党参多糖口服液对小鼠免疫功能的影响

给小鼠灌服不同剂量(每kg体重灌服9、5、7 g生药)的党参多糖口服液后,通过测定小鼠免疫脏器指数、网状内皮系统吞噬功能、半数溶血值等指标的变化评价其对免疫系统的作用.结果显示,党参多糖口服液可显著增强小鼠网状内皮系统的吞噬功能,提高成年小鼠脾脏指数(P＜0.05),能显著增强小鼠半数溶血值,提高小鼠的血清溶血素抗体生成水平(P＜0.05),说明党参多糖口服液有显著的免疫调节能力.该试验可为党参多糖口服液的临床应用提供参考.     

从中药方剂中提取的复合多糖对小鼠免疫功能的影响

分别给小鼠灌服中药复合多糖、方剂水煎剂、黄芪多糖、生理盐水,进行免疫脏器指数的检测、碳粒廓清试验、血清溶血素形成和绵羊红细胞诱导的迟发型超敏反应,探讨中药复合多糖对正常小鼠免疫功能的影响。试验结果显示,该复合多糖能显著提高小鼠免疫脏器指数,单核巨噬细胞系统的吞噬功能,增强小鼠迟发型超敏反应,促进溶血素的生成,与方剂水煎剂和黄芪多糖组相比差异显著(P<0.05),与生理盐水组相比差异极显著(P<0.01),表明该中药复合多糖可明显提高机体的免疫功能。     

螺旋藻-灵芝-锁阳的复合粗多糖对正常小鼠免疫功能的影响

目的:探究螺旋藻-灵芝-锁阳的复合粗多糖对小鼠免疫功能的影响。方法:用足跖肿胀法测定小鼠迟发型变态反应(DTH);用中性红比色法测定小鼠巨噬细胞吞噬功能;半数溶血值测定小鼠B淋巴细胞功能;小鼠免疫器官指数。结果:与对照组相比,各剂量组复合多糖可显著提高正常小鼠的免疫器官指数、腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬功能、迟发型变态反应和血清半数溶血值(P0.05),并呈现剂量效应。相同剂量复合粗多糖各指标均显著高于单味药螺旋藻多糖(P0.05)。结论:螺旋藻多糖能改善正常小鼠免疫功能;等剂量的螺旋藻-灵芝-锁阳的复合粗多糖可显著改善小鼠免疫功能,说明这3味药物的复合多糖在增强免疫功能方面有相互协同作用。     

归芪甘草汤对小鼠免疫功能的影响

为研究归芪甘草汤对小鼠免疫功能的影响,该药液由黄芪、当归、炙甘草、熟地和党参组成,经传统水煎法获得浓度为1 g/mL药液;以环磷酰胺诱导建立小鼠免疫抑制模型,培健康小鼠和免疫抑制小鼠灌服药液;在试验第15天,应用流式细胞技术、溶血素测定法和腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬功能测定法,检测复方中药对小鼠T淋巴细胞亚群(CD4、CD8)、IgM和腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬功能的影响.结果显示对免疫抑制小鼠,灌服药液和灌服蒸馏水小鼠相比较,CD4+/CD8+、IgM、吞噬功能百分率和吞噬指数差异极显著(P＜0 01);对健康小鼠,灌服药液和灌服蒸馏水小鼠相比较,CD4+ /CD8+比值差异不显著(P＞0.05),IgM值和吞噬百分率差异显著(P＜0.05),吞噬指数差异极显著(P＜0.01).表明归芪甘草汤具有增强昆明系小鼠免疫功能的作用,尤其是对免疫抑制小鼠的免疫功能增强更为显著.     

中药复方多糖对小鼠免疫功能的影响

本文旨在通过超声细胞粉碎法提取中药复方中的多糖,并研究其对小鼠免疫功能的影响。选取200只体重相近的小鼠随机分成5组,每组40只,分别灌服生理盐水,复方中药水煎剂和高、中、低3种浓度的中药复方多糖,0.3 mL/只,连续灌服7 d,于第8天处死,进行免疫器官指数、细胞免疫、体液免疫和单核巨噬细胞吞噬指标的测定。结果显示:与生理盐水组和复方水煎剂组相比,中等浓度的复方多糖组小鼠的胸腺指数、淋巴细胞转化、血清溶血素含量、白介素-2和巨噬细胞吞噬功能均显著提高(P<0.05)。结果表明:中等浓度的中药复方多糖有显著增强小鼠免疫功能的作用。     

党参多糖口服液抗应激及抗炎作用的研究

为研究党参多糖口服液的抗应激与抗炎作用,给小鼠灌服不同剂量（每kg体重灌服9、7、5 g生药）的党参多糖口服液后,通过测定小鼠负重游泳时间、常压耐缺氧时间来评价其应激性作用;观察党参多糖口服液对小鼠耳廓二甲苯致炎的影响,考察其抗炎作用.结果显示,党参多糖口服液能显著（P＜0.01）延长小鼠的游泳时间和常压缺氧条件下的存活时间,对二甲苯所致小鼠耳廓炎症具有不同程度的抑制作用.因此,党参多糖口服液具有抗应激、抗炎作用,该试验可为党参多糖口服液的临床应用提供参考.     

桑枝多糖对正常小鼠免疫功能的影响

将桑枝整体干燥粉碎后提取并精制多糖。给正常小鼠灌胃不同剂量的桑枝多糖,通过对小鼠胸腺指数、脾脏指数、腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬率及吞噬指数、淋巴细胞转化率、血清溶血素含量、溶血空斑形成数量等生化指标的检测,研究桑枝多糖对正常小鼠的免疫调节作用。结果表明:桑枝多糖能显著提高正常小鼠的胸腺指数、脾脏指数、腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞的吞噬率与吞噬指数,高剂量组(600 mg/kg)小鼠的胸腺指数和脾脏指数的提高幅度达显著水平(P<0.05),低剂量(200mg/kg)组、中剂量(400 mg/kg)组、高剂量组小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬率与吞噬指数的提高幅度均达极显著水平(P<0.01);桑枝多糖还可显著促进小鼠淋巴细胞的转化以及血清溶血素和溶血空斑的形成,中剂量组、高剂量组小鼠的淋巴细胞转化率提高幅度均达极显著水平(P<0.01),中剂量组小鼠的血清溶血素含量和溶血空斑数量的提高幅度均达显著水平(P<0.05),高剂量组小鼠的血清溶血素含量和溶血空斑数量的提高幅度均达极显著水平(P<0.01)。研究结果显示,桑枝多糖对正常小鼠具有较好的免疫增强作用。     

牛磺鹅去氧胆酸对免疫抑制小鼠免疫功能的影响

本试验旨在研究牛磺鹅去氧胆酸（taurochenodeoxycholic acid,TCDCA）对环磷酰胺致免疫抑制小鼠免疫功能的影响。给小鼠腹腔注射环磷酰胺(CTX,50 mg/kg),建立免疫功能抑制模型,灌服TCDCA（100 mg/（kg·d））,共灌服7 d。采用重量法和分光光度法分别测定TCDCA对免疫器官指数及对血清中抗体含量、单核—巨噬细胞吞噬功能和溶菌酶含量的影响。〖JP2〗TCDCA对免疫抑制小鼠胸腺指数、脾指数和血清溶血素水平无显著性影响;TCDCA可显著提高免疫抑制小鼠单核—巨噬细胞吞噬功能和血清中溶菌酶含量。TCDCA能够增强CTX免疫抑制小鼠的免疫功能,对免疫失衡机体具有一定的保护作用。     

黄芪的药理作用及黄芪多糖产品鉴别的方法

1药理作用 黄芪能增强网状内皮系统的吞噬功能,使血白细胞及多核白细胞数量显著增加,使巨噬细胞吞噬率及吞噬指数显著上升,对体液免疫、细胞免疫均有促进作用。黄芪能促进血清溶血素形成,提高空斑形成细胞的溶血能力,具有增加脾重的作用。     

杨树花提取物对小鼠免疫功能的影响

为研究杨树花提取物对小鼠免疫功能的调节作用,每天给小鼠分别经口灌服0.1、0.2、0.4mg/kg的杨树花提取物和灭菌水30d后,测定其免疫器官指数、脾淋巴细胞增殖能力、抗体生成细胞水平、腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬功能、自然杀伤细胞(NK细胞)活性和IL-2的变化。结果表明,杨树花提取物的低剂量组可明显提高IL-2水平;中、高剂量组均可显著提高(P<0.05)小鼠的免疫器官指数、血清溶血素水平,极显著提高(P<0.01)脾淋巴细胞增殖能力、巨噬细胞吞噬率、巨噬细胞吞噬指数、NK细胞活性和IL-2水平。说明不同剂量的杨树花提取物均能提高小鼠免疫功能,中高剂量组效果更为显著。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.