肠炎沙门氏菌SEFA基因表达和间接ELISA检测方法的初步建立

为了给临床检测肠炎沙门氏菌的感染和血清学调查提供一种切实可行的方法,本研究根据肠炎沙门氏菌SEF14菌毛操纵子亚单位sefA基因序列设计一对引物,利用PCR技术从国内标准株CMCC(B)50336中扩增sefA基因,并按预定的阅读框插入表达载体pET22b+中,获得重组质粒pET-sefA,限制性内切酶结合琼脂糖凝胶电泳分析和序列测定结果表明,该序列大小为498bp,与已发表的sefA结构编码序列完全一致。重组质粒pETsefA转化大肠杆菌E.coli BL21(DE3)并能获得高效诱导表达,通过对菌体裂解上清液SDS-PAGE和western blot分析鉴定,该重组菌可以表达大小为15.2ku的可溶性重组蛋白rSEFA。纯化的rSEFA免疫小鼠所得高免血清以及标准株CMCC(B)50336感染小鼠后所获阳性血清,均能识别标准株肠炎沙门氏菌SEF14菌毛蛋白以及纯化的重组蛋白rSEFA,结果表明明体外表达的rSEFA蛋白有较好的免疫原性和反应原性。而基于rSEFA介导的间接ELISA有较好的特异性,对肠炎沙门氏菌特异性抗体检测有潜在的应用前景。     

肠炎沙门氏菌SEF14菌毛的表达及其对该菌的特异性检测研究

为获得肠炎沙门氏菌SEF14菌毛蛋白并检测其生物学功能,本研究以肠炎沙门氏菌标准株SE50336为模板,PCR扩增其含分泌信号肽的sef14操纵子基因片段,并克隆至表达载体pBR322中,构建重组质粒pBR322-sef14,将该重组质粒转化至经修饰且不含任何菌毛的大肠杆菌SE5000M株中,获得重组菌pBR322-s...     

产志贺毒素样大肠杆菌F18ab菌毛操纵子基因的体外非诱导系统的表达和鉴定

以产志贺毒素样大肠杆菌（SLTEC）F18ab血清型标准菌株107/86基因组DNA为模板,利用PCR技术成功扩增出编码F18ab完整菌毛操纵子fed基因,克隆入表达载体pBR322,经限制性内切酶酶切分析,DNA琼脂糖电泳鉴定并结合序列测定分析,构建和筛选出含fed完整基因正确插入的pBR322-fed重组质粒,将上述重组质粒转化至不含任何菌毛结构的大肠杆菌SE5000,该表达重组菌能分别与兔抗F18ab亚单位蛋白FedF高免血清、鼠抗F18ab菌毛a单因子单克隆抗体、兔抗F18ab菌毛高免血清和抗F18ab菌毛IgG抗体产生明显的凝集反应。用热抽提法分别抽提和纯化SLTEC F18ab标准株107/86和重组菌SE5000（pBR322-fed）体外表达的F18ab菌毛,纯化菌毛经SDS-PAGE电泳和考马斯亮蓝染色获单一相对分子质量约为15 000蛋白条带。Western-blotting结果表明：兔抗F18ab菌毛高免血清能特异性识别SLTEC F18ab标准株107/86和重组菌SE5000（pBR322-fed）所提纯的单一主要结构蛋白。用重组菌SE5000（pBR322-fed）进行易感仔猪小肠上皮细胞体外黏附试验和黏附抑制试验,结果表明：重组菌SE5000（pBR322-fed）和SLTEC F18ab标准株107/86一样具有较强的黏附易感仔猪小肠上皮细胞的能力,而兔抗F18ab菌毛高免血清能有效地抑制上述重组菌SE5000（pBR322-fed）和SLTEC F18ab标准株107/86对易感仔猪小肠上皮细胞的黏附结合。     

抗沙门菌PEG菌毛单克隆抗体的制备及初步临床应用

为制备抗沙门菌PEG菌毛单克隆抗体(MAb),本研究从鸡白痢沙门菌(CVCC526)基因组中扩增菌毛蛋白基因peg A,将其克隆至原核表达载体pET-22b(+)中构建重组质粒pET-peg A,转化至大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)感受态细胞中,经IPTG诱导表达并纯化重组蛋白rPegA。应用该蛋白免疫BALB/c小鼠,取其脾细胞与SP2/0细胞融合,经间接ELISA筛选后获得1株稳定分泌MAb的杂交瘤细胞株,命名为3D12,抗体亚类鉴定其属于IgG1亚类,腹水效价为1∶64 000。通过western blot和玻板凝集试验检测结果显示,该MAb与肠炎沙门菌、鸡白痢沙门菌和鸡伤寒沙门菌呈阳性反应,而与鼠伤寒沙门菌、大肠杆菌CE2、CE7、CE53、DH5α均不发生反应。以PEG菌毛MAb建立玻板凝集方法,检测本实验室临床分离保存的72份禽源沙门菌,同时以商品化沙门菌诊断血清作为平行对照,结果两种方法符合率达97.2%。本研究研制的MAb可用于沙门菌PEG菌毛基础研究和快速检测。     

肠炎沙门菌SEF14菌毛与肠上皮细胞IPEC-J2和Caco-2的体外黏附作用研究

为研究肠炎沙门菌SEF14菌毛对肠上皮细胞的黏附作用,本试验利用肠炎沙门菌50336株、突变株50336△sefA、50336△sefD以及互补株50336△sefA (pBRA)、50336△sefD (pACYCD)与肠上皮细胞系细胞(IPEC-J2和Caco-2)进行了黏附作用.结果显示:上述菌株均能与IPEC-J2、Caco-2细胞进行有效黏附,并且随时间延长黏附数量有所增多,相同时间各菌株与IPEC-J2细胞的黏附数量明显多于Caco-2细胞;但细菌和细胞共感染1和4h后,肠炎沙门菌野生株、相应的突变株和互补株与IPEC-J2和Caco-2细胞黏附的数量差别很小,未到达显著差异水平(P＞0.05).结果表明:SEF14菌毛并不特异性介导肠炎沙门菌与肠上皮细胞系IPEC-J2和Caco-2的黏附作用,或者不是介导黏附作用的主要因子.     

肠炎沙门菌间批ELISA检测方法的建立

本试验建立和优化了重组蛋白rSEFA介导的间接ELISA方法以特异性检测肠炎沙门菌感染血清.确定其抗原最佳包被量为7.5 μg/mL,血清最适稀释度1:100,作用时间为60 min;酶标二抗最适稀释度为1:4 000,作用时间为60 min;判定标准为OD值≥0.346.基于rSEFA介导的间接ELISA有较好的特异性,能特异性识别肠炎沙门菌和都柏林沙门菌感染血清,不能识别相近的鸡白痢沙门菌感染血清,此方法与菌体凝集反应同时检测临床血清样品100份,二者阳性率分别为67%和54%,结果符合率为80.6%.这一方法的建立对肠炎沙门菌特异性抗体检测有潜在的应用前景.     

肠炎沙门菌sef14基因缺失株生物学功能

构建了肠炎沙门菌参考株SE50336的SefA主要亚单位编码基因sefA的缺失株SE50336ΔsefA,进一步探究野生株及SEF14菌毛缺失株的生物学功能.以SE50336为模板,利用λ-red同源重组技术构建sefA缺失株,通过绘制生长曲线、生物被膜测定试验、刚果红-考马斯亮蓝无盐培养基菌落表型试验、RT-qPCR...     

肠炎沙门菌间接ELISA检测方法的建立

本试验建立和优化了重组蛋白rSEFA介导的间接ELISA方法以特异性检测肠炎沙门菌感染血清。确定其抗原最佳包被量为7.5μg/mL,血清最适稀释度1∶100,作用时间为60 min;酶标二抗最适稀释度为1∶4 000,作用时间为60 min;判定标准为OD值≥0.346。基于rSEFA介导的间接ELISA有较好的特异性,能特异性识别肠炎沙门菌和都柏林沙门菌感染血清,不能识别相近的鸡白痢沙门菌感染血清,此方法与菌体凝集反应同时检测临床血清样品100份,二者阳性率分别为67%和54%,结果符合率为80.6%。这一方法的建立对肠炎沙门菌特异性抗体检测有潜在的应用前景。     

产肠毒素大肠杆菌K88ab/K88ad菌毛操纵子fae全基因的克隆、表达及生物学活性的初步研究

为研究K88ab/K88ad菌毛对细胞的黏附作用,本研究分别以产肠毒素E.coli (ETEC) K88ab C83901株和K88ad C83903株基因组DNA为模板,采用PCR技术扩增这两种K88菌毛操纵子fae基因(均约7.9 kb).将其分别克隆于表达质粒pBR322中构建pBR-K88ab和pBR-K88ad重组质粒,并将其分别转化至不含任何菌毛的E.coli SE5000株中.该重组菌能够分别与鼠抗K88菌毛阳性血清和抗K88菌毛单克隆抗体(MAb)产生凝集反应;在电镜下观察到重组菌表面大量表达K88菌毛.采用热抽提法提取其体外表达的K88ab和K88ad菌毛,SDS-PAGE电泳检测结果显示,菌毛蛋白的分子量约为26 ku.玻板凝集试验和western blot结果表明:重组表达的K88ab及K88ad菌毛与K88+参考株菌毛均能够被抗K88菌毛阳性血清和MAb识别.以猪小肠上皮细胞系IPEC-J2为模型进行黏附和黏附抑制试验,结果表明表达K88菌毛的重组菌及K88+参考株均能够黏附于IPEC-J2上皮细胞表面;而且阳性血清和MAb能够有效抑制重组菌或K88+参考株对猪小肠上皮细胞系的黏附结合.     

肠炎沙门氏菌SEF14菌毛研究进展

1 SEF14菌毛的发现 Feutrier等1986年首次在临床分离的一株人源肠炎沙门氏菌中发现一种菌毛(后来被称为SEF14菌毛),具有甘露糖敏感血凝反应(MSHA),形态上与肠杆菌科细菌的Ⅰ型菌毛难以分辨,蛋白质亚单位为14.4 kD,比伤寒沙门氏菌Ⅰ型菌毛亚单位(22.1 kD)小,N-末端18个氨基酸残基与大肠杆菌和伤寒沙门氏菌Ⅰ型菌毛同源[1].Müller等在同一株人源肠炎沙门氏菌分离株上鉴定了甘露糖敏感且形态和生化特性上不同于之前报道的SEF14的典型Ⅰ型菌毛[2].1990年Tahorns等通过单克隆抗体(MAb)介导方法在肠炎沙门氏菌表面鉴定出这一菌毛样结构,蛋白质亚单位为14.3 kD,直径小于5 nm,没有凝集红细胞能力[3].     

Simplified preparation of a specific S. enteritidis antigen for ELISA and other immunological techniques

This study was conducted to prepare a specific S. enteritidis antigen (FG-Antigen) for the serological detection of S. enteritidis infections in chicken flocks. This antigen (FG-Antigen) consistent mainly of the flagellar fraction H:g and partly of the fimbrial fraction SEF14 from a S. enteritidis-phage type 4 strain. The initial steps followed in the preparation of this antigen were conducted based on a previously described procedure, which involved the application of heat at 60 degrees C. The purification process (filtration and concentration) enabled the exclusion of the cross-reaction causing LPS antigens from the preparation and allowed the retention of S. enteritidis-specific antigens composed of fimbria and H:g fractions. As a result, no cross-reaction with S. typhimurium nor with S. gallinarum was exhibited by the prepared FG-antigen. To characterize and determine its specificity, the following laboratory tests were conducted: indirect ELISA, immunoblotting and a SEF14 agglutination test. In these examinations, rabbit and chicken reference sera as well as chicken field sera and absorbed hyperimmune sera against H:g-carrying serovars were used.     

Characterisation of monoclonal antibodies against a fimbrial structure of Salmonella enteritidis and certain other serogroup D salmonellae and their application as serotyping reagents

A panel of 13 monoclonal antibodies from different hybridomas was produced against a novel salmonella fimbrial antigen expressed predominantly by Salmonella enteritidis strains. The specificity of the monoclonal antibodies to this antigen (SEF14) was confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using purified SEF14, immune electron microscopy and, with 11 monoclonal antibodies, the identification of a repeating protein subunit (14,300kDa) on the antigen. Blocking-ELISA with the monoclonal antibodies identified epitopes in at least three, non-overlapping clusters which appeared evenly distributed on SEF14 in immune electron microscopy. The use of the monoclonal antibodies in direct-binding ELISA on a range of salmonella serotypes suggested that the epitopes on SEF14 are highly conserved and were expressed by all the S enteritidis strains examined; some strains of S dublin and the only strain of S moscow available were the only other serotypes that expressed SEF14. A latex agglutination reagent based on a monoclonal antibody was developed and used to test for SEF14 on 280 strains (representing 120 serotypes in 24 serogroups of salmonellae) that had been grown on Sensitest agar for 18 hours at 37 degrees C. All S enteritidis strains (64) and most S dublin strains (28 of 33) produced SEF14 as did the two strains representing S blegdam and S moscow. SEF14 was not detected in any other strains of serotypes from serogroup D or from any other serogroup examined.     

Humoral immune response in hens naturally infected with Salmonella Enteritidis against outer membrane proteins and other surface structural antigens

A simple procedure for obtaining surface exposed antigens of Salmonella Enteritidis is described. A heat treatment of whole bacteria in saline solution induced the release of small membrane vesicles containing outer membrane components as well as surface appendage components, such as fimbriae and flagellin. The characterization of the structural components of this extract, called HE, was established by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting using polyclonal and monoclonal specific antibodies. Five major groups of proteins were identified: flagellin, porins, OmpA, SEF21 and SEF14 fimbriae. The immunogenicity of these proteins was studied by immunoblotting with serum samples from naturally infected hens. Flagellin, porins, OmpA, SEF14 and SEF21 fimbriae were immunogenic in the S. Enteritidis infected hens (frequency of reactants: 47.3, 97.3, 64.7, 50.0 and 60.8%, respectively); porins also reacted with sera from non infected hens (66.7%). The immunogenicity of these antigens in infected birds provide promise that they may serve as components of an effective subcellular vaccine for poultry salmonellosis.     

The role of mice in the epizootiology of Salmonella enteritidis infection on chicken layer farms.

A microbiological survey of 10 mice-infested poultry farms was conducted to determine the role of mice in the epizootiology of S. enteritidis infection. Five of the farms were rated as clean of S. enteritidis and five as contaminated based on culture results of environmental samples for S. enteritidis. Of 2103 environmental samples and 715 mice and rats tested, 5.1% and 16.2%, respectively, were culture-positive for S. enteritidis. On contaminated farms, S. enteritidis was isolated from 24.0% of the mice and 7.5% of the environmental samples, which represented 75.3% of all Salmonella isolations from mice but only 18.0% of Salmonella isolations from environmental samples on these farms. S. enteritidis was not detected in mice on clean farms. Phage types 13a and 14b were the two most frequently isolated phage types from mice and environmental samples. Although only a single phage type was isolated from single free-standing poultry houses, multiple phage types were isolated from multi-house complexes. A bacterial count from the feces of one mouse yielded 2.3 x 10(5) S. enteritidis bacteria per fecal pellet. S. enteritidis persisted at least for 10 months in an infected mouse population.     

Detection and screening of Salmonella enteritidis-infected chickens with recombinant flagellin.

Screening and identification of Salmonella enteritidis in commercial poultry flocks have assumed principal roles in preventing transmission of this pathogen to humans from hen eggs. Serologic diagnosis of S. enteritidis infection in commercial flocks currently relies on laboratory-based tests for detection of antibodies to the lipopolysaccharide, whole flagella, and bacteria. We amplified a sequence from the g,m flagellin of S. enteritidis, followed by cloning, expression, and purification of the protein. The recombinant protein was first characterized by western blot and subsequently evaluated as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) antigen for detection of S. enteritidis infection. A total number of 49 positive sera and 40 negative sera were tested for ELISA validation. A cutoff value of 0.14 was shown to be sufficient to discriminate the negative and positive sera. Results obtained by testing sera raised against different bacterial strains/serotypes further confirmed that this recombinant flagellin-based ELISA was indeed specific for the detection of S. enteritidis. Both sensitivity and specificity of the developed ELISA test were comparable with a commercially available test, indicating that it is a highly promising and reliable diagnostic tool for S. enteritidis infection.     

Serologic detection of experimental Salmonella enteritidis infections in laying hens by fluorescence polarization and enzyme immunoassay

Detection of infected poultry flocks is essential for controlling eggborne transmission of Salmonella enteritidis to humans. The present study evaluated the detection of antibodies in the sera of experimentally infected chickens by a fluorescence polarization assay with a tracer prepared from the O-polysaccharide of S. enteritidis and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with an S. enteritidis flagellin antigen. In two trials, groups of specific-pathogen-free laying hens were infected orally with either 10(6) or 10(8) colony-forming units (CFU) of S. enteritidis (phage type 13a) or with 10(8) CFU of Salmonella typhimurium. Serum samples were collected before inoculation and at five subsequent weekly intervals. Both assays successfully detected the majority of hens infected with S. enteritidis at either dose level, but they also identified a substantial number of hens infected with S. typhimurium as seropositive. The fluorescence polarization test detected S. enteritidis infection significantly more often and cross-reacted with sera from hens infected with S. typhimurium significantly less often than the ELISA. The fluorescence polarization assay also offered advantages in terms of speed and methodologic simplicity.     

Identification of possible chicken intestinal mucosa receptors for SEF21-fimbriated Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis

In order to test whether glycosphingolipids (GSLs) on the chicken intestinal mucosa serve as a receptor for Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis with fimbriae, we analyzed neutral GSLs and gangliosides from chicken intestinal mucosa and investigated the binding of bacteria to neutral GSLs and gangliosides. Four kinds of neutral GSLs, designated as N-1 to N-4 and four kinds of gangliosides, named G-1 to G-4, were identified on high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) plates. In TLC immunostaining tests, fimbriated S. Enteritidis bound only to glucosylceramide (GlcCer) standard, N-1, GM3 standard and G-1, but neither to N-2, N-3, N-4, nor to G-2, G-3 and G-4. Further, the bacterial binding to N-1 and G-1 was completely inhibited by preincubation of bacteria with anti-S. Enteritidis fimbriae (SEF) 21 antibody, but not by anti-SEF14 antibody. These results suggest that both GlcCer (N-1) and ganglioside GM3 (G-1) on the epithelial cell surfaces of chicken intestine act as receptors for fimbriated S. Enteritidis.     

Salmonella contamination of poultry flocks in The Netherlands

The contamination of poultry in the Netherlands with Salmonella enteritidis was tested. For this, different methods (detection of S. enteritidis in faecal samples of 25 g; detection of S. enteritidis in cloacal swabs; detection of S. enteritidis by serological testing of antibodies in serum) were compared for their efficiency to detect S. enteritidis in flocks of poultry. Testing of faecal samples clearly yielded the best results. This method was used in a transmission study, in which 14 flocks descending from a contaminated primary mother flock were screened for the presence of S. enteritidis. The method was also used for screening 49 flocks of laying hens and 52 flocks of broiler chickens throughout the Netherlands. From the transmission study it became clear that S. enteritidis, phage type 2 (Dutch phage set) was isolated both from the mother flock and from five of the descendent flocks. Screening of poultry flocks for the presence of salmonella revealed that salmonella was present in 47% of the layer flocks and in 94% of the broiler flocks. S. enteritidis was isolated from 15% of the flocks screened.     

The SEF14 fimbrial antigen of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis is encoded within a pathogenicity islet

The DNA sequence of the chromosomal gene cluster encoding the SEF14 fimbriae of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis was determined. Five contiguous open reading frames, sefABCDE, were identified. The sefE gene shared significant homology with araC-like positive regulators. Serovar-associated virulence plasmid (SAP) genes orf7,8,9 and pefI were identified immediately adjacent to the sef operon. The pefI gene encoded a putative regulator of the Plasmid-encoded fimbrial antigen (PEF) expression. The entire sef--pef region, flanked by two IS-like elements, was inserted adjacent to leuX that encoded a transfer RNA molecule. The organisation of this region was suggestive of a classic pathogenicity islet. Southern hybridisation confirmed two copies of the SAP derived orf7,8,9 and pefI region in S. Enteritidis, one in the chromosome and one on the SAP. Of other group D Salmonella, only S. Blegdam and S. Moscow harboured both chromosomal and plasmid copies of pefI--orf9 region although polymorphism was evident.