马尾松PmTIR1基因的克隆及编码蛋白质的结构预测

TIR1(transport inhibitor response 1)基因在生长素信号转导途径中发挥重要作用。本研究采用PCR技术和RACE技术,利用Primer Premier5进行引物设计,从马尾松中克隆出TIR1基因的全长c DNA序列,命名为Pm TIR1。此c DNA全长2 446 bp,包括1 725 bp完整的ORF,能够编码含有574个氨基酸的蛋白,此蛋白相对分子质量为64 240.3 u,等电点为6.76。利用Clustal X、ANTHEPROT和DNAMAN等软件分析Pm TIR1序列及其编码的氨基酸序列,结果表明:马尾松Pm TIR1蛋白氨基酸序列与火距松TIR1蛋白同源性高达99%,Pm TIR1蛋白含有F-box结构域和多个LRR结构域;Pm TIR1蛋白的F-box结构域可能与SCFTIR1中SKP1结合,它符合F-box家族的特点。利用实时定量技术得知Pm TIR1在马尾松嫩根、嫩茎、嫩叶中都有表达,在嫩叶中表达量最高、嫩根中次之、嫩茎中最低。本研究可为生长素调控马尾松生长发育相关机理提供理论依据。     

马尾松Aux/IAA家族相关基因克隆及初步分析

生长素信号转导途径在植物生长发育过程中起到至关重要的作用,Aux/IAA(auxin/indoleacetic acids)家族基因可以直接和生长素相连而发生作用。研究马尾松Aux/IAA家族相关基因,可为马尾松体内生长素信号转导途径提供理论支持。本研究克隆出3个Aux/IAA家族基因,分别命名为Pm IAA1、Pm IAA2和Pm IAA3。Pm IAA1基因,c DNA全长1 330 bp,包含711 bp完整的ORF,能够编码含有236个氨基酸的蛋白质,此蛋白相对分子质量为26 015.6 u,等电点为7.01;Pm IAA2基因,c DNA全长1 628 bp,包含909 bp完整的ORF,能够编码含有302个氨基酸的蛋白质,此蛋白相对分子质量为41 176.1 u,等电点为5.25;Pm IAA3基因,c DNA全长1 316 bp,包含759 bp完整的ORF,能够编码含有252个氨基酸的蛋白质,此蛋白相对分子质量为28 060.1 u,等电点为6.01。Pm IAA1蛋白与火距松IAA1蛋白同源性高达95%,Pm IAA2蛋白与火距松IAA2蛋白同源性高达97%,Pm IAA3蛋白与火距松IAA3蛋白同源性高达98%。Pm IAA1、Pm IAA2、Pm IAA3蛋白都含有Aux/IAA结构域,此结构域可以与ARFs(auxin response factors)结合而发生作用,这符合Aux/IAA家族的特点。利用实时定量技术得知,Pm IAA1、Pm IAA2和Pm IAA3在马尾松嫩根、嫩芽、嫩叶中都有表达。Pm IAA1在嫩叶中表达量最高、嫩根中次之、嫩茎中最低;Pm IAA2和Pm IAA3在嫩根中表达最高、嫩叶和嫩茎中次之。本研究可为生长素调控马尾松生长发育相关机理提供依据。     

马尾松RCA基因的克隆和序列分析

1,5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化/加氧酶(Rubis CO)活化酶(RCA)是体内活化光合作用限速酶—Rubis CO的重要酶。本研究通过反转录PCR和c DNA末端快速扩增技术,从马尾松中分离得到了Pmrca1(登录号KF420118)和Pmrca2(登录号KF420119)两条RCA基因c DNA序列。两条序列均包含完整的编码区与5'端和3'非翻译区,长度分别为1 816 bp和1 953 bp,编码Pm RCA1和Pm RCA2两个蛋白,长度分别为480和440个氨基酸。序列分析发现两个蛋白质都具有RCA和AAA+蛋白家族(ATPase associated with various cellular activities)特异性结构域和定位于叶绿体的转运肽,Pm RCA1还具有RCA大同工型特有的由两个半胱氨酸(Cys)残基组成的保守结构。多重序列比对显示,这两个蛋白质序列分别与红花槭的RCA大同工型和小同工型的相似性达到78%。将Pm RCA1和Pm RCA2与20种不同物种RCA构建进化树,发现其与地中海松属于同一分支。研究结果为进一步分析马尾松RCA的功能和光合作用机制奠定了基础。     

玉米ZmCIPK20基因克隆及表达分析

CIPK蛋白激酶是植物非生物胁迫信号传导途径中的重要元件。为克隆玉米CIPK蛋白激酶基因ZmCIPK20全长c DNA序列,并分析其在盐胁迫下的表达模式,采用RT-PCR技术克隆基因,用生物信息学方法对获得的序列进行分析,采用荧光定量PCR方法研究ZmCIPK20在盐胁迫下的表达。本研究从玉米中克隆了一个编码CIPK蛋白激酶基因ZmCIPK20,该基因c DNA全长1 800 bp,5'-非编码区长203 bp,3'-非编码区长202 bp,编码区长1 395 bp,编码464个氨基酸,预测分子量为50.993 kD,等电点为8.55。推测的氨基酸序列中含有1个丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶催化结构域S_TKc和1个NAF结构域。进化树分析发现,ZmCIPK20和SbCIPK分为一个分支。荧光定量PCR检测表明,ZmCIPK20基因受盐胁迫诱导表达,在根中下调表达,在叶中上调表达,说明玉米ZmCIPK20基因可能参与玉米对盐胁迫的应答,为揭示该基因的生物学功能提供依据。     

马尾松幼苗PmMADS4基因的克隆及表达分析

MADS-box家族基因编码的转录因子,在植物、动物及微生物的发育过程中起着重要调控作用,本研究从马尾松幼苗转录组测序结果中筛选到1条具有完整开放阅读框的MADS-box基因序列,设计特异性引物并克隆获得该基因,通过生物信息学方法分析该基因的序列特征、编码蛋白的理化特性、结构域以及进化关系等,并应用荧光定量PCR技术分析该基因在马尾松幼苗不同组织中的表达活性。结果表明,克隆得到的MADS-box基因开放阅读框为672 bp,命名为Pm MADS4。Pm MADS4编码223个氨基酸,含有MADS保守域和K-box次级保守域。蛋白质理论分子量为24854.15 kD,理论等电点为7.83;其蛋白质结构主要由大量的α-螺旋(58.74%)和大量随机卷曲(31.84%)构成;亚细胞预测该基因主要在细胞核(43.5%)、线粒体(17.4%)、高尔基体(13.0%)和细胞质(13.0%)中发挥生物学作用。系统进化分析显示,Pm MADS4属于MADS-box家族基因中MIKC型的GMADS分支。组织特异性表达分析发现,Pm MADS4在马尾松幼苗的顶芽和茎中高表达,表达量分别是根部的239倍和123倍;在根部、初生叶和针叶中的表达量相对较低,表明Pm MADS4可能广泛参与马尾松幼苗地上部分分生组织的发育过程。本研究结果为Pm MADS4基因在马尾松幼苗生长发育调控方面的深入研究提供了数据基础。     

亚麻纤维素合酶关键基因(LusiCesA1)的克隆

Lusi Ces A1是亚麻纤维素生物合成途径中的关键基因。在已报道部分序列的基础上,采用特异引物的设计进行高保真PCR扩增并测序,获得亚麻Lusi Ces A1基因的全长序列,该基因序列长3 225bp,并通过交错延伸PCR技术进行了验证。该研究为亚麻Lusi Ces A1基因的结构和功能分析奠定了基础。     

(Prunussalicina)WRKY 33的克隆与表达分析

WRKY类转录因子是植物防御反应信号转导的重要组成部分,本研究为了探讨WRKY33基因的功能,以嫩叶为材料,采用RT-PCR和RACE技术相结合的方法,克隆得到WRKY33全长c DNA(命名为Ps WRKY33),对其进行生物信息学分析。以基因组DNA为模板,对该基因的ORF区域进行PCR扩增,获得WRKY33的g DNA全长。采用荧光定量PCR技术检测该基因在水杨酸处理下的表达模式。试验结果表明:Ps WRKY33 c DNA全长为2 113 bp,开放阅读框长为1 770 bp,编码589个氨基酸;Ps WRKY33蛋白含有两个WRKY保守结构域,与Pm WRKY33蛋白同源性最高。Ps WRKY33基因组全长为2 844 bp,存在3个内含子和4个外显子。荧光定量结果表明:Ps WRKY33在1 mmol/L水杨酸处理后,30 h表达量最高,呈先上升后下降的趋势。研究结果为深入研究WRKY33基因与水杨酸诱导植物抗病性的关系提供一定的参考价值。     

草莓叶黄素循环关键酶基因VDE和ZEP的克隆与分析

叶黄素循环在逆境胁迫中对植物光系统起着重要的保护作用。紫黄质脱环氧化酶(VDE)和玉米黄质环氧化酶(ZEP)是调控叶黄素循环的关键酶。本研究采用RT-PCR和RACE技术率先从草莓中克隆获得VDE和ZEP基因。VDE基因c DNA全长1 842 bp,ORF为1 467 bp,编码489个氨基酸;ZEP基因c DNA全长2 325 bp,ORF为1 980 bp,编码660个氨基酸。生物信息学分析表明草莓VDE与ZEP基因所编码的氨基酸序列与蔷薇科的苹果、桃和梅等植物的亲缘关系较近。荧光定量分析发现VDE和ZEP基因在草莓根、茎、叶、花、果实中皆有表达,说明二者均为组成型表达基因,并且叶片中基因的表达量最高而根中最低,推测与其在草莓叶黄素循环调控的作用有关。     

马尾松PmPIN2基因的克隆及实时定量分析

PIN2基因在植物生根机理中起关键作用,对马尾松PIN2基因进行研究,可为解决马尾松无性系生根困难、促根壮苗培育提供帮助。本研究以马尾松幼苗全株为试材,利用PCR技术和RACE技术克隆了马尾松PIN2基因全长,并通过相关软件和实时荧光定量进行生物信息学和组织特异性分析。结果发现PIN2基因全长3 706 bp,包括2 103 bp完整ORF序列,编码700个氨基酸。生物信息学分析表明,PIN2蛋白为疏水性蛋白,相对分子量76.43 k D,等电点(p I)为9.06,总亲水性平均数0.023,PmPIN2编码的蛋白与PIN家族具有同样典型结构域。实时荧光定量分析结果显示,PmPIN2基因在马尾松根、茎、叶、花中均有表达,其中根中的表达量最高,花中最低。PIN2基因是参与植物生根过程的重要基因,对马尾松PmPIN2基因的研究为PIN基因家族在生根机制方面的作用探究提供帮助。     

金花茶黄烷酮3-羟化酶基因CnF3H的克隆及表达分析

本研究利用反转录PCR和RACE方法,从中国珍稀濒危植物金花茶(Camellia nitidissima)花瓣中获得了黄烷酮3-羟化酶(flavanone 3-hydroxylase,F3H)基因的c DNA全长,命名为Cn F3H,Gen Bank登录号为HQ290517。碱基序列分析表明,该Cn F3H基因c DNA序列全长为1 360 bp,5'非翻译区(untranslated regions,UTR)长54 bp,3'UTR长202 bp,开放阅读框长为1 104 bp编码367个氨基酸。氨基酸序列比对分析表明,Cn F3H与茶(C.sinensis)F3H同源性高达99%。二级结构预测表明,无规则卷曲在Cn F3H蛋白结构中所占比例最大,其次为α-螺旋和延伸链。相对荧光定量PCR分析表明,Cn F3H基因的表达量在幼蕾期、初蕾期和膨大期的表达量较高,之后逐渐降低;Cn F3H基因在花器官不同部位中均有表达,其表达量高低顺序为雄蕊、花瓣、萼片、雌蕊和苞片。本研究为全面深入地研究金花茶花色形成的分子调控机理提供了充实的理论依据。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Reaction of tritordeum to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum

Summary Hordeum chilense is a wild barley extensively used in wide crosses in the Triticeae. It could be a valuable source of resistance to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum. Some H. chilense x Triticum spp. amphiploids, named tritordeums, were more resistant than the parental wheat line to these diseases, others were not. Average contents of ergosterol and deoxynivalenol (DON) suggested that resistance to colonization by Fusarium was the highest for Hordeum chilense, followed by tritordeum and wheat in decreasing order. In particular, the H. chilense genotypes H7 and H17 enhanced the wheat resistance to F. culmorum in its tritordeum offsprings. Resistance to S. nodorum in tritordeum was not associated with tall plant height. There is sufficient genetic variation for resistance to F. culmorum and S. nodorum among tritordeum to allow the breeding of lines combining short straw and resistance to both diseases.     

Disease resistance in protected crops and mushrooms

Summary Cultivars of tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce and peppers have been bred for resistance to one or more pathogens. Some tomato and cucumber cultivars have resistance to a wide range of diseases. Resistance has been transient in many cases and a succession of cultivars with new genes or new combinations of resistance genes has been necessary to maintain control. There has been a number of notable exceptions and these have included durable resistance to such pathogens asFulvia fulva and tomato mosaic virus. With lettuce the resistance situation is complicated by the occurrence of fungicide resistant pathotypes. There are no strains ofAgaricus bisporus purposely bred for disease resistance.In protected flower crops only resistance to Fusarium wilt in carnations has been purposely bred but differences in disease resistance are apparent in cultivars of many ornamental crops. This is particularly so in chrysanthemums where there are cultivars with resistance to many of the major pathogens. Similar situations occur with other flower crops and pot plants. Cultivars of some species have not been systematically investigated for resistance.The need for genetic resistance will increase with the further reduction, in the limits on pesticide use and an increasing public awareness and importance of pesticide pollution.ADAS is an executive agency of the Ministry of Agiculture, Fisheries and Food and the Welsh Office.     

Genetic constitution and diversity in four narrow endemic redwoods from the family Cupressaceae

The genetic constitution and diversity of four relictual redwoods are discussed in this review. These include monotypic genera of the family Cupressaceae: coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum), dawn redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides), and alerce (Fitzroya cupressoides). All four species are narrow endemics, share a number of common phenotypic traits, including red wood, and are threatened species. Fossil history suggests that the ancestors of redwoods probably originated during the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods and flourished thereafter for millions of years. Towards the end of the Tertiary period began their decline and struggle for existence that continued during the subsequent geologic upheavals and climate changes, until the survival of the present-day redwoods in the current restricted locations in the world (USA, China, and South America). Although two species, Sequoiadendron and Metasequoia, are diploids (2n = 22), and the other two are polyploids: Fitzroya a tetraploid (2n = 4x = 44), and Sequoia a hexaploid (2n = 6x = 66); they all share the same basic chromosome number x = 11. The genome size in the hexaploid Sequoia is one of the largest (31,500 MB) in the conifers, while the genome sizes of diploid Metasequoia and Sequoiadendron are about one-third (~10,000 MB) of Sequoia. Genetic diversity in the redwoods is lower than most other gymnosperms, except in Sequoia, which seems to rank near the upper quarter of the coniferous forest trees. Genomic research is sparse in the redwoods, and should be pursued for a better understanding of their genome structure, function, and adaptive genetic diversity.     

The induction in vitro of adventitious shoots in Rosa

Summary Adventitious shoots were formed on excised leaves, roots and callus of Rosa persica x xanthina and on excised leaves of R. laevigata and R. wichuraiana on culture media that included BAP and NAA as growth regulators. Shoots formed freely on freshly cultured callus of R. persica x xanthina but their production declined in successive cultures and ceased after twelve weeks. Transplantation to soil was improved by rooting plantlets in cellulose plugs in vitro and transferring plantlets to soil while still in the plugs.