淳化县核桃炭疽病发生规律及绿色防控措施

2013-2015年淳化县核桃炭疽病发病规律及防治技术调查与研究结果显示,一般果园炭疽病造成损失10%~30%,严重危害逐步显现出来,叶片、枝条、果实皆可染病;病原菌有性时期为球壳菌科小丛壳属围小丛壳(Glomerella cingulata),无性态为黑盘孢科盘圆孢菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides);以菌丝体在核桃病枝、病果、芽上越冬,5月上旬至下旬在越冬场所病残体上产生分生孢子,借风、雨和昆虫传播,6月上旬从伤口或自然孔口侵入,潜育期一般为5~10天,6月下旬发病,7月中旬至8月下旬为发病盛期,10月中旬停止发病进入休眠越冬期;通过选育抗病品种、加强栽培管理、消除或减少越冬病源量、喷施化学药剂等方法防治。     

苹果白粉病发生规律及化学防治技术研究

针对苹果白粉病4～5月份发病情况,进行了专题调查和药效防治试验,苹果白粉病在陕西关中4～9月为病害发生期,其中4～5月气温较低,枝梢组织幼嫩,为白粉病发生盛期,对果树的中后期生长发育影响极大,6～8月发病缓慢或停滞;4月中旬病害发生初期开始喷药,一般防效可达80%左右。喷药3～4次,间隔10～15 d左右喷药1次,可有效控制苹果白粉病的流行。     

大扁杏重茬育苗病害防治技术研究

采用营养杯试验和圃地播种试验相结合的方法,对大扁杏重茬育苗病害症状、发病时期、发病率和防治技术进行研究,结果表明,大扁杏重茬育苗病害为立枯型病害,症状表现顺序为:叶片萎蔫→叶片变黄干枯→根系枯死→整株直立死亡.6月初开始发病,单株病株从发病到死亡持续的时间为7～10d,6月中旬为发病的集中期,此期累计发病率达76％.播种前进行土壤消毒处理,苗期进行喷药处理,感病株率明显降低.     

6种杀菌剂对苹果炭疽病的防治效果

采用6种杀菌剂进行了防治苹果炭疽病的田间试验,结果表明:在发病前施药防治苹果炭疽病,试验中6种杀菌剂均具有一定的防效,在处理剂量范围内对果树安全。第5次药后第2次调查:40%福·福锌可湿性粉剂1333、1600(mg/kg)效果最好,防效分别为90.32%和92.51%,其次为40%苯醚·甲硫可湿性粉剂444、667(mg/kg);30%戊唑·咪鲜胺可湿性粉剂200、300(mg/kg);;60%唑醚·代森联水分散粒剂400、600(mg/kg),防治效果均在85%以上。生产上应在发病前施药,间隔14d喷药1次,连喷5次.     

葡萄病虫害综合防治

葡萄病虫害的防治至关重要。通常某种病害或虫害的防治至少要喷药 3～ 5次 ,在实际生产中农民不好操作。但如果根据葡萄生长的不同季节和此季节容易发生病虫害的情况 ,采取以防为主、综合防治的方法 ,全年一般喷药 5～ 7次就可以了。1　休眠期　此期主要防治的对象是各种越冬病虫。方法是 :清理果园 ,将园中枯枝、落叶、杂草全部清除出园 ,焚烧或深埋。此项工作进行 2次。第 1次是在葡萄落叶后 ,重点清除落叶和杂草。第 2次是翌年春季葡萄伤流前 ,重点清除葡萄修剪下的枝条 ,特别是病枯枝 ,以及剥下的老皮。最好结合对土壤进行 1次深翻或旋…     

椰子织蛾生物学特性观察和防治

椰子织蛾（Opisina arenosella）是棕榈植物重要食叶害虫，在湛江一年发生 4~5 代、以 4 代为 主，世代重叠，以高龄幼虫越冬。每年 7—8 月份林间种群数量最大，8—9 月份危害严重，幼虫主要在 植物中层和下层老叶叶片背面皱褶处危害，形成不规则蛀道。蛀道长 60~150 mm，蛀道内粪便与其吐的 丝交织，幼虫隐藏于蛀道内取食叶肉，严重时叶肉大部分被吃光，后期造成叶片卷曲、干枯，形似火烧。 害虫完成 1 世代历期 50~65 d，其中幼虫历期 30~35 d，蛹历期 10~14 d，成虫历期 5~10 d, 卵历期 4~6 d。 车载电动喷雾器防治试验结果表明，20% 好年冬乳油 1 200 倍液、44% 多虫清乳油 1 200 倍液和 50% 甲 刻水分散粒剂 800 倍液，喷药后第 5 天，3 种药剂对椰子织蛾幼虫防治效果达到 90.26%~93.38%；喷药后 第 10 天，防治效果达到 93.16%~95.24%；3 种药剂的防治效果不存在差异。推荐交替使用上述 3 种药剂， 相隔 10~15 d，连续防治 2~3 次，可以控制其危害。     

如何识别和防治葡萄炭疽病

葡萄炭疽病,又名晚腐病,是葡萄的主要病害之一.发病时可使穗粒干枯,严重时可减产30%～40%.准确识别葡萄炭疽病并正确防治十分重要.     

葡萄炭疽病的防治

葡萄炭疽病，又名晚腐病，是葡萄的主要病害之一。发病时可使穗粒干枯，严重时可减产30％～40％。准确识别葡萄炭疽病并正确防治十分重要。     

50%醚菌酯可湿性粉剂防治黄瓜白粉病药效试验报告

50%醚菌酯可湿性粉剂对黄瓜白粉病有较高的防效,试验中的防效为77.0%～88.6%,没有药害现象。使用时推荐剂量为50%醚菌酯可湿性粉剂247g/hm2,于黄瓜白粉病发病前或初开始喷药,间隔7天喷药2次以上。     

山茱萸炭疽病发病因子调查

山茱萸炭疽病Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz.始发期决定于5月份降雨早晚,发病程度决定于月降雨量多少,8—9月为发病高峰期;病害随海拔增高而逐渐减轻;百年老龄树病果率较高;石磙枣较抗病且优质丰产。5—9月每次下雨前后喷药和防治蛀果蛾等害虫可降低发病率。     

Possibilités d'infection du platane par Ceratocystis fimbriata f. platani après contamination de l'eau où se développent des racines blessées

Infection of plane tree by Ceratocystis fimbriata f. platani after contamination of water as growing substrate of wounded roots. Plane tree seedlings (Platanus acerifolia) were cultivated during 1. year so as some roots emerged from the culture pot And grow in the water of a container placed below. In April, these roots were wounded and nearby, conidia suspension of C. fimbriata?. platam was injected into the water. 1 month later, foliage of some seedlings began to wilt and after 2 months, 7 out of 12 plane trees were drying. The pathogen was recovered from all parts of the roots above the water level inside the pots and as high as the collar for 4 plants.     

Effects of resveratrol on the ultrastructure of Botrytis cinerea conidia and biological significance in plant/pathogen interactions

Many roles have been ascribed to stilbenes, namely as antimicrobial, deterrent or repellent compounds in plants, protecting them from attacks by fungi, bacteria, nematodes or herbivores, acting both as constitutive and active defense (phytoalexin) compounds. More recently, stilbenes (especially resveratrol and its derivatives) were acclaimed for their wondrous effects and wide range of purported healing and preventive powers as cardioprotective, antitumor, neuroprotective and antioxidant agents. Although there is a huge number of works concerning the role of resveratrol in human health, reports on the antifungal activity of this compound are still scarce. This study was thus conducted in order to investigate the toxicity of resveratrol at an ultra- structural level to dormant conidia of Botrytis cinerea, the causal microorganism for gray mold. In grapevine particularly, this disease can affect all the green organs but is particularly damaging for ripening berries. Observations using transmission electron microscopy showed the occurrence of damages on conidia treated with sub-lethal doses, that is, 60 μg/mL (2.6 × 10^− 4 M) of resveratrol, a concentration usually reached in grapevine leaves and grape berries challenged by this pathogen. These results provide further data about the overall mode of action of this phytoalexin and its role in the B. cinerea/grapevine interaction.     

Studies of the life cycle of Gremmeniella abietina on Scots pine in southern Sweden

Aspects of the life cycle of Gremmeniella abietina (Lagerb.) Morelet were studied from 1988 to 1990 in stands of Pinus sylvestris L., 16–32 years old, in southern Sweden, initiated in 1988 with a widespread outbreak of the disease. Pycnidia started to release conidia in late spring and apothecia began to release ascospores in summer. Latent infections could still be detected one year after their establishment by cultivation of healthy looking shoots on agar petri dishes. G. abietina appeared to have a mainly biennal life cycle, as most spores were released two years after infection of the shoot.     

Liberation of Heterobasidion annosum conidia by airflow

The effect of speed and humidity of the airflow and the míst sprayed with airflow on the liberation of conidia of Heterobasidion annosum from pure cultures was studied in a small windtunnel. The conidia were liberated more easily in humid than in dry airflow. Liberation was most abundant when mist was added to the airflow. Threshold speed for the liberation of conidia was calculated to vary between 1.8 m/s and 3.9 m/s. According to the results, conidia of H. annosum may be liberated into the air by wind gusts associated with high humidity or mist and thus the conidia may have a role in aerial dispersal, although this is probably small compared with basidiospores.     

Effects of insect activity, soil, and cuticular factors on virulence of Beauveria bassiana toward Blissus leucopterus hirtus

The fungus Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) is a potential biological control agent of hairy chinch bug, Blissus leucopterus hirtus Montandon (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae), but its virulence against this important turf grass pest is limited. To gain insight into why high numbers of conidia are needed for rapid kill, conidial persistence on insects was monitored under several experimental conditions. One day after exposure to a concentrated B. bassiana suspension, most conidia were removed from insects, particularly at warmer temperatures. Removal was higher when soil was present, suggesting that the insects may have transferred the conidia to soil. Most conidia on insects lost viability within 2?days. In contrast, conidia stored in soil under the same conditions as the insects remained viable. Earlier instar nymphs were more susceptible to lethal fungal infection than were adults. Materials recovered from a hexane rinse of adult insects inhibited conidial germination. These results have implications for applied aspects of chinch bug biological control with B. bassiana.     

引种无核葡萄在昆明地区的表现及果实品质综合评价

为丰富昆明地区鲜食葡萄品种的栽培多样性,对17个引种无核葡萄品种在昆明地区的栽培特性和果实品质进行调查和综合评价。结果表明:(1)根据17个品种的熟性可分为极早熟、早熟、中熟、晚熟和极晚熟5类,植株长势差异较大,具有丰富的遗传多样性,蕴含着良好的选择潜力;(2)17个品种的形态指标变异系数介于13.43%~43.49%,其中百粒重和单粒质量变异系数最大;(3)可将成熟时的17个品种的果实色泽分为4类,即黄绿色、粉红色、红色和蓝墨色,可滴定酸TA是果实品质综合评价的重要指标之一;(4)各品种的穿刺力(Fsk)介于2.38~5.65 N,穿刺能量(Wsk)介于4.24~13.35 mj,不同品种在硬度和口感上存在较大变异;(5)通过建立无核葡萄综合品质评价模型,得到17个品种的优良度排序,筛选出综合品质优良的品种是‘美丽无核’‘紫甜无核’和‘郑果大无核’,最差的品种是‘希姆劳特’‘康能无核’‘金星无核’,同时可将17个品种聚为6类,较好地区分开了不同优良度的品种。     

内寄生真菌Esteya vermicola对松材线虫侵染活力的测定

从不同培养基、不同测定方法、不同菌株、不同孢子浓度4个方面测定内寄生真菌Esteya vermicola孢子对松材线虫的侵染活力,结果表明:该真菌离体分生孢子对松材线虫有侵染活力;PDA固体培养比PDB液体培养所得孢子能更有效的粘附和杀死松材线虫;在WA平板上,采用浸渍法测定孢子对线虫的侵染活力比其他处理效果好;在供试的3个菌株(CUN 120806、CBS 10082和CBS 115803)中,CBS 115803菌株对松材线虫具有较高侵染活性;4个不同浓度(1×109、1×108、1×107、1×106个·mL-1)孢子对线虫的作用中,随着孢子浓度降低,孢子对线虫侵染能力也随之降低。     

Studies on conidial germination of Cylindrocladium quinqueseptatum,causing leaf blight of Eucalyptus in India1

In vitro germination of conidia of Cylindrocladium quinqueseptatum Boedijn & Reitsma, a cause of leaf blight of Eucalyptus spp., began after 4.5 h of incubation and attained approx. 95 % within 8 h; germination was optimal at 25°C. Conidial germination on the intact leaves of 2-month-old E. grandis occurred after 3 h of incubation. Formation of appressorium over the epidermal cells was recorded first on the abaxial surface of leaves at 6 h and later on the adaxial surface. Formation of appressorium over the stomata was found only very rarely and most leaf penetrations occurred directly through epidermal cells.     

对敦煌葡萄产业发展的分析与思考

按照酒泉市委发展"一特四化"的总要求,通过对敦煌葡萄产业发展渊源和现状的调查和分析,提出和总结了敦煌葡萄产业发展的优势、存在的问题及特点,进一步明确了做大做强葡萄产业的思路、对策与方向,旨在科学发展观的指导下,把敦煌葡萄产业这篇大文章做得更好,为建设"西北最具特色的鲜食葡萄生产基地"和推进社会主义新农村建设建言献策做出...     

Study on biological characteristics ofHendersornia acicola

The morphological and cultural characteristics ofHendersonia acicola Munch & Tub., isolated from the needles ofPinus sylvestris var.mongolica Litvin, were described. The fungi was cultured on three kinds of media and the speed of mycelial growth and the required time to produce conidia were different. On the medium of needle decoction agar, the fungi grew fast and produced conidia after 5 days culturing. On PDA came second and it needed 7 days to produce conidia. On the medium of maize flour agar, it grew slowly and produces conidia after 27 days incubating. The fungi cannot produce conidia under darkness on all three kinds of media. The conidia can germinate at 8°C–28°C. The optimum conditions for conidia to germinate are 25°C, RH 100% and pH 4 and under these conditions it only takes four hours for conidia to germinate. The conidia germination is not affected by light