Wheat pollen dispersal under semiarid field conditions: potential outcrossing with Triticum aestivum and Triticum turgidum

Isolation distance is the main barrier to crop-to-crop gene-flow. A 3-year study assessed the maximum potential outcrossing under field conditions between two wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.) and between wheat and durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum). Outcrossing was measured by seed set on emasculated recipient plants placed at four sides with different distances from a 3 m × 3 m T. aestivum (cultivar Chinese Spring) pollen source. Frequencies of seed set at 0 m distance were 45% (37–56%) for T. aestivum cultivars and 18% (5–30%) with T. turgidum. These values agree with hybridization in non-limiting pollen conditions measured by manual crosses in greenhouse. The number of pollen grains and the outcrossing frequencies decreased at increasing distances influenced by the prevailing wind direction. Under semiarid conditions of this assay, viable pollen was found 14 m from the pollen source, with a maximum distance of 8 m at which cross-pollination decreases below 1%. Ambient conditions affect pollen viability, hybridization and pollen dispersal. Data presented in this paper emphasize the major role played by environmental conditions in outcrossing. Data obtained in one area may therefore not coincide with the prevailing situation in different locations and climates.     

Spontaneous outcrossing in tomato depends on cultivar and environment and varies between individual flowers

Knowledge about the degree of spontaneous outcrossing of diverse genotypes is essential for breeding programmes, maintenance breeding, and seed production. For tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), very limited scientific evidence for genotypic differences is available and evidence from Europe is scarce. To close this knowledge gap, six cultivars were investigated in three Central European locations as part of the Organic Outdoor Tomato Project. To determine outcrossing rates, the monogenetic “cut‐leaf” trait, which is dominant over the “potato‐leaf” trait, was used as morphological marker. The observed range of outcrossing was 0.0%–5.2%. Outcrossing was significantly influenced by cultivar and environment. The outcrossing rate of individual flowers varied within cultivars ranging from 0% to 37%. The potential of newly opened flowers to accept foreign pollen varied largely with the cultivar. Genotypic differences could partly be linked to flower morphology traits. The potential for recombination between tomato genotypes is generally very low but can be a source for new variation in on‐farm management.     

Crossability of American tree peony ‘High Noon’ as seed parent with Japanese cultivars to breed superior cultivars

The tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.) is a valuable ornamental plant. American and French cultivars have desirable flower colors, while, Japanese cultivars have larger flowers with better presentation. We hybridized an American tree peony cultivar ‘High Noon (HN)’ (the seed parent) with 57 different Japanese cultivars (pollen parents) to investigate cross compatibility, with the ultimate goal of obtaining improved hybrids. Of the 1,927 crosses performed, 135 (38 cross combinations) yielded a total of 181 seeds (86 mature) and 22 seedlings. Five of the hybrids have already flowered and exhibited their parent character with large yellow flowers. To investigate the causes of cross incompatibility, we examined pollen tube growth in a cross between ‘HN’ and a Japanese cultivar. The result indicated that there are three most important causes of incompatibility, namely, abnormal pollen tube growth, the failure of fertilized ovules, and poor seed germination. Although cross compatibility in each combination was low, crosses between ‘HN’ and Japanese cultivars might be successful with the right paternal plants. In this study, 13 Japanese cultivars had higher cross compatibility with ‘HN’ than the others. Our results will enhance tree peony breeding and guide the selection of parents for hybridization.     

Natural outcrossing in common buckwheat

Common buckwheat is an obligate cross pollinating crop because of its sporophytic self-incompatibility system. Therefore a study to assess the extent of natural outcrossing was undertaken for two years at Morden and Portage la Prairie, Manitoba using the semi-dwarf character, which is due to a homozygous genotype with regard to a single recessive gene, as a marker. The semi-dwarf genotype was grown in 100 m rows running in four directions at 90 ° from a central 36 m² plot of a normal, tall variety. At maturity, seed samples were taken from the semi-dwarf population at designated intervals. At least 200 F₁ seeds from each sample were grown in the greenhouse to the 3-4 leaf stage and the proportion of tall plants was used to determine the percentage of outcrossing. Approximately 50% outcrossing occurred where the semi-dwarf plants were immediately next to the normal plants and then the proportion decreased with increasing distance. Although outcrossing occurred throughout the distance tested, there were no significant differences from 12 m onward from the pollen source. Lack of directional influence in outcrossing and a sharp reduction in the proportion of tall plants within a 3 m distance from the pollen source suggested that wind was not a major factor in dispersing the buckwheat pollen over long distances. Although a substantial cross pollination was limited to a few metres from the pollen source, nearly 1% outcrossing occurred even at 100 m. Since the distance in this experiment was limited to 100 m from the pollen source, the present results do not allow us to recommend the minimum isolation distance required to meet certain standards for buckwheat seed production. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Outcrossing in lentil (Lens culinaris) depends on cultivar, location and year, and varies within cultivars

Knowledge about the degree of outcrossing is essential for onfarm crop management and breeding schemes and for lentil (Lens esculenta Medik.) only restricted evidence was available. Three varieties were investigated in two central European locations to foster research into on farm maintenance and development of cultivars. To determine outcrossing rates, the complete dominance of ‘orange cotyledons’ over ‘yellow cotyledons’ was used as a marker. The degree of outcrossing ranged from 0.06% to 5.12%. Results were strongly influenced by cultivar, year and location. The outcrossing rate of individuals also varied within cultivars, the extremes being 0% and 22.2%. There is evidence that the degree of outcrossing can be heritable. The potential for evolutionary changes in lentil cultivars can be considerable. Growing cultivars close together or as a mixture can lead to natural or even conscious selection and local adaptation. On the other hand, spatial separation may be necessary to avoid undesirable cross‐pollination.     

锥栗开花生物学特性研究

为了解锥栗雌雄花生长和发育规律,掌握其开花生物学特性。以不同锥栗品种为材料,对其雌雄花开花节律、物候期、雌雄花数量、雄花序及结果枝生长节律等问题进行研究。锥栗雄花先于雌花出现,雄花序出现18~26天后雌花开始出现,且雄花先于雌花1~5天开放;不同品种开花物候期有较大差异,早熟品种和晚熟品种初花期相差10天左右;不同品种雌雄花数量差异明显,其雌花与雄花数量比为1:(518~653);不同品种结果枝生长、发育时期大致相近,但长度和粗度差异明显,其中,‘YLZ 7号’结果枝长度和粗度明显大于‘优16号’和‘优22号’。锥栗雌雄异熟,属雄先型植物,不同品种开花物候期、雌雄花数量差异明显,生产上应选择少雄花品种,或采取早期摘除部分雄花序、花期加强肥水管理等措施,以保证雌花生长和发育,提高锥栗产量和经济效益。     

Pollen characteristics and stigma receptivity for <Emphasis Type="Italic">Anemone coronaria</Emphasis> L.

To obtain crossing products, an efficient pollination and subsequent fertilization is essential. This efficient pollination is achieved by pollen germination and tube growth. Here, these pollen characteristics of 2 genetically differentiating cultivars of Anemone coronaria L. were investigated in vitro. For the essential components boron, calcium and an osmoticant, only calcium showed to be crucial for pollen germination. Boron concentrations influenced the pollen tube length with a concentration of 100 mg l^?1 H₃BO₃ resulting in the longest pollen tubes. For the osmoticant sucrose, a concentration of 100 g l^?1 caused a significant positive effect on both pollen germination and pollen tube length for the 2 cultivars. The cultivars reacted similarly with respect to the investigated compounds. Next to this, the pollen development was correlated with 8 different flower stages in A. coronaria. As a final point, the germination of an optimized pollen germination medium was compared with in vivo pollen germination in cross-pollinations within the same cultivar (identified by aniline blue staining). For ‘Mistral Wine’, pollen germination percentage was lower in vitro than in vivo, while ‘Wicabri Blue’ pollen showed no significant difference in germination rates in vivo and in vitro. To achieve fertilization a following requisite is that the stigma is receptive. To study this, the most receptive female flower stage of the 8 different flower stages for A. coronaria was characterized by aniline blue staining. A. coronaria clearly showed protogyny.     

Cultivar placement affects pollination efficiency and fruit production in European pear (Pyrus communis) orchards

European pear (Pyrus communis) requires insect pollination among compatible cultivars for fruit production. However, most commercial orchards have a limited number of cultivars arranged in monotypic blocks or rows. This can result in insufficient inter-cultivar pollination. We hypothesise that limitations in pollen transfer among cultivars could be explained by both insect behaviour and orchard design. We compared insect activity and pollination efficiency in two European pear cultivars, in orchards with different designs: (i) cultivars alternated in the same row or (ii) cultivars in separate rows. To assess limitations in pollen transfer, we also compared hand pollination with compatible pollen versus open pollination by insects. Insect visitors mainly foraged on neighbouring trees within a row, with few movements across rows (1%). Honey bees (Apis mellifera) and bumble bees (Bombus terrestris) visited significantly more flowers per tree (8.5 vs. 3) and more trees (2.1 vs. 1.3) than solitary bees (Andrena spp.) and hoverflies. Insect visitors deposited large amounts of pollen (∼500 pollen grains) on flower stigmas regardless of the insect type. Cultivar placement affected inter-cultivar pollination; less incompatibility signs were observed when cultivars alternated in the same row (5%) than when cultivars were in separate rows (38%). We observed limitations in pollen transfer as open pollination resulted in significant reduced fruit set, compared with hand pollination, in ‘Conférence’ (21% vs. 30.7%) and ‘Doyenné du Comice’ (7.2% vs. 16.8%). The foraging behaviour of the insects limited thus inter-cultivar pollen transfer in the orchards with cultivars in separate rows. Cultivars used for pollination (pollinizers) should be planted in the same rows as the main cultivar to increase inter-cultivar pollination.     

DROUGHT STRESS: Soil Water Availability Alters the Inter‐ and Intra‐Cultivar Competition of Three Spring Wheat Cultivars Bred in Different Eras

Competition for water generates a classic aspect of the tragedy of the commons, the ‘race for fish’, where crops must allocate more resource to acquisition of the limiting resource than is optimal for crop yield allocation. A pot experiment using a simple additive (target–neighbour) design was conducted to examine the above‐ground and below‐ground growth of three spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars when grown alone and in mixtures at three levels of water availability. The effects of competition and water availability were compared by observing patterns of growth, biomass allocation and below‐ground outcomes. Competitive interactions were investigated among cultivars ‘HST’, ‘GY602’ and ‘LC8275’, target plant of each cultivar grown without neighbouring plants are referred to herein as control plant and one target plant of each cultivar sown surrounded either by same or another cultivar as intra‐ or inter‐cultivar competition. Competitive ability was assessed as the response ratio (lnRR) between the target plant surrounded by six other plants and the target plant in isolation. Our results showed that the cultivar ‘HST’, released over a century ago, produced a higher biomass and grain yield than the more recently released cultivars ‘LC8275’ and ‘GY602’ when grown as isolated plants with sufficient water supply. However, competition for resources from neighbours led to target plant biomass and grain yield being significantly reduced relative to controls in all three cultivars, particularly in ‘HST’. When subjected to intra‐cultivar competition, the two recently released cultivars ‘LC8275’ and ‘GY602’ had higher grain yields and water use efficiency for grain than ‘HST’ in all three water regimes. The landrace ‘HST’ had better and significantly linear relationships between biomass and biomass allocation, root length and specific root length, whereas the recent and modern cultivars had much more water‐related species‐specific changes in root morphology and allocation patterns. These results suggest that crop traits that influence competitive ability, such as biomass allocation to roots and root plasticity in response to drought have changed in modern wheat cultivars because of breeding and selection.     

云南永德‘桂味’与区试品种荔枝果实品质表现

了解永德县荔枝主栽品种‘桂味’与区试品种果实品质表现，为‘桂味’品质提升和品种改良提供建议。采集30个果园的‘桂味’和7个区试品种荔枝果实，测定分析果实品质，并结合品质加权分、经济效益指数对测试品种进行评分排序。调查花期授粉源和气温以分析‘桂味’焦核率低的原因。结果表明，永德县‘桂味’荔枝平均单果重、可溶性固形物含量和可食率分别为22.53 g、19.27%和76.61%，单果重和可溶性固形物含量优于广东大部分产区；焦核率仅为44.00%，低于广东大部分产区。经济效益指数评价结果显示，7个优新品种荔枝均优于‘桂味’，依据区试品种荔枝果实品质表现，除‘岭丰糯’外其他品种初步判定引种成功‘。桂味’与大核品种‘怀枝’等混种且花期相遇，推测花粉源和授粉期间长时间低温可能是当地‘桂味’大核化的原因之一，提高‘桂味’焦核率是提质增效的技术关键‘。无核荔’‘、贵妃红’‘、冰荔’‘、仙进奉’引种区试表现较为优异，适合作为永德县荔枝的改良品种。     

四川地区彩色花生一年两熟种植时期研究

为解决四川花生新品种繁育加代慢、鲜食花生供应周期短的问题,试验探究了四川地区花生一年两熟的可行性。试验以‘蜀花1号(SH1)’、‘蜀彩花1号(SCH1)’、‘蜀彩花2号(SCH2)’3个彩色花生品种为材料,在四川攀西仁和试验基地对其在全年不同月份播种的生长发育状况、产量相关性状及繁殖系数进行了研究。结果表明：各个品种自身产量最高的种植时期有所不同,但时期差异不大,种植时间对各品种生长性状和产量性状均产生显著性影响,在1—9月播种期间出苗率、成熟株高、单株结果数、繁殖系数呈现先升高后降低的表现趋势,生育期则与之相反,因积温过低等气候条件限制,10—11月播种3个品种均未结果。进一步分析发现：5月播种‘SCH1’的单季繁殖系数为试验最高值,加权平均计算结果显示,3月播种‘SH1’和‘SCH2’时的全年繁殖系数最高,1月播种‘SCH1’的全年繁殖系数最高,最适宜一年两熟种植。结果证明：在攀西地区进行花生一年两熟种植可行,尤其是使用生育期较短的品种效果更好,可延长四川地区鲜食花生供应时长,同时为四川花生新品种本地快繁加代提供可能。     

Outcrossing and isolation requirement in jute (Corchorus olitorius L.)

Summary To find out an effective isolation distance in olitorius jute experiments were conducted for three years in two planting designs; in one the cultivar with the dominant marker allele was planted at the centre and the cultivarcarrying the recessive marker allele was planted around and in the other the planting arrangement was just the reverse of the former. A total of nearly 20 lac seedlings were counted. Irrespective of the planting designs, at the minimum distance from the pollen source outcrossing was found to be at its maximum which, however, decreased with the distance. Directions had no influence on cross pollination in this species. At a distance beyond 9.0 metres outcrossing was found to be absent.     

Do floral resources influence pollination rates and subsequent fruit set in pear (Pyrus communis L.) and apple (Malus x domestica Borkh) cultivars?

Pear and apple are among the main fruit crops worldwide. These species can be planted in mixed orchards, and they both depend on insect pollination for fruit set. As pollinating insects are attracted by the floral resources, we investigated nectar and pollen production and chemical composition in four pear (‘Concorde’, ‘Conférence’, ‘Doyenné du Comice’, ‘Triomphe de Vienne’) and five apple (‘Braeburn’, ‘Golden Reinders’, ‘Jonagored’, ‘Pinova’, ‘Wellant’) cultivars commonly grown in Belgium. We also investigated whether insect flower visitation rate and pollination efficiency are linked to floral resource quantity and quality. The pear cultivars flowered one week before the apple cultivars in early spring, and their flowers were about six times less visited by insects. The visitors foraged more on the pollen of the pear trees and the nectar of the apple trees. Pear flowers produced higher volumes of nectar than apple flowers (1.3–3.2 μl vs. 0.4-0.6 μl), but with lower sugar concentration (9.6%-10.8% vs. 28.3%-36.4%). Pear flowers also produced fewer pollen grains per anther than apple flowers (2425–4937 vs. 3284–7919), but these had higher polypeptide (346–362 μg/mg vs. 216–303 μg/mg), amino-acid (40–77 μg/mg vs. 12–18 μg/mg) and phytosterol (21–47 μg/mg vs. 15–43 μg/mg) concentrations. The foraging behavior of the insects is thus better explained by nectar and pollen quality rather than quantity. Despite the differences in flower visitation rates, pollination of both species resulted in valuable fruit production.     

Estimation of outcrossing rates in intraspecific (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza sativa</Emphasis>) and interspecific (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza sativa</Emphasis> × <Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza glaberrima</Emphasis>) rice under field conditions using agro-morphological markers

Rice is mainly a self-pollinating crop, but some outcrossing has been reported. Outcrossing with an undesirable donor would lead to the creation of segregants or off-types, which would adversely affect genetic purity and uniformity of the crop. Outcrossing rates in rice under field conditions were investigated using cultivar WAB96-1-1 as a pollen donor and WAB56-104, NERICA 2, NERICA 4 and NERICA 7 as pollen recipients. Levels of outcrossing were investigated up to 30 m from the pollen donor. Dominant morphological markers of red kernel colour and pubescent leaves of the donor were used to identify hybrids. A total of 721 134 plants were investigated. There was an average outcrossing rate of 0.7 ± 0.51%, with a potential outcrossing rate of 2.45 ± 0.86%. Outcrossing rates decreased with increase in distance. It ranged from 2.45% at 0.2 m from the donor to 0.05% at 25 m from the donor. Differences were observed between genotypes and seasons. In season 1 the highest average outcrossing rate of 1.2 ± 0.63% was with WAB56-104 and in season 2 it was 1.1 ± 0.69% with NERICA 4. Outcrossing occurred up to 30 m from the donor. This has implications for germplasm management and conservation and the production of high quality seed. Spatial isolation remains the most practical method to prevent undesirable gene flow. The study indicated that red kernel colour and leaf pubescence can be used to effectively assess outcrossing under field conditions in rice.     

Sex chromosomes and quantitative sex expression in monoecious hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)

Hemp (Cannabis sativa) has a highly variable sexual phenotype. In dioecious hemp, the sex is controlled by heteromorphic sex chromosomes according to an X-to-autosomes equilibrium. However, in monoecious hemp, the sex determinism remains widely unknown and has never been related to a quantitative approach of sex expression. The present paper aims to contribute to the comprehension of the sex determinism in monoecious hemp by assessing the genotypic variability of its sex expression and establishing its sex chromosomes. Five monoecious and one dioecious cultivars were grown in controlled conditions under several photoperiods. The monoecy degree of 194 monoecious plants was recorded at each node by a figure ranging from 0 (male flowers only) to 6 (female flowers only). The genome size of 55 plants was determined by flow cytometry. The DNA of 115 monoecious plants was screened with the male-associated marker MADC2. The monoecy degree varied significantly among monoecious cultivars from 3.36 ± 2.28 in ‘Uso 31’ to 5.70 ± 0.81 in the most feminised ‘Epsilon 68’. The variation of monoecy degree among cultivars remained consistent across trials despite a significant “cultivar × trial” interaction and partly agreed with their earliness. The genome size of monoecious plants (1.791 ± 0.017 pg) was not different from that of females (1.789 ± 0.019 pg) but significantly lower than that of males (1.835 ± 0.019 pg). MADC2 was absent from all monoecious plants. These results strongly support that cultivars of monoecious hemp have the XX constitution and that their sex expression has a genetic basis.     

直播条件下行距对不同穗型粳稻产量及倒伏性状的影响

为探索直播条件下行距对不同类型粳稻产量的影响,以3种穗型粳稻品种通禾833、铁粳7号、沈稻506为试材,研究了直播粳稻在5个不同行距水平下的产量以及乳熟期(齐穗期后25 d)、蜡熟期(齐穗期后40 d)2个倒伏敏感时期水稻茎秆及穗部的物理性状和形态特征。结果表明:行距通过影响直播稻生长发育过程中行内、行间竞争关系,从而影响植株的物理性状和形态特征,改变群体结构,最终决定直播稻的产量和倒伏性状。通禾833在22.5 cm行距下产量最高,但随着行距减小,有效穗数、结实率降低,产量降低,且在低行距下弯穗型品种行间竞争激烈,造成群体郁闭、长势差、节间抗折力降低,从而易发生倒伏;铁粳7号17.5 cm行距下产量最高,且抗倒伏能力较强;沈稻506在行距20.0 cm时,协调了行内、行间的竞争,个体长势优良,群体结构合理,使其高产、抗倒。总之,过宽、过窄的行距分别加大了行间、行内竞争,从而影响植株个体长势及物理性状、群体结构,进而影响直播稻的产量及抗倒伏能力。因此,弯穗型品种应选用稍大行距(22.5 cm)、直立穗型品种选用稍小行距(17.5 cm)、半直立穗型品种选用中等行距(20.0 cm),通过协调行内和行间竞争,保证足够的单位面积有效穗数和较高的结实率,提高植株抗折力和基部节间弯曲力矩,构建合理植株个体形态和群体结构,以达到高产、抗倒的目标。     

Ethylene sensitivity and changes in ethylene production during senescence in long-lived Delphinium flowers without sepal abscission

We investigated changes in ethylene production, sensitivity, effects of ethylene inhibitors and levels of ethylene receptor genes to determine factors responsible for long-lived flowers in a Delphinium line ‘B-10’. Flower longevity of ‘B-10’ was clearly longer than that of the control cultivar ‘Bellamosum’, and sepals of ‘B-10’ did not abscise. ‘B-10’ did not show the climacteric-like ethylene production during flower senescence but constitutively produced ethylene from days 0 to 9. The ethylene inhibitors silver thiosulfate (STS) and aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) extended flower longevity in both cultivars. Exogenous ethylene treatment did not affect flower longevity but did increase ethylene production in ‘B-10’. These results suggest that low sensitivity to ethylene is responsible for long-lived ‘B-10’ flowers, and may suppress climacteric-like ethylene production.     

Pleiotropic effect of the dwarfing gene d18-k on cool tolerance at booting stage under the genetic background of an extremely cool-tolerant line Norin-PL8 in rice

Norin‐PL8 (‘PL8’) is an extremely cool‐tolerant line of rice in Japan that contains genes for cool tolerance originating from a javanica landrace. It was investigated to see whether the dwarfing gene d18‐k (kotaketamanishiki dwarf) exerts its pleiotropic effect on enhancing the cool tolerance at the booting stage in the genetic background of PL8. The d18‐k isogenic line of the recurrent parent PL8 (D8), PL8, and two commercial cultivars ‘Hayayuki’ and ‘Kirara 397’ were used. For each line/cultivar, the 12°C‐5‐day treatment was conducted at various times during the booting stage. In addition to spikelet fertility, the ratio (%) of the fertilized‐spikelet number of each treated panicle to the varietal mean of fertilized‐spikelet number per panicle in the control (FS‐T/C) was adopted to estimate cool temperature damage. For FS‐T/C, the lines‐cultivars ranked in the order of D8 > PL8 > ‘Hayayuki’ > ‘Kirara 397’, reflecting their cool tolerances. D8 exceeded PL8 in both pollen grain number per anther in the control and as an indicator of pollen fertility after the treatment, as a result of the effects of d18‐k. Consequently, d18‐k can be used to develop super‐highly cool‐tolerant cultivars for cool‐weather areas.     

Radiomutants of chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev) of the Lady group: RAPD analysis of the genetic diversity

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used to study the molecular characterization of 10 new radiomutants of chrysanthemum. The original cultivar ‘Richmond’ differed in genetic distance from its Lady group mutants. The analysis of genetic similarity indices revealed low diversity within the radiomutants. The dendrogram obtained after cluster analysis separated the new cultivars as a group that differed from the original cultivar ‘Richmond’. The Lady group cultivars, derived from one original cultivar by radiomutation, could be distinguished from each other by using RAPD markers of only a single primer or sets of two or three primers. Polymerase chain reaction analysis proved the efficiency of the RAPD method for DNA fingerprinting of the original cultivar ‘Richmond’ and its new radiomutants.     

新疆核桃主栽品种开花及散粉特性研究

【目的】对新疆主栽核桃品种的开花物候期、花粉活力和散粉规律方面进行研究,旨在揭示开花及散粉规律,对提高授粉受精效果以及科学配置授粉树提供依据。【方法】以新疆‘新新2’、‘温185’ 两个主栽早实核桃品种为材料,在花期通过对花粉量统计测算,花粉活力测定、开花物候期观测、花期散粉量和日散粉量测定等研究。【结果】⑴两个品种每花蕾中花粉粒个数,‘温185’平均为7.70万粒,‘新新2’ 平均为7.14万粒。⑵两个主栽品种散粉量在空间方向基本一致,依次为：南部＞东部＞西部＞北部＞内部;同一方向散粉量,中部＞内部＞外部。⑶平均气温20―24℃是两个主栽品种最为适宜的核桃散粉温度。⑷‘新新2’与‘温185’ 雌雄花期可遇,同为约4d,但‘新新2’可进行自花授粉,而‘温185’因雌花失去可授性,不能进行自花授粉。【结论】温度在核桃散粉的过程中起着重要的作用;雄花在树冠不同空间方位存在散粉差异;自然条件下‘新新2’可进行自花授粉。