菌的解磷能力进行检测,从中选取3株解磷能力较强的菌株并按不同的接种量比例两两共培养,测定共培养后发酵液中可溶性磷含量并比较解磷能力。结果表明,在共培养过程中,当将苏云金芽胞杆菌HDBP2与蜡状芽胞杆菌HDBP5以2:1比例混合培养时,混合物解磷能力最强,培养液中可溶性磷含量最高可达到90.25μg/mL。为了进一步了解解磷菌解无机磷的能力,同时对苏云金芽胞杆菌HDBP2、蜡状芽胞杆菌HDBP4和HDBP5中可促进细菌溶解利用无机磷的吡咯喹啉醌合成基因(pqqE)进行克隆,进而从分子生物学角度阐明解磷菌解无机磷的机理。苏云金芽胞杆菌HDBP2与蜡状芽胞杆菌HDBP5共培养有助于提高菌株解磷能力。