2种沙蒿根围AM真菌时空分异

为阐明荒漠生境中沙生植物根围AM真菌时空分布规律及其与土壤因子的关系,在陕西省榆林市北部沙地设立样地,于2007年4月、7月、10月在密集型克隆植物黑沙蒿（Artemisia ordosica）和白沙蒿（Artemisia sphaero-cephala）根围分0～10 cm,10～20 cm,20～30 cm,30～...     

采煤沉陷区模拟土壤侵蚀胁迫对黑沙蒿生理生长特性的影响

为揭示半干旱采煤沉陷区水土保持植物的逆境生存策略，以2～3 a生黑沙蒿（Artemisia ordosica）为试验材料，对其根部进行原位根系断裂试验模拟土壤侵蚀胁迫，设置重度胁迫（P1）、中度胁迫（P2）、轻度胁迫（P3）及对照（CK）四个处理，研究黑沙蒿生长指标、光合特性及生理应激反应对胁迫的响应变化。结果表明：（1）土壤侵蚀胁迫显著抑制黑沙蒿生长速率，侵蚀破坏程度越大，生长抑制越显著，重度胁迫后黑沙蒿株高、冠幅、枝条长度、枝条直径增速较对照组平均下降36.91%、43.90%、69.76%、66.76%。（2）土壤侵蚀胁迫对黑沙蒿光合作用形成明显的负面作用，且侵蚀破坏程度越大，负反馈越强烈，重度胁迫后黑沙蒿叶片净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间二氧化碳浓度、蒸腾速率、叶绿素含量较对照组分别降低39.86%、59.26%、7.82%、51.55%、12.33%。（3）侵蚀破坏发生70 d内，黑沙蒿叶片SOD活性、POD活性和CAT活性与对照组相比呈先升高后降低随后趋于平稳趋势，MDA含量在一定范围内波动，冗余分析表明SOD活性对黑沙蒿光合特性的影响最为显著。综合分析说明，采煤沉陷区土壤侵蚀...     

土壤水分对毛乌素沙地油蒿群落演替的影响

采用空间代替时间的方法,对毛乌素沙地三种不同演替阶段的油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)群落(半固定沙地油蒿群落、具生物结皮的油蒿群落、油蒿+本氏针茅群落)的群落特征及生物量、叶片气体交换过程、不同土层(0-10cm、10-20cm、20-40cm、40-60cm、60-80cm)土壤含水量、根系垂直分布等进行测定.结果表明:油蒿群落演替是油蒿与草本植物竞争、生物结皮发育、土壤发育以及土壤水分垂直变化等生物非生物因素综合作用的结果.随着油蒿群落演替的发展,群落物种数、草本层盖度和生物量、群落总盖度逐渐增加,而油蒿个体数、油蒿盖度、油蒿叶生物量以及生物土壤结皮盖度则先增加后减少,油蒿根系有向下分布的趋势,0-10cm土层逐渐以草本植物根系占优势.土壤水分是毛乌素沙地油蒿群落演替的主要驱动力,通过影响油蒿叶片气孔导度和净光合速率,以及根系垂直分布影响油蒿在群落中的竞争力.不同演替阶段油蒿群落土壤水分低值区不同,半固定沙地油蒿群落0-10cm和20-40cm土壤含水量最低,具生物结皮的油蒿群落10-20cm土壤含水量最低,而油蒿+本氏针茅群落60-80cm土壤含水量最低.     

青蒿的栽培管理及病虫害防治

青蒿为菊科蒿属植物，学名黄花蒿（Artemisia annua L.）．又名苦蒿、香蒿、蒿枝，具有清热解暑、除蒸、截疟的功能．是提取青蒿素的原料植物。自2004年世界卫生组织、联合国儿童基金会等全球权威医疗机构将青蒿素类药品作为一线抗疟药品推广之后，国内青蒿人工种植发展迅速，已成为很多地方发展农村经济和增加农民收入的新兴产业。根据笔者几年来的试验研究，现将青蒿栽培管理与病虫害防治技术简介如下：     

差巴嘎蒿(Artemisia Halodendron)种子萌发对土壤温度、水分和埋深的响应

差巴嘎蒿(Artemisia halodendron)是科尔沁沙地植被的关键种之一,它在沙地植被的恢复演替过程中扮演着重要角色,也被广泛应用于人工固沙活动中。为了了解差巴嘎蒿对风沙环境的适应特点,试验研究了其种子萌发对土壤温度、水分和埋藏深度的响应模式。结果表明:差巴嘎蒿种子在4月和5月的土壤温度条件下萌发良好,总萌发率可达到96%,在7月的土壤温度条件下萌发较差,总萌发率低于50%;若以试验前3天的总萌发率为准,则5月的萌发率远大于其它两个月。在0MPa、-0.1MPa、-0.2MPa、-0.4MPa、-0.8MPa和-1.6MPa水势下,差蒿种子的总萌发率分别为89%、83%、80%、46%、17%和0%。在0.5cm、1.0cm和2.0cm埋深下,最终出苗率分别为90%、32%和9%,当埋深大于4cm后,种子无法出苗。种子萌发对温度、水势和埋深的这种响应模式总体上不利于差巴嘎蒿实生苗在科尔沁沙丘生境中的存活。     

腾格里沙漠南缘3种一年生植物出苗率对沙埋和GA_3的响应

以腾格里沙漠南缘3种一年生植物沙米((Agriophyllum squarrosum)、碟果虫实(Corispermum patelliforme)和五星蒿(Echinopsilon divaricatum)为材料,对种子进行1g/L赤霉素(GA3)处理和不进行GA3处理的沙埋对比实验,探索其在种子进行GA3处理前后出苗率随沙埋深度的变化规律。结果表明:①无论种子进行GA3处理与否,3种一年生植物种子的出苗率都随着沙埋深度的增加呈现下降趋势。②种子不进行GA3处理,3种一年生植物最佳沙埋深度是0.5cm;种子进行GA3处理,最佳沙埋深度依次是0.5～1cm,0.5～2cm和0.5～3cm。③种子GA3处理后,3种一年生植物的出苗率变化受植物种类和沙埋深度影响;沙米出苗率最大的深度为0.5cm,增加量3.2%;碟果虫实为0.5cm,增加量18.4%;五星蒿为2cm,增加量为27.4%。④种子GA3处理后,3种一年生植物出苗率的沙埋深度分别是沙米0.5～1cm,碟果虫实0.5～5cm和五星蒿0.5～5cm。     

三种沙生灌木叶片含氮量的季节变化及其水分响应

沙生灌木叶片含氮量的季节变化及其对土壤水分的响应对理解植物资源利用、胁迫适应以及生态系统氮水过程耦合具有重要意义。文中研究了宁夏盐池油蒿(Artemisia ordosica),沙柳(Salix psammophila)和杨柴(Hedysarum mongolicum)叶片含氮量的季节动态及其与土壤水分的关系。结果表明:杨柴叶片含氮量显著高于油蒿和沙柳。在展叶期三种植物叶片含氮量均随时间下降;在叶变色期和落叶期叶片含氮量再次呈现下降趋势。在完全展叶期,三种植物叶片含氮量均不随时间发生趋势性变化,但随10cm土壤含水量的升高而增加,而不随深层(30,70cm)土壤含水量变化。此外,叶片含氮量对水分响应的敏感性存在种间差异,油蒿较其它两种植物更为敏感。在整个生长季,0-30cm土壤含氮量随10cm土壤含水量的升高而增加,表明土壤水分是通过改变土壤含氮量而间接影响植物叶片氮动态的。     

宁夏盐池沙地3种植物群落土壤酶活性变化的初步研究

采用样线法和样方法相结合,对盐池沙地典型植物群落牛枝子群落、牛枝子-黑沙蒿群落、黑沙蒿群落土壤酶活性变化进行了比较研究。结果表明:从牛枝子群落经牛枝子-黑沙蒿群落至黑沙蒿群落,0-5cm土层过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶活性均为牛枝子群落最高,牛枝子-黑沙蒿群落最低;5-10cm,10-15cm土层过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶活性均为牛枝子群落最高,黑沙蒿群落最低。土壤磷酸酶活性在3群落之间和各土层间无明显规律。相关性研究表明,3种植物群落土壤酶活性之间、土壤酶活性与土壤养分之间均存在密切关联性。     

盐胁迫下荒漠植物柠条和油蒿的离子吸收及分配特征

柠条(Caragana korshinskii)和油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)是生长在荒漠地区的两种典型的固沙先锋植物。本试验以生长三个月的柠条和油蒿幼苗为研究材料,经0-400 mmol·L-1NaCl溶液胁迫处理7d,检测其含水量变化、主要矿质离子含量变化及其在根茎叶的分布、积累和运输特征。结果表明:随着盐浓度的增加,柠条和油蒿的含水量均呈下降趋势,柠条的变化尤为显著;二者在离子吸收与分配上显著不同,柠条体内Na~+的含量是油蒿的2-3倍,表现为"吸钠排钾"的特征,而油蒿体内K~+的含量是柠条的2倍左右,具有"吸钾拒钠"的耐盐特征。此外,随着NaCl浓度增大,柠条体内Cl~-含量升高,K~+、Ca~(2+)、Si~(4+)含量降低,而油蒿体内只有C~l-含量增加趋势明显,其他离子则相对稳定。说明二者耐盐机制显著不同,在离子吸收与分配上存在互补互利的效应,而且这种互补性提高了他们的耐盐性。     

荒漠草原不同植物群落夏季土壤呼吸特征研究

采用动态密闭气室分析法测定了荒漠草原不同植物群落土壤呼吸速率的日动态并分析了土壤呼吸对温度变化的响应。结果表明:沙蒿(Artemisia desertorum)群落、赖草(Leymus secalinus)群落、甘草(Glycyrrhi-za uralensis)群落和冰草(Agropyron crisatum)群落4种植物群落土壤呼吸速率日变化表现为不对称的单峰曲线形式。冰草群落、赖草群落与沙蒿群落之间土壤呼吸速率存在显著差异,而沙蒿群落和甘草群落则无显著差异。采用指数方程拟合各群落土壤呼吸速率与0-20cm平均土壤温度的关系均显著相关,但不同植物群落间土壤基础呼吸不一样,其值大小依次为:冰草群落>甘草群落>赖草群落>沙蒿群落。Q10值的变化范围为1.22-14.75,且随着土壤深度的增加而增大,其平均值大小依次为:沙蒿群落>赖草群落>甘草群落>冰草群落。     

Spatial distribution of Agriophyllum squarrosum Moq.(Chenopodiaceae) in the straw checkerboards at a revegetated land of the Tengger Desert,northern China

The present study focuses on straw checkerboards established in the Shapotou Desert Research and Experimental Station at the southeastern edge of the Tengger Desert and their effects on the species richness and the abundance of Agriophyllum squarrosu Moq. Specifically, detailed analyses on the spatial distribution of A. squarrosum and the related soil properties were carried out at a small scale in the straw checkerboards. A. squarrosum is an excellent pioneer plant for revegetation in desert areas. However, the distribution pattern of A. squarrosum and the influencing factors have not been sufficiently delineated. The results showed that the species richness and the abundance of A. squarrosum were decreased exponentially from the border to the center of the straw checkerboards. At the micro-geomorphological scale, the soil texture, soil organic matter(SOM), soil nutrients(nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium), and soil infiltration rate in the topsoil tended to increase from the center to the border within a straw checkerboard, while soil moisture presented an opposite tendency. The soil seed bank of A. squarrosum, soil bulk density, electrical conductivity, sand content, Ca CO3 accumulation, and p H showed no significant difference(P0.05) between the border and the center of the straw checkerboards. Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that the abundance of A. squarrosum was mainly determined by the concentrations of SOM, nitrogen, and the infiltration rate, implying that nutrient acclimation was the optimal competitive strategy of A. squarrosum for surviving in a barren natural environment of an arid desert region.     

沙漠水渠人工固沙区沙篙和沙拐枣灌丛的土壤水分特征对比

在古尔班通古特沙漠引水渠沿线建植5a的人工固沙区内,选择自然生长的沙蒿和沙拐枣灌丛,依据冠幅大小设置5个水平距离梯度和4个土层深度梯度.对比研究了二者的土壤水分特征.结果表明,随土层深度的增加,两种灌丛土壤含水量均呈增加趋.,中下部2层(20～40 cm和40～60 cm)土壤含水量显著(P<0.05)高于上部2层(0...     

Growth and physiological responses of Agriophyllum squarrosum to sand burial stress

Agriophyllum squarrosum is an annual desert plant widely distributed on mobile and semi-mobile dunes in all the sandy deserts of China. We studied the growth and physiological properties of A. squarrosum seedlings under different sand burial depths in 2010 and 2011 at Horqin Sandy Land, Inner Mongolia to understand the ability and mechanism that A. squarrosum withstands sand burial. The results showed that A. squarrosum had a strong ability to withstand sand burial. Its survival rate, plant height and biomass increased significantly at a burial depth 25% of seedling height and decreased significantly only when the burial depth exceeded the height of the seedlings; some plants still survived even if the burial depth reached 266% of a seedling height. The malondialdehyde(MDA) content and membrane permeability of the plant did not change significantly as long as the burial depth was not greater than the seedling height; lipid peroxidation increased and cell membranes were damaged if the burial depth was increased further. When subjected to sand burial stress, superoxide dismutase(SOD) and peroxidase(POD) activities and free proline content increased in the seedlings, while the catalase(CAT) activity and soluble sugar content decreased. Sand burial did not lead to water stress. Reductions in photosynthetic area and cell membrane damage caused by sand burial may be the major mechanisms increasing mortality and inhibiting growth of the seedling. But the increases in SOD and POD activities and proline content must play a certain role in reducing sand burial damage.     

Comparison of seed germination of four Artemisia species (Asteraceae) in northeastern Inner Mongolia, China

Two psammophile-dominated Artemisia semi-shrubs (A.wudanica and A.halodendron) and two annual Artemisia forbs (A.sieversiana and A.scoparia) bear significant ecological functions in Horqin Sandy Land,but systematical information on their achenes' germination is very limited.A set of studies were conducted to evaluate seed germination responses to storage periods and methods,different temperatures,lights conditions and sand burial depths,in order to determine inter-specific germination variation in the same genus and to explain how the species adapt to its microhabitat.Fresh achenes of A.wudanica,A.halodendron and A.sieversiana showed high germination capacities,but those of A.scoparia had obvious innate dormancy,which could be broken by chilling and dry storage,especially long-term dry storage.Achene germination of the two semi-shrubs preferred lower temperature fluctuation (10 to 22oC) and was not sensitive to light.But the two annuals preferred higher temperature fluctuation (34 to 22oC) and strong light for their achene germination.These four Artemisia species showed similar responses to sand burial,i.e.soil surface was most favorable for seedling emergence,and the deeper the sand burial,the fewer the seedling emergence.For the two semi-shrubs,their microhabitats are sand dunes with high temperature and intense light,which are not favorable for germination and seedling survival.Only rainfall contributes to temporary decrease of temperature and then triggers germination.We deduced that germination is not the main but a supplementary reproductive mode for the two semi-shrubs in sand dunes.For the two annuals,achene germination is the only reproductive mode,but different responses have been developed for microhabitat adaptation.For A.sieversiana,high germination capacities in wide temperature ranges and all light conditions could improve its competition and advancement in the wettest microhabitats.For A.scoparia,obvious innate dormancy of fresh achenes and germination inhabitation under unfavorable conditions are important adaptation to environmental disturbances.     

Blown sand motion within the sand-control system in the southern section of the Taklimakan Desert Highway

Although scientists have performed many studies in the Taklimakan Desert, few of them have reported the blown sand motion along the southern edge of the Taklimakan Desert Highway, which differs significantly from the northern region in terms of aeolian sand geomorphology and formation environment. Based on the field observation data of airflow and aeolian sand transport, continuous monitoring data of erosional and depositional processes between 14 April 2009 and 9 April 2011 and data of surface sand grains from the classical section along the southern edge of the Taklimakan Desert Highway, this paper reported the blown sand motion within the sand-control system of the highway. The main results are as follows: 1) The existing sand-control system is highly effective in preventing and controlling desertification. Wind velocities within the sand-control system were approximately 33%–100% of those for the same height above the mobile sand surface. Aeolian sand fluxes were approximately 0–31.21% of those of the mobile sand surface. Sand grains inside the system, with a mean diameter of 2.89 φ, were finer than those(2.15 φ) outside the system. In addition, wind velocities basically followed a logarithmic law, but the airflow along the classical section was mainly determined by topography and vegetation. 2) There were obvious erosional and depositional phenomena above the surface within the sand-control system, and these phenomena have very consistent patterns for all observation points in the two observed years. The total thicknesses of erosion and deposition ranged from 0.30 to 14.60 cm, with a mean value of 3.67 cm. In contrast, the deposition thicknesses were 1.90–22.10 cm, with a mean value of 7.59 cm, and the erosion thicknesses were 3.51–15.10 cm, with a mean value of 8.75 cm. The results will aid our understanding of blown sand within the sand-control system and provide a strong foundation for optimizing the sand-control system.     

巴丹吉林沙漠拐子湖地区贴地层风速廓线和风沙流结构特征

野外监测试验表明：自由风和风沙流廓线拟合虽都以Z=A·exp(-X/T)+Z₁形式分布,但在风沙流中拟合系数更高;风沙流结构中,在20 cm以下随着高度的增加,各高度的输沙率百分比、含沙浓度、运动颗粒能量都呈增大趋势;20 cm以上随高度增加,各高度输沙率百分比变小,输沙率占总输沙率的51%左右,含沙量主要集中在离地面20 cm以内;风沙流在垂直方向上,高度与含沙平均粒径呈负相关,风速与含沙平均粒径变化呈正相关。这些结论对拐子湖地区防风治沙有重要的指导意义。     

科尔沁沙地流动沙丘-丘间低地过渡带植被分布特征及种间关联

运用Pearson相关检验、Spearman秩相关检验、CA群落多元统计分析等,系统研究科尔沁沙地流动沙丘与丘间低地过渡带物种的空间分布特征和种间关联性。结果表明：物种间表现出有选择性的种间积聚,但偏流动沙丘一侧沙蓬(Agriophyllum squarrosum)和乌丹蒿(Artemisia wudanica)的分布相对独立,说明沙蓬和乌丹蒿占有相对独立的生态位。丘间低地一侧黄柳[WTBX](Salix gordejevii)和小红柳(Salix microstachya[WTBZ] var. bordensis)主要分布于丘间低地北部,占有相似的生态位,而山竹岩黄蓍(Hedysarum fruticosum)主要分布于丘间低地南部,与前两个物种生态位相分离。Pearson相关性检验与Spearman秩相关检验的结果基本一致,负相关种对数高于正相关种对数,存在生态位分化,群落处于不稳定的演替阶段。     

Spatial heterogeneity of plant species on the windward slope of active sand dunes in a semi-arid region of China

Species richness and abundance are two important species diversity variables that have attracted particular attention because of their significance in determining present and future species composition conditions.This paper aims to explain the qualitative and quantitative relationships between species diversity pattern and grain size(i.e.size of the sampling unit),and species diversity pattern and sampling area,and to analyze species diversity variability on active sand dunes in the Horqin Sandy Land,northeastern Inner Mongolia,China.A 50 m×50 m sampling plot was selected on the windward slope,where the dominant species was annual herb Agriophyllum squarrosum.Species composition and abundance at five grain sizes were recorded,and the species-area curves were produced for thirteen grain sizes.The range of values for species abundance tended to increase with increasing grain size in the study area,whereas,generally,species richness did not follow this rule because of poor species richness on the windward slope of active sand dunes.However,the homogeneity of species richness increased significantly.With the increase in sampling area,species abundance increased linearly,but richness increased logarithmically.Furthermore,variograms showed that species diversity on the windward slope of active sand dunes was weakly anisotropic and the distribution pattern was random,according to the Moran Coefficient.The results also showed that species richness was low,with a random distribution pattern.This conflicts with the results of previous studies that showed spatial aggregation in lower richness in a sampling area within a community and inferred that the physical processes play a more important role in species diversity than distribution pattern on active sand dunes.Further research into different diversity patterns and mechanisms between active sand dunes and interdune lowlands should be conducted to better understand biodiversity conservation in sand dune fields.     

Effects of the seed weight and burial depth on the seed behavior of common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia)

Common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) is one of the annual plants that were described recently as invasive weeds in Europe. This species is described as an invasive plant that produces seeds that are highly variable. Its production of variably sized seeds is regarded as promoting its spread in different environments. Experiments were carried out to determine the influence of the seed weight and temperature on germination and the influence of the seed weight and burial depth on seedling emergence. The seeds were divided into a number of classes of weight and the seed weight effect on germination was evaluated by Petri dish assays. In another experiment, the seeds were buried at different depths in a clay soil/sand mix to estimate the burial effect on germination and seedling emergence. The germination level of A. artemisiifolia was high overall, between 76.8% and 94.2%. The seed germination was modified by temperature but it was not influenced by the seed weight. The amounts of germination and seedling emergence were greater for the seeds on the soil surface and decreased with an increasing burial depth, from 2 to 8 cm. No germination or emergence was observed for the seeds that were buried at 10 and 12 cm. The lightest seeds were more sensitive to burial. A greater level of seedling emergence for those seeds that were placed near the soil surface could explain the success of this species in open habitats, where the probability of deeper burial is low. After high seed production, the management of A. artemisiifolia in fields could be partly achieved through soil tillage, burying seeds below 10 cm, and not carrying out deep soil tillage the following year.