环糊精包合氟苯尼考在猪体内的药代动力学研究

为评价采用新包被工艺生产的氟苯尼考(受试制剂F)与国外同类产品(R1)、国内同类产品(R2)在猪体内的生物等效性并探索其药代动力学特性,本试验采用随机三制剂、三周期自身交叉试验设计,选取6头健康的阉割小公猪(体重15 kg±2 kg),分别灌胃给药3种制剂,给药剂量为20 mg/(kg·BW),采用高效液相色谱法测定血浆中氟苯尼考浓度,利用Kinetica 5.0软件分析药代动力学特性,SAS统计软件进行生物等效性评价。结果显示,受试制剂在猪体内的药时曲线符合带时滞的一级吸收一室开放模型,F、R1、R2的峰浓度(C_(max))分别为16.0845、18.3287和21.1678μg/mL,药物达峰时间(T_(max))分别为5.0、1.9、1.5 h;药-时曲线下面积_((0-∞))(AUC_(0-∞))分别为144.7327、118.2670和123.3715μg/mL·h;受试制剂相比于两种参比制剂的相对生物利用度分别为122.51%(R1)和117.52%(R2)。结果表明,环糊精包被氟苯尼考有更好的缓释作用,具有更好的生物安全性,药效维持时间长,生物利用度有效提高。     

环糊精包合氟苯尼考在猪体内的药代动力学研究

为评价采用新包被工艺生产的氟苯尼考（受试制剂F）与国外同类产品（R1）、国内同类产品（R2）在猪体内的生物等效性并探索其药代动力学特性,本试验采用随机三制剂、三周期自身交叉试验设计,选取6头健康的阉割小公猪（体重15 kg±2 kg）,分别灌胃给药3种制剂,给药剂量为20 mg/（kg·BW）,采用高效液相色谱法测定血浆中氟苯尼考浓度,利用Kinetica 5.0软件分析药代动力学特性,SAS统计软件进行生物等效性评价。结果显示,受试制剂在猪体内的药时曲线符合带时滞的一级吸收一室开放模型,F、R1、R2的峰浓度（C_max）分别为16.0845、18.3287和21.1678 μg/mL,药物达峰时间（T_max）分别为5.0、1.9、1.5 h;药-时曲线下面积_（0-∞）（AUC_0-∞）分别为144.7327、118.2670和123.3715 μg/mL·h;受试制剂相比于两种参比制剂的相对生物利用度分别为122.51%（R1）和117.52%（R2）。结果表明,环糊精包被氟苯尼考有更好的缓释作用,具有更好的生物安全性,药效维持时间长,生物利用度有效提高。     

托芬那酸注射液在犬体内的生物等效性研究

为研究国产和进口托芬那酸注射液在犬体内的药代动力学和生物等效性,采用双处理、双周期随机交叉试验设计,将20头健康比格犬随机分成2组,按0.1 m L/kg体重肌肉分别单剂量注射受试制剂和参比制剂,采用高效液相色谱法测定血浆中托芬那酸的浓度,利用WinNonlin6.3软件计算主要药动学参数,并评价两种制剂的生物等效性。结果显示,受试制剂和参比制剂的Tmax分别为(0.2±0.1)h和(0.3±0.2)h;Cmax分别为(5.12±1.55)μg/m L和(5.38±2.04)μg/m L;AUC0-t分别为(12.1±2.97)μg·h·m L~(-1)和(12.28±3.24)μg·h·m L~(-1);AUC_(0-∞)分别为(13.38±3.10)μg·h·m L~(-1)和(13.85±3.40)μg·h·m L~(-1)。托芬那酸注射液受试制剂和参比制剂的AUC_(0-t)、AUC_(0-∞)、C_(max)、T_(max)均无显著性差异(P0.05)。双单侧t检验结果显示两种制剂生物等效,临床上可相互替代。该试验为兽医临床给药方案的制定以及合理用药提供参考。     

阿莫西林混悬注射液在猪体内的生物等效性研究

为了研究阿莫西林混悬注射液在猪体内的药代动力学和生物等效性,采用双处理、双周期随机交叉试验设计,将24头健康猪随机分成2组,按15 mg/kg体重肌肉分别单剂量注射受试制剂和参比制剂,采用高效液相色谱法测定血浆中阿莫西林的浓度,利用Win Nonlin6.4软件计算主要药动学参数,并评价两种制剂的生物等效性。结果显示,受试制剂和参比制剂的Tmax分别为(3.45±2.49)h,(1.34±1.74)h;Cmax分别为(6.94±4.73)mg/L,(4.39±2.87)mg/L;AUC0-t分别为(37.00±11.48)mg·h·L-1,(30.02±8.93)mg·h·L-1;AUC0-∞分别为(40.26±13.36)mg·h·L-1,(38.46±15.38)mg·h·L-1。阿莫西林混悬注射液受试制剂和参比制剂的AUC0-t、AUC0-∞、Cmax、Tmax均有显著性差异,双单侧t检验结果显示两种制剂生物不等效,试验为兽医临床给药方案的制定以及合理用药提供参考。     

两种复方磺胺嘧啶混悬液在肉鸡体内药动学及生物等效性研究

为了解多益与相同成份进口产品的生物等效性,在建立血浆中磺胺嘧啶(SD)和甲氧苄啶(TMP)的HPLC检测方法基础上,比较两种制剂在肉鸡体内的药代动力学特征.选用30只健康白羽肉鸡,进行单剂量口服给药,给药剂量均为20mg/kg(以SD计),用反相高效液相色谱法测定血浆中SD和TMP浓度,计算其药动学参数并评价两种制剂的生物等效性.用Kinetic药动学软件处理血药浓度-时间数据,得出受试制剂和参比制剂中SD的主要药动学参数分别为:Cmax分别为:(10.60±6.68)、(11.45± 5.96) mg/L,Tmax分别为:(4.93±4.25)、(3.87±4.06) h,AUC分别为:(89.31±48.50)、(86.81±45.78) mg/L·h,Clearance 分别为:(7.94±14.06)、(6.54±7.70) L/kg·h,Vz分别为:(3.57±6.12)、(10.43±31.75) L/kg.受试制剂多益相对参比制剂的相对生物利用度为102.88％,表明受试制剂与参比试剂具有生物等效性.     

硫酸头孢喹肟注射液在猪体内的生物等效性研究

为研究国产和进口硫酸头孢喹肟注射液(7.5%)在猪体内的药代动力学特征和生物等效性,采用双处理、双周期随机交叉试验设计,将20头健康三元杂交猪随机分成2组,按3mg/kg体重分别单剂量肌内注射受试制剂和参比制剂。采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定血浆中头孢喹肟的浓度,利用Win Nonlin6.3软件计算主要药动学参数,并评价两种制剂的生物等效性。结果显示,受试制剂和参比制剂的Tmax分别为2.30±0.73h和2.25±0.55h;Cmax分别为2.37±0.34μg/mL和2.45±0.36μg/mL;AUC0-t分别为26.38±2.30μg·h·mL^-1和24.86±2.19μg·h·mL^-1;AUC0-∞分别为26.74±2.34μg·h·mL^-1和25.07±2.20μg·h·mL^-1。硫酸头孢喹肟注射液受试制剂和参比制剂的AUC0-t、AUC0-∞、Cmax、Tmax均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。双单侧t检验结果显示两种制剂生物等效,临床上可相互替代。该试验可为兽医临床合理用药提供参考。     

复方替米考星可溶性粉在鸡体内的药动学研究

本研究比较了口服复方替米考星可溶性粉与单独肌注替米考星注射液和静注磺胺二甲嘧啶钠注射液在鸡体内药物代谢动力学特征和相对生物利用度。36只健康鸡,随机分为3组,给药剂量均为20 mg/kg,翼下静脉采血,高效液相色谱法检测鸡血浆中的药物浓度。采用药动学软件Win Nonlin 6.1的非房室模型分析方法,计算出药物的动力学参数。鸡口服复方替米考星可溶性粉、肌注替米考星注射液和静注磺胺二甲嘧啶钠注射液后的药时曲线下面积(AUC)分别为:9.49±3.64、37.17±10.82、12.40±4.11、61.31±11.38μg×h/m L。复方替米考星可溶性中替米考星相对于肌肉注射的替米考星的生物利用度为75.98%,复方制剂中磺胺二甲嘧啶钠的绝对生物利用度为60.63%。复方替米考星可溶性粉和单方药物相比,药动学参数经t检验,t_(1/2)、T_(max)、C_(max)、AUC、MRT等存在显著性差异(P0.05)。结果表明复方替米考星可溶性粉单剂量口服给药吸收较慢,达峰时间显著延迟,平均驻留时间显著延长,有利于抗菌作用的发挥。     

磷酸替米考星在猪体内的药代动力学研究

<正>为了探讨磷酸替米考星在猪体内的药物代谢动力学(药代动力学)特征,本试验给受试猪口服以及静脉注射不同剂量的10%磷酸替米考星可溶性粉,利用HPLC方法分析不同时间点受试猪血浆中替米考星的药物浓度。试验结果显示,10%磷酸替米考星可溶性粉经静脉注射和口服后,药物在猪体内吸收、分布很快,消除较慢,消除半衰期远远大于分布半衰期,符合二室开放模型,这     

两种伊维菌素注射液在家兔体内的生物等效性研究

为评价两种伊维菌素注射液在家兔体内的生物等效性,采用双周期交叉给药方式,将16只健康家兔随机分成2组,按5 mg/kg体重皮下单剂量注射两种伊维菌素注射液,使用HPLC法测定血浆中的伊维菌素,利用3P97药动软件计算主要药动学参数。结果显示,受试制剂和参比制剂的T_(max)分别为(26.45±8.62)h,(22.33±11.72)h;Cmax分别为(182.73±59.27)ng/m L,(166.77±65.25)ng/m L;AUC_(0-t)分别为(21122±9999)ng·h·L~(-1),(19475±7009)ng·h·L~(-1);AUC_(0-∞)分别为(27390±12197)ng·h·L~(-1),(31559±13412)ng·h·L~(-1)。伊维菌素注射液受试制剂与参比制剂的AUC0-t、AUC0-∞、Cmax、Tmax均无显著性差异(P0.05),双单侧t检验结果显示两种制剂生物等效,可为兽医临床给药方案的制定以及合理用药提供参考。     

替米考星水溶性粉在家兔体内的药动学研究

为了考察替米考星水溶性粉在家兔体内的药动学特征,本试验分别给受试家兔灌服替米考星、替米考星肠溶微丸、替米考星水溶性粉,以12.5 mg/kg体重剂量给药,采用HPLC方法分析不同时间点受试家兔血浆中替米考星的药物浓度。试验结果显示,新研制的20%替米考星水溶性粉经口服后,药物在家兔体内可被快速吸收达到较高的血药浓度0.413±0.148μg/m L,血药浓度-时间曲线下的面积(AUC)为4.334±0.620μg/m L·h,相对生物利用度(F)达到86.99%,说明替米考星水溶性粉经口服后的生物利用度较高,有利于致病菌细菌的抑制或杀灭。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

Smart Phone Assisted City-scale Wireless Sensor Network Deployment for Transportation System Monitoring

<正>1.INTRODUCTION Ensuring transportation network security is one Of the most daunting challenges confronting homeland security agencies today.Significant research has been dedicated.To model and analyze the vulnerability of transportation systems,while notably fewer studies propose specific strategies for deploying defensive technologies to safeguard these systems.