对开发建设项目水土保持投资概（估）算编制有关问题的探讨

开发建设项目水土保持投资概(估)算鳊制既要体现水土保持工程特点，又要与主体工程造价编制相结合。对在各行业工程造价编制规定及定额体系多样、标准不一的情况下，水土保持工程投资概(估)算编制中的有关问题进行了分析，并提出了建议。     

水土保持工程概(估)算软件及应用

 为提高水土保持工程概(估)算编制的效率和准确性,依据水土保持概(估)算定额和相关规定,运用VisualBasic语言编写程序功能模块,采用Access构建程序数据库,开发了水土保持工程概(估)算软件。经测试,该软件能有效减少概(估)算编制的工作时间降低人为误差。这为进一步提高水土保工程概(估)算的效率和准确性提供了坚实基础,也为水土保持工程概(估)算同基于计算机辅助设计的工程图和基于地理信息系统的规划图的一体化奠定了基础。     

开发建设项目水土保持投资概(估)算编制中应注意的问题

开发建设项目涉及煤炭、化工、石油天然气、冶金、水利、电力、交通、铁路、航空等各行业。通过对开发建设项目水土保持工程投资概(估)算编制方法及编制过程中所采用的相关费率、税金及计算系数等相关问题的探讨,为开发建设项目水土保持投资概(估)算编制提供参考。     

浅谈水土保持投资概(估)算编制方法

为适应基本建设项目管理的要求 ,水土保持生态环境建设投资概 (估 )算项目可划分为建筑工程、临时工程、其他费用、预备费和建设期还贷利息等 5个部分 ,各部分下设一、二、三级项目 ,一、二级项目不得合并。提出了概 (估 )算的编制依据、一般程序、有关费率计算标准及概 (估 )算报告的内容等     

水土保持生态建设概(估)算的编制

水土保持生态建设工程概 (估 )算内容可划分为工程措施、林草措施、独立费用三个部分。工程措施和林草工程费由直接费、间接费、企业利润和税金四部分组成。介绍了概 (估 )算的编制办法及计算标准。     

水土保持方案编制若干问题探讨

开发建设项目编报与实施水土保持方案,是水土保持法赋予业主的法定义务。根据近几年来编制水土保持方案报告书的实践,对主体工程中具有水土保持功能的工程评价、水土保持方案编制费用、水土保持方案审查、水土保持设施补偿费计算、水土流失量预测、水土流失监测、水土保持投资概(估)算等一些问题进行了探讨,提出了一些看法和建议。     

浅谈水土保持生态建设项目概(估)算编制

本文就水土保持生态建设项目的特点，概(估)算编制的作用、程序步骤、方法以及当前工作中存在的问题进行了讨论，希望能对提高概(估)算的编制质量起到推动作用。     

火电项目水土保持方案编制中的问题及建议

通过对多个火电项目水土保持方案的审查及编制,提出现阶段在编制火电项目水土保持方案报告书中容易出现问题,目前的问题主要有项目概况交待不清、项目区中缺少有用的信息、水土流失预测中的类比工程交待不清、主体工程中已有水土保持措施评价不细致及水土保持监测和投资估(概)算中容易出现的问题。     

关于修订水土保持工程概(估)算编制规定和定额的建议

水利部2003年初颁布的《水土保持工程概（估）算编制规定和定额》（以下简称定额）填补了水土保持工程定额和投资标准的空白。在水土保持生态环境建设过程中，对于控制工程投资，保障资金安全，对工程实施量化管理，发挥了重要作用，并已初步得到水利同行、计划等相关部门的认可，但是通过一定时间工程实践发现，     

开发建设项目水土保持投资概(估)算若干问题探讨

开发建设项目水土保持投资概(估)算的各种标准随着形势的变化在不断更新.对运用这些标准计算水土保持工程建设监理费、水土流失监测费和水土保持设施补偿费的结果进行了对比和分析.结果认为,要合理编制这些费用,必须正确采用适当的文件、编规,而且还应根据不同项目的实际情况进行具体的分析和核算.     

Adsorption of Orthophosphate to Humic-Fe-Complexes and to Amorphous Fe-Oxide

The adsorption of orthophosphate to humic surfaces was studied in a model experiment. The adsorption maximum of humic substances greatly increased with higher concentrations of organically complexed Fe (III), indicating that orthophosphate was bound to humic surfaces via metal bridges. The molar ratio P_adsorbed/Fe was nearly 1 for Fe freshly complexed to humic substances, whereas the ratio for amorphous Fe-oxide was a tenfold lower. An increase in pH from 5.2 to 6.2 lead to an increase of P-adsorption of about 30% in the case of humic-Fe-surfaces, which could be explained by an increased accessibility of adsorption sites at pH 6.2. The addition of a 0.01 M CaCl₂-matrix increased orthophosphate adsorption at pH 6.2 but not at pH 5.2. This could be explained by electrostatic interactions caused by the Ca⁺⁺ ion.     

自动分析曲线线型并可绘图的计算机程序

本程序图文并茂,直观性强。而且,引入常数k的曲线模拟模型可提高精确度百倍以上,使其更适合理化特性或理论曲线的模拟分析。     

Stability of patulin to sulfur dioxide and to yeast fermentation.

The affinity of patulin for sulfur dioxide (SO2) is much less than was previously reported and is of little significance at the SO2 concentrations (below 200 ppm) used in the processing of apple juice and cider. However, at concentrations of 2000 ppm SO2 and 15 ppm patulin, combination was 90% complete in 2 days. Removal of SO2 liberated only part of the patulin, which suggests that 2 mechanisms are involved: one reversible (opening the hemiacetal ring) and one irreversible (SO2 addition at the double bond). Test with 2 yeasts used in English commercial cider making confirmed that patulin is effectively removed during yeast fermentation.     

Toxicity of brass powder to corn and the relationship to soil fractionation of copper and zinc

Abstract

The relationship of Cu and Zn fractionation in soils to plant growth was investigated on a Sassafras sandy loam (fine‐loamy, siliceous, mesic Typic Hapludult) and a Joppa gravelly sandy loam (loamy‐skeletal, siliceous, mesic Typic Hapludult). Pot studies were conducted in the greenhouse exposing corn (Zea mays cv. Silver Queen) to concentrations of 0, 100, 200, and 400 mg brass powder/kg soil. The corn was grown over a two week period, during which time individual plant heights were taken to note differences in plant growth. Data showed that plant height was reduced when the concentration of brass powder in the soil was increased. Total and fractionated Cu and Zn levels in the soils were analyzed and compared to height. Regression equations showed a more explicit relationship between height and exchangeable Cu levels rather than other Cu and Zn levels in the two soils. Additionally, a more pronounced effect was seen in plants grown on the Sassafras sandy loam, which was attributed to differences in soil physicochemical properties.     

Current and historical inputs of mercury to high-latitude lakes in Canada and to Hudson Bay

Sediment cores collected from several lakes in northern Canada have been analyzed for mercury and several other chemical contaminants. Sites ranged from the Experimental Lakes Area of northwestern Ontario, north to Cornwallis Island, and west to the southern Yukon. Cores were sliced at sites of collection and individual slices were freeze dried and analyzed for Pb-210 and Cs-137 to estimate average time intervals of deposition. The earliest date estimated by Pb-210 was about 1850, and mercury concentrations in some lakes were clearly increasing before then, assuming no vertical movements of mercury within the sediments. Extrapolation of dates downward to deeper slices, assuming a constant sedimentation rate, indicated that in some lakes mercury inputs increased slowly even in the 1500's, more rapidly after 1750, and more rapidly yet over the current century. These increases are interpreted as increased fluxes of mercury to the lakes as a result of long-range transport of atmospheric mercury, since there are no local industrial sources of mercury. Slices taken near the bottom of a core are taken to estimate the geological component while elevations in excess of that in surface slices are taken to represent contamination from fallout. This partitioning suggests that sediments in the eastern Northwest Territories are dominated by pollution, while those from the western Northwest Territories are influenced more by their geological settings. Two cores from Hudson Bay suggest that mercury is increasing there too, but has not yet exceeded geological sources. Mercury shows little or no tendency to decline in the most recent slices; indicating that inputs of mercury remain at or near their historical maxima. Given relatively high and continuing inputs of mercury to northern lakes it seems likely that some portion of that mercury may find its way into the food chain, hence the long-term prospect is for increasing levels of mercury in northern fish.     

RS和GIS技术在水保方案编制中的应用

分析了将RS和G IS技术应用于水土保持方案编制的优势和可行性,在此基础上结合实例,阐述了RS和G IS技术在水土保持方案编制中的具体应用,主要包括基础数据的调查统计、水土流失预测、水土保持治理措施布设和水土保持监测等。提出了在方案编制实践中应用RS和G IS技术还需要注意的几个问题。     

Response of Lettuce and Rhizosphere Biota to Successive Additions of Zinc and Cadmium to a Tropical Entisol

Response of lettuce and rhizosphere biota to successive addition of zinc (Zn) and cadmium (Cd) was assessed in a pot experiment using limed and unlimed tropical Entisol. Cadmium (2.5 mg kg^?1 soil) and Zn (50 mg kg^?1 soil) were spiked to soil 1 month after germination, and successive applications were superimposed as 5 and 10 times the first dose. Plants were analyzed for metal uptake and mycorrhizal colonization 1 week after each metal application. Rhizosphere soils were assessed for extractable Zn and Cd as well as populations of bacteria, fungi, and metal-tolerant fungi. The greatest metal doses resulted in 84–88 mg Zn and 8–10 mg Cd kg^?1 soil and 5–7.5 mg Cd and 70–72 mg Zn kg^?1 dry matter. Metal-tolerant fungi population increased from 9–13% to 26–63%, but mycorrhizal colonization and bacterial population were inhibited by 88% and 96%, respectively. Liming had relieved metal stress on rhizosphere biota but did not affect metal uptake.