硅对水稻叶片抗氧化酶活性的影响及其与白叶枯病抗性的关系

以感白叶枯病的水稻品种日本晴(Oryza sativa L. cv. Nipponbare)为材料,在溶液培养条件下,研究了硅对接种白叶枯病菌后的水稻病情指数、叶片丙二醛(MDA)和过氧化氢(H2O2)含量以及超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、脂氧合酶(LOX)、过氧化物酶(POD)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性的影响。结果表明,施硅能显著降低水稻白叶枯病的病情指数,防治效果达62.86%。接种白叶枯病菌后48 h内,施硅处理的水稻植株,叶片中丙二醛(MDA)和过氧化氢(H2O2)含量显著升高;显著提高感病植株叶片中脂氧合酶(LOX)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性;降低过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性;促进过氧化氢(H2O2)在植物体内积累,加强膜脂过氧化作用。因此,硅可通过参与植株体内代谢,调节抗氧化系统酶活性,激发机体过敏反应(HR),增强植株对白叶枯病抗性。     

增施硅肥对花生生理特性、光合性能及产量的影响

以郑农花13号为试验材料,研究了增施硅肥对花生生理特性及产量的影响,结果表明:对花生增施硅肥不仅能提高花生叶片的叶绿素含量、光合速率、蒸腾速率、干物质积累量,还能提高花生叶片中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)等酶的活性,且能有效降低叶片中丙二醛(MDA)含量等;增施硅肥对花生的主要经济性状也有显著改善作用,可以使花生荚果产量提高5.36%～8.30%,籽仁产量提高5.56%～10.03%。     

钙对大豆幼苗镍毒害的缓解效应及对抗氧化酶活性的影响

采用盆栽方法,研究了镍毒害条件下外源钙对大豆镍毒害的缓解效应以及对其叶片组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性的影响,以探讨钙缓解植物镍毒性的生理机制.研究结果表明:Ni2+60 mg/kg添加量对大豆幼苗生长表现出明显的抑制作用,但是当加入不同钙量后,大豆的镍毒害症状得到不同程度的缓解,Ca2+ 200 mg/kg处理的缓解作用好于Ca2+ 100 mg/kg.与不施镍处理相比,单施Ni2 60 mg/kg处理的大豆叶片组织SOD、CAT和APX活性明显下降,而POD活性明显上升.当配施Ca2以后,大豆叶片组织中SOD、CAT、POD和APX活性明显提高,且Ca2+ 200 mg/kg处理的上升程度比Ca2+ 100 mg/kg处理的大.因此,Ca2+是通过提高叶片组织抗氧化酶活性,增强活性氧清除能力,而使大豆的镍中毒症状得到缓解,这是Ca2+减轻大豆镍毒害的生理机制之一.     

硅对水稻防御性关键酶活性的影响及其与抗稻瘟病的关系

通过室内溶液培养试验,研究了硅酸盐对接种稻瘟病菌后水稻的病情指数、植株生物量、过氧化物酶（POD）、多酚氧化酶（PPO）和苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）活性的影响。结果表明,施硅能显著降低水稻稻瘟病的发病率和病情指数,防治效果达60.59%;显著减轻稻瘟病对水稻地上部的危害,干物质量显著高于不施硅处理,但对地下部生长影响不明显;接种后水稻叶片POD活性均升高,在第5 d达到最大值,施硅处理显著低于不施硅处理,与稻瘟病抗性成负相关;水稻叶片PPO活性在接种后第5 d达到峰值,从第4 d开始施硅处理显著高于不施硅处理;接种后水稻叶片的PAL活性快速升高,在第24 h达到最大值,施硅处理显著高于不施硅处理,是其1.44倍。说明硅能提高防御性关键酶的活性,参与水稻本身防卫机制,通过一系列的生理生化作用来增强水稻的抗性。     

镁对大豆叶片细胞膜透性和保护酶活性的影响

采用溶液培养方法研究不同的镁水平对两个大豆品种在五叶期和盛花期叶片细胞膜透性和保护酶活性的变化。结果表明,在缺镁胁迫下,大豆叶片的质膜透性(MP)和丙二醛(MDA)含量显著增加,产生的活性氧物质诱导超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性升高,而过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性下降;而施镁则能明显降低大豆叶片MP和MDA含量,提高CAT活性,有利于大豆抗膜脂过氧化胁迫。在施镁1～10.mg/L浓度下,大豆叶片的质膜透性和MDA以及SOD和POD活性均达最低值,而CAT活性则达最高值。说明在低镁胁迫下,大豆叶片的CAT活性受到抑制,而适量施镁则大大增强了CAT活性,有利于大豆体内活性氧的清除和抗逆境胁迫能力的提高。各处理下,大豆盛花期SOD和CAT活性明显降低,说明随着时间的延长,大豆叶片细胞内产生过多的活性氧超出了酶的防御能力,造成了酶活性伤害,而POD活性则变化不大;说明POD对活性氧具有较强的耐受性,是盛花期时起主要清除活性氧的作用的保护酶。本试验表明,大豆体内保护系统所存在的酶类在抵御逆境胁迫中相互协调,协同抗氧化。     

纳米硅肥对水稻离体叶片衰老的影响

以水稻离体叶片模拟叶片衰老过程,通过不同的硅处理方式,研究水稻衰老过程中硅对叶片体内丙二醛(MDA)含量以及过氧化氢酶(CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的影响。结果表明,无论是在叶片离体前还是离体后进行硅处理,都能增加丙二醛(MDA)的含量,提高过氧化氢酶(CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,施硅处理尤其对过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的影响较为显著。因此,硅可通过参与植株体内代谢并调节抗氧化系统酶活性,来延缓水稻的衰老。     

小麦幼苗对氧乐果胁迫的生理学响应

通过溶液培养研究了不同浓度(0、0.1、1.0、5.0和10.0 g/L)氧乐果处理后小麦幼苗叶绿素含量、类胡萝卜素含量、可溶性糖含量及保护酶活性的动态变化。结果表明:在氧乐果胁迫下,高浓度的氧乐果(5.0和10.0 g/L)处理显著降低了小麦幼苗的叶绿素含量和类胡萝卜素含量,且随着处理时间的延长其差异尤为显著;小麦叶片中可溶性糖含量随着氧乐果浓度和处理天数的增加而显著增加。超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性均先上升后下降;抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性在0.1 g/L氧乐果处理的第1d时略有上升,然后下降。小麦响应氧乐果胁迫并上调SOD、POD、CAT等保护酶的活性和可溶性糖的含量,降低叶片光合作用,籍此维持小麦免受低浓度氧乐果的胁迫以维持小麦的正常生长;但高浓度氧乐果处理对小麦根系产生了明显的毒害作用,致使5.0 g/L氧乐果胁迫的小麦根系SOD、POD、CAT活性显著下降。APX和GR可能在低浓度氧乐果处理初期起主要保护作用,而在高浓度氧乐果胁迫下则受到明显抑制作用。     

硅酸钠对苗期甜菜形态和生理生化特性影响的研究

硅在植物生长发育和抵御逆境等过程中均发挥着重要作用。为了解不同浓度硅元素对苗期甜菜生长的影响,为后续利用外源硅调节植物生长奠定理论基础。以KWS1176甜菜品种为研究对象,在培养液中含有适合甜菜生长的3 mmol·L-1 Na+的条件下,设置0、0.3、0.6、1.2、2.4和4.8 mmol·L-1 6个浓度梯度硅酸钠溶液施加至培养液中,测定不同处理对甜菜幼苗形态特征以及生理生化指标的影响。结果表明:施硅对甜菜幼苗的生长起到明显促进作用,能显著增加甜菜幼苗的株高并使叶片较对照直立。同时,适宜浓度的硅酸钠能降低甜菜植株丙二醛(MDA)含量,降低超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)以及过氧化物酶(POD)活性,以CAT活性降低最为显著。此外,硅能够促进甜菜叶片光合作用,气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、净光合速率(Pn)在硅酸钠的作用下均有所提高,而胞间CO₂浓度(Ci)则呈递减趋势。通过主成分分析筛选出干重、鲜重以及脯氨酸含量等6个指标,可作为指示性指标用于评价硅酸钠对甜菜幼苗形态和生理生化特性影响的强弱。计算不同浓度下甜菜叶片和根系的第一和第二主成分综合得分,并对其进行排名,最终得到当硅浓度为2.4 mmol·L-1时,甜菜根系和叶片的生长及生理指标最优。     

不同抗旱性小麦叶片膜脂过氧化的氮素调控机制

在田间条件下研究了施氮对不同抗旱性冬小麦叶片全生育期黄嘌呤氧化酶(XOD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性以及过氧化氢(H2O2)和丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响。结果表明,施氮提高了叶片CAT和SOD活性,降低了XOD活性和MDA含量,以N180处理效果最明显,而且产量最高,表明N180处理对小麦膜脂抗过氧化能力和产量形成最为适宜;不施氮(N0)处理条件下,旱地品种较水浇地品种具有较高的保护酶系活性和较低的XOD活性、MDA含量。而适量氮素能够提高叶片保护酶系活性和降低XOD活性、MDA含量,所以氮素能够通过提高叶片膜质抗过氧化能力来增强小麦对干旱的适应。由于降低了超氧阴离子的生成量,使XOD活性降低和CAT活性提高,H2O2和MDA含量维持在较低水平,最终提高小麦产量。     

氮素形态对小麦生长中后期保护酶等生理特性的影响

在水培条件下,探究了氮素形态对小麦营养生殖并进生长时期保护酶的影响。结果表明:铵、硝态氮单供和混合供应对小麦保护酶活性影响不同。在铵、硝态氮混合供应下,叶片SOD、CAT,根系SOD活性最高,同时叶片、根系可溶性蛋白含量最大,根系活力和根系表面K3Fe(CN)6还原活性最高,但MDA含量最高;单供硝态氮时叶片POD活性最高,根系MDA含量最高;单供铵态氮时根系POD、CAT活性最高。单供尿素时叶片仅CAT活性高于铵和硝态氮混合供给,但同时叶片MDA含量也高于铵和硝态氮混合供给。叶片以SOD、CAT和POD为主清除自由基,而根系以SOD和POD为主清除自由基。铵和硝态氮混合供给下,小麦成熟后,地上部干重,籽粒产量最大,根冠比最小。     

The Positive Effects of Silicon on Rice Seedlings Under Saline-Alkali Mixed Stress

Saline-alkali mixed stress is a widespread environmental problem in agriculture. To examine the effects of silicon on rice under saline-alkali stress, the effects of silicon on germination, morphogenesis, chlorophyll content, soluble protein content, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and antioxidases including peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activities were investigated in rice seedlings. The results showed that germination percentage, germination rate, and germination index were increased significantly by the silicon compared with the nonsilicon treatment. Meanwhile, silicon application improved the growth of rice seedlings remarkably under saline-alkali stress, which was consistent with the elevation of chlorophyll contents. The MDA contents were decreased markedly with different silicon treatments. In contrast, the activities of SOD and POD were enhanced significantly with appropriate silicon treatment, which were in accordance with the increasing of soluble protein contents. All the analysis showed that 5 and 10 mmol/L silicon concentrations were more effective in alleviating the injury of rice seedlings under saline-alkali stress.     

对羟基苯甲酸胁迫下间作对蚕豆枯萎病发生和根系抗氧化酶活性的影响

连作障碍是限制蚕豆生产的重要因素,利用植物间化感作用的间作栽培模式是解决连作障碍的有效手段。为了探究对羟基苯甲酸胁迫下蚕豆与小麦间作对蚕豆生长和枯萎病发生的影响及其生理响应,通过盆栽土培试验研究不同浓度[C0(0 mmol·L~(-1))、C1(0.36 mmol·L~(-1))、C2(0.72 mmol·L~(-1))和C3(1.45 mmol·L~(-1))]对羟基苯甲酸处理下,小麦与蚕豆间作蚕豆生长、枯萎病发生、抗氧化酶(POD和CAT)活性和膜质过氧化程度(MDA含量)的影响,从生理抗性角度探讨小麦与蚕豆间作缓解对羟基苯甲酸自毒效应的机制。结果表明,随着对羟基苯甲酸处理浓度提高,蚕豆生物量呈先增加后降低的趋势;C1和C2提高了蚕豆根系POD和CAT活性,降低了镰刀菌的数量,减轻了枯萎病的发生;C3降低了根系POD和CAT活性,增加了镰刀菌的数量,促进了枯萎病发生;随对羟基苯甲酸处理浓度增加,MDA含量显著增加,证实了对羟基苯甲酸是导致蚕豆连作障碍形成的主要自毒物质。与单作相比,对羟基苯甲酸胁迫下间作显著提高了根系POD活性(4.17%~22.22%)和CAT活性(10.53%~11.11%),显著降低了MDA含量(11.20%~52.80%);镰刀菌数量降低4.63%~23.65%,病情指数降低13.33%~50.00%,蚕豆干重显著增加15.73%~20.63%。综上,小麦与蚕豆间作通过提高蚕豆的生理抗性而减轻对羟基苯甲酸引起的枯萎病危害,促进蚕豆生长,是缓解对羟基苯甲酸自毒效应的有效措施。本研究结果为间作缓解连作障碍中的自毒效应提供了理论论据。     

Interactive effect of salinity and silver nanoparticles on photosynthetic and biochemical parameters of wheat

The present study investigated the influence of seed priming with silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs), 0, 2, 5 and 10 mM, on growth and biochemical parameters of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under salt stress. As expected, 150 mM of NaCl decreased the shoot fresh and dry weights and chlorophyll contents and increased the catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) activities. Salinity enhanced the concentration of proline, soluble sugars, malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide. Seed priming with Ag NPs increased the shoot fresh and dry weight of normal and salt-stressed plants. Lower concentration of Ag NPs decreased the total soluble sugars and proline contents, while the higher Ag NPs levels increased these contents compared to the control. The combined application of Ag NPs and salt stress increased the soluble sugars and proline contents, while it decreased CAT activity and increased POD activity compared to the respective Ag NPs treatments alone. Overall, our results demonstrated that Ag NPs enhanced the salt tolerance in wheat, but the long-term response of Ag NPs under salt stress needs further investigation.     

Differential Responses of Anti-Oxidative Enzymes to Aluminum Stress in Tolerant and Sensitive Soybean Genotypes

Seedlings of two soybean genotypes, BX10 [aluminum (Al)-tolerant] and BD2 (Al-sensitive), were treated with Al to evaluate the relative root growth (RRG), callose content, Al-sensitive zone, lipid peroxidation, and the anti-oxidative enzyme activities by histochemical and biochemical assays. Under Al toxicity, the RRG reduction of BD2 was more significant than that of BX10, while callose content displayed a contrary trend. The 2–5 mm zone of root apex was the main Al-sensitive zone for soybeans. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) were found to be higher in the two genotypes under Al toxicity than that of the controls. The SOD, POD, and CAT activities of BX10; however, were significantly lower than those of BD2. These results implied that producing low quantity of ROS may be one aspect of the Al-tolerant mechanism for soybeans, which in turn helps them adapt to Al stress.     

磷酸胆碱合剂对不同种植密度玉米叶片衰老生理的影响

针对东北地区低温冷凉气候区密植条件下玉米叶片早衰现象,于大田条件下,研究了不同种植密度下磷酸胆碱合剂对京单28和先玉335叶片衰老相关指标及产量性状的影响。结果表明,随种植密度增加,玉米叶片保绿度、叶绿素含量下降;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性降低,丙二醛(MDA)含量升高。化控处理后,不同种植密度下,2个玉米品种叶绿素含量提高了6.57%~23.40%,保绿度提高了4.5%~13.9%;SOD、POD、CAT活性在中高密度条件下较对照升高了4.76%~21.64%,MDA含量较对照降低4.39%~11.82%;穗长、行粒数、百粒重和产量均较对照有所增加,京单28产量最高增加了398.3kg/hm2,先玉335产量最高增加了774.2kg/hm2。以不同品种不同密度下的各生理指标与产量进行相关分析,结果表明除MDA含量与产量呈极显著负相关外(r=-0.810**),其余都表现出正相关,其中POD活性(r=0.660*)达到了显著水平。表明磷酸胆碱合剂可以延缓玉米叶片的衰老。     

Toxic reactivity of wheat (Triticum aestivum) plants to herbicide isoproturon

The herbicide isoproturon is widely used for controlling weed/grass in agricultural practice. However, the side effect of isoproturon as contaminants on crops is unknown. In this study, we investigated isoproturon-induced oxidative stress in wheat ( Triticum aestivum). The plants were grown in soils with isoproturon at 0-20 mg/kg and showed negative biological responses. The growth of wheat seedlings with isoproturon was inhibited. Chlorophyll content significantly decreased at the low concentration of isoproturon (2 mg/kg), suggesting that chlorophyll was rather sensitive to isoproturon exposure. The level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), an indicator of cellular peroxidation, showed an increase, indicating oxidative damage to plants. The isoproturon-induced oxidative stress resulted in a substantial change in activities of the majority of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX). Activities of the antioxidant enzymes showed a general increase at low isoproturon concentrations and a decrease at high isoproturon concentrations. Activities of CAT in leaves showed progressive suppression under the isoproturon exposure. Analysis of nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) confirmed these results. We also tested the activity of glutathione S-transferase (GST) and observed the activity stimulated by isoproturon at 2-10 mg/kg.     

Inducing Salt Tolerance in Wheat by Exogenously Applied Ascorbic Acid through Different Modes

ABSTRACT

In order to assess whether exogenous application of ascorbic acid (AsA) through different ways could alleviate the adverse effects of salt-induced adverse effects on two wheat cultivars differing in salinity tolerance, plants of a salt tolerant (‘S-24’) and a moderately salt sensitive (‘MH-97’) cultivar were grown at 0 or 120 mM sodium chloride (NaCl). Ascorbic acid (100 mg L^?1) was applied through the rooting medium, or as seed soaking or as foliar spray to non-stressed and salt stressed plants of wheat. Salt stress-induced reduction in growth was ameliorated by exogenous application of ascorbic acid through different ways. However, root applied AsA caused more growth enhancement under saline conditions. Leaf ascorbic acid, catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were also maximal in salt stressed plants of both cultivars treated with AsA through the rooting medium. Furthermore, leaf ascorbic acid, CAT, POD, and SOD activities were higher in salt stressed plants of ‘S-24’ than those of ‘MH-97’. Root applied AsA caused more enhancements in photosynthetic rate. Root applied AsA caused more reduction in leaf sodium (Na⁺) compared with AsA applied as a seed soaking or foliar spray. Overall, AsA-induced growth improvement in these two wheat cultivars under saline conditions was cultivar specific and seemed to be associated with higher endogenous AsA, which triggered the antioxidant system and enhanced photosynthetic capacity.     

Perusing biochemical antioxidant enzymes as selection criteria under drought stress in wheat varieties

In regard to important roles of enzymatic antioxidant in abiotic stresses, and their practical use as stress indices, the current research was implemented to peruse antioxidant enzymatic activities of different wheat varieties and to find the susceptible and the tolerant varieties based on these indices. The experiment was carried out in the greenhouse of Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran in 2015. A factorial experiment based on completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications were used to evaluate the effects of different water regimes, including 100% and 50% field capacity (FC) on 25 wheat cultivars. Antioxidant enzyme activities, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and ascorbic peroxidase (APX), and grain yield of the wheat varieties were measured. The results showed that under normal irrigation condition, the relationships between grain yield and antioxidant were inversed, but under stressful condition the relationships between wheat grain yield and some important antioxidants such as CAT and SOD were positive. Among antioxidant enzymes, SOD activity showed a higher variation among wheat varieties of this study, indicating that this enzyme is an important trait to be used in the breeding programs. Based on the results of different statistical techniques and comparing relationships among traits for normal irrigation and stress condition, enzymatic antioxidant could be used as practical criteria for screening tolerant genotypes of wheat. On the other side, SOD and CAT resulted in being the most important criteria for achieving higher tolerant genotypes through indirect selection.     

CO2激光与外源NO对低温胁迫小麦的防护效应

以冬小麦‘小堰22号’为试验材料,研究了CO2激光与外源一氧化氮(NO)复合作用对低温胁迫(4℃)下小麦幼苗自由基双氧水(H2O2)、超氧阴离子(O2?)浓度,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)、一氧化氮合成酶(NOS)活性,一氧化氮(NO)及蛋白质含量,及幼苗生长发育的影响。结果表明:与单独低温胁迫相比,外源NO处理后低温胁迫和CO2激光处理后低温胁迫都显著降低了H2O2和O2?浓度,提高了SOD、CAT、POD、APX、NOS活性,NO和蛋白质含量,促进幼苗生长发育。外源NO处理后再进行CO2激光辐射,虽然可以降低低温胁迫下幼苗H2O2和O2?浓度,提高SOD、CAT、POD、APX、NOS活性及NO和蛋白质浓度,促进幼苗生长发育,但其保护效应明显低于外源NO处理后低温胁迫和CO2激光处理后低温胁迫的效果。上述结果说明,NO对低温胁迫的防护效应优于NO和CO2激光复合处理。因此,建议在农业生产中单独采用NO处理或者CO2激光处理,可以促进农作物对低温胁迫的抗性。