农杆菌敏感小麦基因型筛选与转化条件的优化

以13个基因型小麦的幼胚愈伤和新春9号幼胚为受体材料,利用农杆菌菌株C58C1(含有GUS外源基因)进行侵染,通过组织化学染色的方法统计GUS基因瞬时表达率,以筛选对农杆菌敏感的小麦基因型及适宜的菌液浓度和侵染时间,优化农杆菌转化的条件,为逐步建立小麦农杆菌的转化体系奠定基础.结果显示,不同基因型小麦GUS瞬时表达率在0～95.9％之间,其中新春9号、小偃328和济麦19的GUS基因瞬时表达率均在90％以上;对新鲜幼胚和预培养7d的幼胚愈伤组织分别侵染30 min和60 min,前者GUS阳性率均为0,后者分别为92.0％和95.9％,说明预培养可以显著提高受体材料对农杆菌的敏感性,提高转化效率;在不同菌液浓度(OD600=0.5、1.0、1.5)侵染时,GUS基因瞬时表达率分别为93.4％、94.0％和87.6％,不同侵染时间(15,30,60 min)下,GUS基因瞬时表达率分别为94.6％、92.0％和95.9％.综合考虑认为,适宜的小麦农杆菌转化条件为幼胚经过4～7 d预培养,在菌液浓度OD600=1.0时进行15 min的侵染.     

小麦茎生长点转化研究初报

为了躲避转基因技术对组织培养的过分依赖,本研究以小麦为材料尝试了一种对生长点直接进行转化的方法,并初步证明了这一方法的可行性。具体做法是：将种子萌芽,然后剥去胚芽鞘暴露出生长点,再用玻璃纤维制作的小刷子将生长点刺伤,最后用带有外源基因的农杆菌进行侵染处理。用携带hph-GUS基因的LBA4404农杆菌,侵染处理1～11日龄幼苗(生长点),共培养7d后检测新生芽中GUS的瞬时表达情况;侵染1～2日龄幼苗(生长点),取长成植株的2～3朵小花进行GUS稳定表达检测。又用携带BADH和npt Ⅱ基因的AGL1农杆菌菌株侵染1日龄的幼苗(生长点),在含：100mg／L卡那霉素的蛭石中进行选择。结果表明,GUS的瞬时表达率随被处理幼苗的日龄增加而降低,以2日龄幼苗为最高(10．7％)。用花序检测GUS的稳定表达,被侵染受体为1日龄幼苗时的表达率高于2日龄的幼苗。蔗糖的存在并不提高GUS基因在花序中表达的频率。不过花序表现为GUS阳性的植株后代,经PCR检测后并没有证实GUS基因存在。用AGL1菌株进行转化,获得了13．6％的抗卡那霉素的绿色植株,但只有3株呈现PCR阳性,且只有1株结了实。     

用核基质结合区(SAR)序列提高小麦最小表达框转基因表达的稳定性

采用最小表达框技术转化植物可以规避由骨架序列引起的安全风险。核基质结合区序列SAR (scaffold attachment region)可作为边界元件与核基质结合阻挡转基因片段邻近染色质区的作用与影响, 提高外源基因稳定性。本研究在最小表达框序列两端添加SAR序列, 提高小麦最小表达框转基因表达的稳定性, 提高转化基因的表达效率。首先, 以GUS为目的基因构建带有SAR序列的最小表达框, 以科农199为受体进行基因枪转化, 同时以不加SAR序列的最小表达框片段为对照。带有SAR序列的最小表达框片段共轰击857个幼胚, T₀代获得40株再生植株, PCR检测到16株阳性植株, 转化效率为1.87%; 对这16个阳性单株进行GUS染色, 15株显色; 从来自4个T₀阳性植株的18个T₁代植株中随机选取18株进行PCR和GUS染色检测, 有15株表现为阳性。不带SAR序列的对照片段轰击1012个幼胚, 获得31株再生植株, 其中5株PCR阳性, 转化效率0.49%, 这5个阳性植株中仅2株为GUS染色阳性; 来自于5个T₀代PCR阳性株系的10个T₁代单株中没有发现PCR和GUS染色阳性株。表明SAR序列可以提高基因枪转基因效率和目的基因表达稳定性。为了创制抗旱转基因小麦, 以来自大豆的抗旱相关转录因子基因GmDREB3为目的基因, Bar基因为筛选标记基因, 转化受体小麦济麦22, 共轰击6045个幼胚, 获得再生植株130株, PCR检测阳性植株30株, 转化效率为0.50%; 随机选取6株PCR阳性植株进行RT-PCR分析, 其中5株可检测到外源基因的转录。进一步对这5株RT-PCR阳性植株插入片段完整性进行分析, 其中4株插入片段基本完整。通过real-time PCR分析, 发现T₀代6个RT-PCR阳性植株的外源GmDREB3的拷贝数为1~3个。以上结果证明, 在最小表达框两端加上SAR序列后可以提高小麦最小表达框转基因表达的稳定性。     

苗龄和农杆菌侵染时间对小麦茎尖转化效率的影响(英文)

本文将小麦幼苗划分为0日龄、1日龄、2日龄和3日龄苗,经茎尖部位的刺伤处理后,分别用带有uidA-nptll双元转化系统的农杆菌进行侵染,侵染时间设置30min、3 h和12 h三个处理,观察各处理组合下茎尖的GUS瞬时表达率.结果表明不同苗龄处理间无显著差异;而侵染时间处理间的差异达到显著水平;发现幼苗茎尖部位经刺伤后侵染处理30 min时,其茎尖uidA基因瞬时表达率可达31%,表明提高小麦茎尖直接转化的效率应具有较大潜力.     

农杆菌侵染小麦的优化方案

本实验选用优质高产小麦品种洛阳8716和绵阳19幼胚愈伤作为受体材料,以pCAMBIA3301为载体,GV3101,EHA105,LBA4404农杆菌为供体材料进行侵染过程的优化研究.采用3种菌株,4个浓度梯度:OD600=0.2,0.5,0.7,1.0;3个时间参数:10 min,30 min,60 min;一共36个处理,每个处理4个重复.结果显示,农杆菌GV3101和EHA105,OD600 1.0×10 min和OD600 0.5×30 min两个侵染处理结果比较好,瞬时表达率达到50%-70%.以小麦幼胚愈伤组织为受体,预培养3～5 d,在24±1℃下,共培养3～4 d和350 mg/L羧苄青霉素除菌及5 mg/L PPT筛选处理后,转化效果较好,平均转化率为0.45%.     

适用于4种玉米基因型的农杆菌转化方法的探讨

利用改良的农杆菌培养液、侵染液、共培养培养基和筛选培养基等技术体系,对4个玉米基因型Hi-Ⅱ、H99、国内2个优良自交系R18-599和齐319的新鲜幼胚、预培养幼胚、胚性愈伤组织进行了农杆菌转化研究,并比较了不同共培养方式对农杆菌侵染不同玉米组织的影响。结果表明,Hi-Ⅱ新鲜幼胚在固体培养基上共培养和滤纸上共培养后GUS基因瞬间表达率分别为83.7%和4.4%,前法优于后法;Hi-Ⅱ新鲜幼胚、预培养3 d的幼胚愈伤组织经农杆菌侵染后GUS基因瞬间表达率分别为83.7%和12.1%,新鲜幼胚比预培养的幼胚愈伤组织更适合于农杆菌转化。用上述优化的条件对另外3个不同基因型的2种不同外植体H99、齐319(新鲜幼胚)和R18-599（胚性愈伤组织）进行遗传转化,共培养3 d后的GUS基因瞬间表达率分别为65.2%、52.6%和58%,表明该转化体系适合于上述4种基因型的幼胚和胚性愈伤组织的遗传转化。此外农杆菌侵染Hi-Ⅱ新鲜幼胚后经在含巴龙霉素25~100 mg L^-1培养基上3轮选择后,抗性愈伤组织获得率为2.4%,近似反映了本研究的遗传转化率。其他3个基因型的抗性愈伤也正在筛选中。结果初步表明,本研究建立的农杆菌介导的玉米遗传转化体系可能对4种基因型均适用。     

农杆菌介导玉米愈伤遗传转化研究

以玉米自交系R18-599和齐319幼胚诱导的胚性愈伤为转化受体,对农杆菌浸染并共培养3 d后对GUS基因的瞬时表达率进行检测,优化遗传转化体系。结果表明:愈伤组织的生长状态对转化效率有很大影响,以愈伤组织继代两次、预培养7 d左右为浸染的最佳时期;另外,EHA105菌株对玉米自交系齐319愈伤的浸染效果要好于对R18-599,其平均GUS瞬时表达率分别为31.20%和23.74%,经t测验达显著水平(t<0.05)。     

基因枪转化小麦主要轰击参数的优化

基因枪转化是目前小麦遗传转化的主要方法。影响基因枪转化效率的主要参数有轰击距离、轰击压力、DNA总量及浓度、金粉颗粒大小及用量等。为改善目前小麦遗传转化效率偏低的现状, 以普通小麦品种科农199为受体材料, 设金粉大小(0.6 μm和1.0 μm)、轰击距离(5.5 cm和8.5 cm)及轰击压力(650、900和1100 psi)三因素共12个处理, 利用pAHC25质粒转化小麦幼胚, 以确定最佳轰击参数, 建立稳定高效的普通小麦基因枪转化体系。结果表明, 3个因素的不同组合对幼胚的愈伤诱导效率没有明显影响, 但对再生率影响较大, 以金粉0.6 μm、轰击距离5.5 cm的再生率最高。3个因素组合的不同处理对GUS瞬时表达有明显影响, 以金粉0.6 μm、轰击距离5.5 cm和轰击压力650 psi处理的GUS瞬时表达量最高。本试验最终获得28株转基因植株, 其中12株来自金粉0.6 μm、轰击距离5.5 cm和轰击压力650 psi的处理, 该处理的平均转化率达2.66%。     

农杆菌介导小麦遗传转化条件的优化

本研究以普通小麦品种扬麦15和Alondra's的幼胚产生的愈伤组织为受体材料,通过检测gus基因的瞬时表达情况,研究了农杆菌介导的主要影响因子的转化效率。研究结果表明,在相同条件下两个品种农杆菌侵染的最佳条件不尽相同。扬麦15的最佳优化条件为:先在不添加AS的培养基中预培养,然后在菌液浓度为OD600=0.2、AS浓度为100μmol/L条件下侵染10min,最后在25℃共培养1d;Alondra's则在菌液浓度为OD600=0.5、共培养时间为2d时,表现出最佳的gus基因瞬时表达率。为小麦的遗传转化提供参考。     

农杆菌介导的"川农"系列小麦品种遗传转化效率研究初探

基因型是影响小麦农杆菌转化效率的关键因素.本研究采用携带双元表达载体PCAMBIA-1303的根癌农杆菌菌株AGL 1,对12个"川农"系列小麦品种的幼胚和愈伤进行了遗传转化.GUS瞬时表达的染色结果表明:"川农"系列小麦不同基因型间转化效率差异较大,愈伤组织普遍较幼胚的转化率高,其中幼胚转化效率较高的品种有川农21和川农22,分别为90%和85%;愈伤组织的转化效率普遍高于幼胚,川农22和川农25的愈伤转化率都达到了100%.这些材料可进一步用来转化有益目的基因.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Variation in forage grasses as hosts of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne naasi (Franklin) and selection for resistance in ryegrass

Summary Reactions of 13 grasses to Meloidogyne naasi varied with species; ryegrasses, fescues and their hybrids were generally susceptible and cocksfoot and timothy resistant. Marked variation in host resistance levels occurred between genotypes within cultivars.Selection of single plants, followed by tests on replicate tillers, identified resistant and susceptible genotypes in both Italian and perennial ryegrass cultivars. Resistant plants had few nematode-induced galls and fewer females and eggs than susceptibles. There was more or less continuous variation, with many genotypes intermediate between extremes of resistance and susceptibility. Selected resistant and susceptible genotypes are of use in assessing variation in nematode populations and as controls for breeding and selection programmes.     

Current and future strategies in breeding lentil for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Lentil production is limited by lack of moisture and unfavorable temperatures throughout its distribution. Waterlogging and salinity are only locally important. Progress has been made in breeding for tolerance to drought through selection for an appropriate phenology and increased water use efficiency and in breeding for winter hardiness through selection for cold tolerance.The diseases rust, vascular wilt, and Ascochyta blight, caused by Uromyces viciae-fabae, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis, and Ascochyta fabae f. sp. lentis, respectively, are the key fungal pathogens of lentil. Cultivars with resistance to rust and Ascochyta blight have been released in several countries and resistant sources to vascular wilt are being exploited. Sources of resistance to several other fungal and viral diseases of regional importance are known. In contrast, although the pea leaf weevil (Sitona spp.) and the parasitic weed broomrape (Orobanche spp.), and to a lesser extent the cyst nematode (Heterodera ciceri), are significant yield reducers of lentil, no sources of resistance to these biotic stresses have been found. Directions for future research in lentil on both biotic and abiotic stresses are discussed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...