Lead and zinc levels and chemical fractionation in road-side soils of Caracas,Venezuela

Twenty five soil samples located nearby highways and streets of Caracas, Venezuela were collected and chemical, physical and mineralogical analysis were done to characterize them. The soils have light textures, neutral or slightly alkaline pH, medium to high organic matter content, and all of them have carbonate. Kaolinite and mica were the dominant clay minerals in all soil samples. Lead and Zn were extracted with 1N-₃ to investigate the levels of these polluting heavy metals in these roadside soils. A very high level of Pb was found in the soils (average enrichment factor of 151.4), while Zn levels were much lower (average enrichment factor of 5.25), but still higher than normal soils' levels. These results are indication of strong metal pollution (especially by Pb) of Caracas' roadside soils, due to heavy transit of motor vehicles as well as to the exclusive use of highly leaded gasoline in Venezuela. Nevertheless both metals accumulate only on the surface layers of those soils located within 5 m from the roadside. These facts were taken as evidence of the low vertical and horizontal mobility of the metals, which was mainly attributed to the high pH of the studied soils (between 7.5 and 7.8). Three surface soil samples having high Pb and Zn levels were selected for chemical fractionation by McLaren and Crawford's (1973) methodology. It was found that less than 1% Pb and below 5.5% Zn were in exchangeable form in these soils. Therefore, Pb and Zn are predominantly present in non-exchangeable forms in the studied soils. These non-exchangeable metals tend to become associated with different soils materials. Lead is mainly associated with the organic fraction, as well as to the inorganic and residual fractions, and Zn is mainly associated to the inorganic and residual fractions, and also the iron oxides, being practically absent in the organic fraction.     

Schwermetalle im Boden eines Klärschlamm-Versuchsfeldes

Heavy metals in soil of a sewage sludge experimental field The total amounts of Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu, Cr and Ni were determined in different depths of soils which have obtained sewage sludges in amounts between 180 and 1620 dt dry matter/ha. The elements Zn, Cd. Pb and Cu have been most enriched in the first twenty cm of the soils. The contents of Zn, Cd and Pb in the depth of 40–60 cm also showed a significant increase. The treshold values for Zn and Cd in soils were almost attained respectivly slightly exceeded in the first twenty cm of the soil which has obtained 1440 dt dry matter sewage sludge per ha.     

Mikrosondenuntersuchungen an unterschiedlich stark mit Schwermetallen belasteten Böden. 2. Gehalte an Schwermetallen und anderen Elementen in Huminstoffaggregationen,Streustoffen und Holzkohlepartikeln

Electron microprobe studies on soil samples with varying heavy metal contamination. 2. Contents of heavy metals and other elements in aggregations of humic substances, litter residues and charcoal particles EMA point analysis show that the organic matter constituents of heavy metal contaminated soils are highly enriched with heavy metals. The maximal trace element accumulation were for Cu up to 13,000 mg/kg, for Zn up to 48,000 mg/kg, for Cd up to 2,100 mg/kg and for Pb up to 193,000 mg/kg. The affinity for the accumulation of the different heavy metals in aggregations of humic substances can be described by the sequence Cu > Pb ? Cd > Zn ? Ni > Co. In very strongly acidified humic top soil horizons the Pb and Cd accumulation in the organic matter constituents is in competition with the accumulation in Fe and Mn oxides. The heavy metal contents (especially of Cu) of the organic matter are often correlated with the content of organically bound calcium. The EMA results also show that high heavy metal amounts occur in combination with Ca-accumulations in the epidermis and the outer bark parenchym of decayed roots. EMA point analysis of the interior of fungus sclerotias show that sclerotias can contain high amounts of heavy metals, in particular lead (up to 49,700 mg Pb/kg). From statistical results of EMA point analysis follows that lead and other heavy metals attached to humic substances are not only bound as metal organic complexes but also as organic metal phosphate complexes. Also charcoal particles of polluted soils contain high amounts of heay metals. The accumulation affinity is quite similar to that of humic substances.     

Behavior of heavy metals from sewage sludge in a Chernozem of the dry belt in Saxony‐Anhalt/Germany

In a small‐plot trial different doses of sewage sludge (equivalent 82‐330 tons of dry matter per hectare) were incorporated in 0—25 cm depth (1982—1985). The aim of the investigations was to study the fate of the heavy metals Zn, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Cr, to determine their concentration in different soil fractions using a sequential extraction method and to ascertain their uptake by Zea mays L. plants. Eleven years after the last application the metals supplied with the sludge had moved as far as 50 cm in depth. The concentrations of Zn, Cd, Cu, Ni, and Cr in the saturation extract of the sampled soil layers were closely correlated with the concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC). This result suggests that the heavy metal displacement was partly connected with the DOC movement in the soil. Considerable amounts of Zn and Cd coming from sewage sludge were found in the mobile fractions of the soil. Cu, Ni, and Pb were located especially in organic particles, and Cr was obviously bound by Fe‐oxides. Nine years after the last application the binding species of heavy metals were still different compared with those in the untreated soil. The whole withdrawal of heavy metals by plants yielded <1 % of the applied amounts. In the case of Zn the uptake from the sludge amended soil decreased during the experimental period. No similar tendency was observed for the other elements. In any case their annual variations of uptake exceeded the effect of sludge application.     

开封黑岗口引黄灌区稻麦轮作下农田土壤剖面重金属分布特征

引黄灌区是我国重要的农业生产基地,其土壤重金属赋存状况直接关系到农业的可持续发展。本研究以黑岗口引黄灌区开封北郊稻麦轮作下农田土壤为研究对象,采集了耕作层(0~15 cm与15~30 cm)与剖面(0~100 cm)土壤样品,对其土壤剖面主要性质与重金属Pb、Cd、Cu和Zn的积累特征进行了分析。结果表明:(1)长期引黄灌溉及稻麦轮作下,开封北郊农业土壤主要性质在剖面上表现出明显的分异特征:总有机碳(TOC)与全氮(TN)含量主要分布在耕作层土壤,而30 cm以下的土层其含量明显降低;全磷(TP)含量在各土壤层中无明显差异;在部分土壤剖面中CaCO3呈现出明显的淀积层。(2)耕作层(0~30 cm)土壤中重金属Pb、Cu、Zn的含量与研究区背景值相当,而Cd含量显著高于背景值。除少部分剖面含量超标外,Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn的平均含量均未超出WHO限值,且远低于我国农业土壤环境质量标准。因子分析源解析表明:引黄灌区土壤中Pb、Cu和Zn具有相似的来源和迁移特性,而Cd的来源和迁移特性具有特殊性,它可能与当地的化肥施用等农业活动有关。(3)土壤剖面中Cu和Zn具有明显的表聚现象,Pb的表聚作用不明显,而Cd在剖面各层土壤含量具有较大变异性,这与重金属的自身属性、土壤剖面性质和当地的耕作条件有较大相关性。(4)Cu和Zn在土壤剖面主要以有机结合态和残余态形式存在;Pb的残余态、有机态以及铁锰氧化态含量也较高,且Pb的全量与有机结合态含量百分比变化呈现出一定的相似性;而Cd具有较高的碳酸盐结合态和离子交换态,表明Cd在土壤中具有较强的移动性,预示Cd的潜在健康风险较高。     

水稻子实对不同形态重金属的累积差异及其影响因素分析

在分析成都平原核心区土壤重金属(Cd、Cr、Pb、Cu、Zn)全量、各形态含量及相应点位种植的水稻子实重金属含量的基础上,通过统计分析、空间插值及线性回归方程的模拟,研究了土壤Cd、Cr、Pb、Cu、Zn全量的空间分布状况、各形态重金属含量统计特征,以及水稻子实对重金属各形态的累积差异及其影响因素。结果表明,成都平原水稻土重金属污染较轻,除Cd外,均低于国家土壤环境质量二级标准。土壤中重金属的可交换态含量均较低,Cd主要以铁锰氧化态存在,Cr、Cu、Zn、Pb主要以残渣态存在。水稻子实对5种重金属的累积效应顺序为:Cd>Zn>Cu>Pb>Cr。与水稻重金属累积关系密切的重金属活性形态(可交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态和有机物结合态)主要有:Cd的碳酸盐结合态、Cr的可交换态、Pb的有机物结合态和Cu的碳酸盐结合态含量;Zn各活性形态对水稻子实含量的影响不明显。土壤理化性质对不同活性形态重金属元素的影响效应各不相同。活性态Cd主要受有机质、pH和容重的影响;活性态Cr与pH、有机质、CEC和容重密切相关;活性态Pb与有机质、容重、中细粉粒、砂粒等均有密切的关系;Cu的活性主要受粘粒、有机质含量的影响;Zn的有效性主要受pH、有机质、砂粒、容重的影响。总的看来,对土壤Cd、Cr、Pb、Cu、Zn各活性形态含量影响效应较强的是有机质、pH、容重,而与土壤吸附性能密切相关的颗粒组成、CEC的影响不甚明显。     

Investigation of Past and Present Multi-metal Input along Two Highways of British Columbia, Canada, Using Lead Isotopic Signatures

A multi-media monitoring field investigation, which included atmospheric, road sediment and soil samples, was carried out at two highway study sites to identify past and present Pb sources. Past Pb anthropogenic sources such as paint and leaded gasoline were linked to significant Pb accumulation in roadside soils at both sites through Pb isotopic analyses. This was achieved by identifying the distinct Pb isotopic composition in older versus newer Pb accumulation at different depths across the soil profile. Older Pb accumulations exhibited lower ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb isotopic ratios, consistent with Canadian Pb-bearing ores, whereas newer Pb accumulations reflected a mixture of the ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb ratios of road sediment samples, with the Pb isotopic signature of uncontaminated soil. Isotopic analyses were also helpful in identifying road sediment as an important current source of Pb in roadside soils, by comparing the isotopic signatures derived from road sediment and atmospheric dustfall. The known association of Pb with anthropogenic sources was used to indirectly relate other metals (Cu, Mn, Zn) to the same source by the Enrichment Ratio method. Significant positive correlations at the 90–95% confidence level were found between Cu, Zn and Pb Enrichment Ratios in roadside and dust deposition samples. Weaker correlations were found between Mn and Pb, at the highway study site with the least amount of traffic. However, correlations between these two metals were significant at the 90% confidence level for the busier highway site highlighting Mn potential anthropogenic source. An isotopic tracer study is suggested to further investigate the process of Mn redistribution in the environment due to exhaust fuel emissions. More research is needed regarding the potential impact from using a Mn-based fuel additive.     

天水苹果园土壤重金属富集状况评价及来源分析

对天水果园表层（0~20 cm）219件土壤样品进行研究,测定5种重金属（Zn、Cu、Pb、Cr和Cd）及有机质含量,以天水小陇山土壤为对照,运用相关分析和主成分分析方法区分土壤中重金属的来源。结果表明,①Zn、Cu、Pb、Cr和Cd含量分别为77.39、23.03、23.62、61.49 mg.kg-1和0.07 mg.kg-1,其中Cd极显著（P〈0.01）高于小陇山土壤,其余4种重金属虽高于小陇山土壤但无显著差异性（P〉0.05）;②研究区土壤Cu、Pb、Cr三者间在0.01或0.001水平上具有显著正相关性,且这3种重金属与土壤有机质具有显著正相关性,其余重金属间不存在显著相关性;③主成分分析显示Cu、Pb和Cr来源相似,主要来自于成土母质,Cd来源于人为施肥因素,Zn的富集受多种因素影响。研究评价结果显示,天水地区果园土壤Cd受人为施肥影响较大,具有一定程度的富集。     

重金属迁移与土壤性质的关系

Cu, Zn, Pb and Hg runoff from yellow limestone soil and purple soils and the relationships between the mobility of the heavy metals and the soil characteristics were studied in laboratory using a rainfall simulator. The results showed that the concentrations of soluble Zn in surface runoff were significantly negatively correlated with the contents of < 0.002 mm particles and CEC of the soils, indicating that Zn was mostly adsorbed by clays in the soils. The contents of Cu and Hg in surface runoff were positively related to their contents in the soils. The amounts of Cu, Zn, Pb and Hg removed by surface runoff were influenced by the amounts of soil and water losses and their contents in the soils, and were closely related to the contents of soil particles 1~0.02 mm in size.     

Contents and chemical forms of heavy metals in school and roadside topsoils and road-surface dust of Beijing

Purpose

The concentration of human activities in urban systems generally leads to urban environmental contamination. Beijing is one of ancient and biggest cities on the world. However, information is limited on Beijing’s soil contamination, especially for roadside and campus soils. Thus, the aims of this study were to investigate the contents and chemical forms of toxic heavy metals Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the road-surface dust, roadside soils, and school campus soils of Beijing. In addition, enrichment and spatial variation of these toxic heavy metals in the soils and dust were assessed.

Materials and methods

Topsoil samples were collected from the schools and roadside adjacent to main ring roads, and dust samples were collected from the surface of the main ring roads of Beijing. These samples were analyzed for total contents and chemical forms of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sc, Zn, Al, and Fe. Enrichment factors (EFs, relative to the background content) were calculated to evaluate the effect of human activities on the toxic heavy metals in soils.

Results and discussion

Heavy metal contents in the road dust ranged from 0.16 to 0.80, 52.2 to 180.7, 18.4 to 182.8, 11.9 to 47.4, 23.0 to 268.3, and 85.7 to 980.9 mg kg^?1 for Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn, respectively. In the roadside soil and school soil, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn contents ranged from 0.13 to 0.42, 46.1 to 82.4, 22.7 to 71.6, 20.7 to 29.2, 23.2 to 180.7, and 64.5 to 217.3 mg kg^?1, respectively. The average EF values of these metals were significantly higher in the dust than in the soils. In addition, the average EF values of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in the soils near second ring road were significantly higher than those near third, fourth, and fifth ring roads. Anthropogenic Cd, Pb, and Zn were mainly bound to the carbonates and soil organic matter, while anthropogenic Cu was mainly bound to oxides. The mobility and bioavailability of these metals in the urban soils of Beijing generally decreased in the following order: Cd?>?Zn?>?Pb?>?Cu?>?Ni?>?Cr; while in the dust, they decreased in the following order: Zn, Cu, and Cd?>?Pb?>?Ni?>?Cr.

Conclusions

Both EF and chemical forms documented that Cr and Ni in the soils and dust mainly originated from native sources, while Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn partially originated from anthropogenic sources. In overall, Beijing’s road dust was significantly contaminated by Cd and Cu and moderately contaminated by Cr, Pb, and Zn, while Beijing’s roadside soil and school soil were moderately contaminated by Cd and Pb. However, the maximal hazard quotients (HQs) for individual Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn and comprehensive hazard index (HI) of these metals in the dust and soil were less than 1, indicating that the heavy metals in the dust and soil generally do not pose potential health effects to children, sensitive population.     

耕作方式对稻-油轮作系统土壤理化性质及重金属有效性的影响

为探明不同耕作方式下稻-油轮作系统中土壤重金属有效性的变化规律,测定了21年长期定位试验稻-油轮作系统中土壤及其剖面的主要理化性质和重金属有效含量,分析了二者间的关系。结果表明,与翻耕相比,垄作免耕使各土层土壤有机质含量和阳离子交换量显著提高,并具有明显的表层聚集现象,土壤pH值明显降低。耕层土壤Cd、Cu和Zn有效量以垄作免耕处理最高,土壤Pb的有效量则以常规平作处理最高,不同耕作方式下,土壤有效Cd和Pb出现表聚现象,但有效Zn和Cu随土壤深度的变化无明显规律。相关分析表明,土壤有机质含量与土壤Cd、Zn有效量呈极显著正相关关系,与土壤Pb、Cu有效量呈显著正相关,土壤pH值与土壤Pb有效量呈显著正相关,而土壤阳离子交换量与4种重金属有效量间的相关性不显著。由此推测,耕作方式主要是通过影响土壤有机质含量而影响重金属元素的有效性,垄作免耕较翻耕在改良土壤理化性质上有较大优势,却使0-20cm和20-40cm土层重金属有效量显著增加,表现出明显的表层富集趋势。     

华北地区有机种植和常规种植模式下土壤重金属含量及污染评价

为探讨有机种植与常规种植两种不同种植方式对土壤重金属含量和污染特性的影响,本文在华北5个地区选取典型的有机蔬菜和有机小麦种植基地及附近相似条件的常规种植地块,比较了土壤中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Cd、As共6种重金属含量的差异,并采用不同评价方法对不同种植方式下土壤中重金属的污染程度进行了评价。结果表明:与常规种植相比,有机种植减轻了土壤酸化和盐渍化,提高了土壤有机质含量和阳离子交换量,在一定程度上有利于降低土壤中重金属的生物有效性。与土壤背景值相比,所有调查地区的土壤重金属均有不同程度的增加和积累。与常规种植相比,有机种植模式能有效降低土壤中Cd、Cr含量,有机小麦种植地块因长期施用大量有机肥导致土壤中Cu、Zn、As大量富集;而常规温室菜田同时施用大量的有机肥、化肥及农药,土壤中Cu、Zn、As富集的风险比有机种植模式高;露天蔬菜有机种植地块土壤中Cu、Zn、As含量与常规地块差异不明显。综合污染指数评价结果显示,调查地区土壤均属于轻污染程度,主要贡献因子为Cd、Cu、Zn,有机种植降低了土壤中重金属的综合污染水平;地累积指数法评价结果表明,调查地区处于无污染到中等污染水平,最明显的污染元素是Cd,有机种植降低了土壤中重金属污染的程度和风险;潜在生态危害指数评价结果表明,所调查地块存在轻微潜在生态风险,其中产生较大生态危害的是Cd,表现出轻微生态危害程度。本研究表明,有机种植减轻了土壤中重金属综合污染水平和污染风险,并减轻了土壤重金属的潜在生态危害。     

Factors Affecting Microbial Biomass and Dehydrogenasc Activity in Apple Orchard Soils with Heavy Metal Accumulation

The size of the microbial biomass and dehydrogenase activity were measured in air-dried and rewetted apple orchard surface soils with accumulation of Cu, Pb, and As due to the application of Bordeaux mixtures and lead arsenate. The largest amounts of total Cu, Pb, and As found in the soils used were 1,108, 1,271, and 209 mg kg^-1 soil, respectively. The amounts of 0.1 M HCl-extractable heavy metals were strongly correlated with the total amounts, while those of 0.1 M CaCl₂-extractable heavy metals, except for As, increased significantly with decreasing soil pH. The amounts of microbial biomass C and N, expressed on a soil organic C and total N basis, respectively, were each negatively correlated with the amounts of total and 0.1 M HCl-extractable Cu. On the other hand, the dehydrogenase activity was not affected by the amounts of total and 0.1 M HCl-extractable heavy metals, and was negatively correlated with the amount of 0.1 M CaCl₂-extractable Cu and positively with the soil pH. Higher significant correlations were observed when the dehydrogenase activity was calculated per unit of soil organic C. Thus the microbial biomass was adversely affected by the slightly soluble fractions of Cu accumulated in apple orchard soils, whereas the dehydrogenase activity was affected by the water-soluble and exchangeable Cu of which amount depended on the soil pH. It is suggested that the microbial biomass and dehydrogenase activity expressed on a soil organic matter basis could become useful indicators for assessing the effects of heavy metals on the size and activity of the microbial biomass in soils differing in organic matter contents.     

Mobility of heavy metals in polluted soils near zinc smelters

The distribution and the availability of Cd, Zn, Cu, and Pb along the entire profile of two highly polluted soils located near Zn smelters have been related to the chemical and mineralogical composition of the soil. Lead and Cu deposits always remain in the surface layers and their availability measured by neutral ammonium acetate extraction was very weak. The behavior of Cd and Zn appears different in sandy acidic podzolic soils and in neutral loamy soils. These metals are associated with the organic matter migration in podzolic soils, while they remain in the upper layers in loamy soils provided that the pH is higher than 6. When the pH drops below 6, the mobility of Cd increases while that of Zn increases only below pH 5. The availability of heavy metals is lower in neutral loamy soils than in sandy acidic soils due to precipitation of carbonates and phosphates. With increasing depth, Cd and Zn are more available if the soil is acid; but, if the soil is neutral and loamy the availability is kept low by adsorption on clays and free oxides. The results of the complex trace metals interactions with the soil components show a higher accumulation capacity for loamy soils than for sandy soils notwithstanding the fact that their CEC is similar.     

Comparison of routine soil tests and EPA method 3050 as extractants for heavy metals in Delaware soils

Abstract

Agricultural use of sewage sludges can be limited by heavy metal accumulations in soils and crops. Information on background levels of total heavy metals in soils and changes in soil metal content due to sludge application are; therefore, critical aspects of long‐term sludge monitoring programs. As soil testing laboratories routinely, and rapidly, determine, in a wide variety of agricultural soils, the levels of some heavy metals and soil properties related to plant availability of these metals (e.g. Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, pH, organic matter, texture), these labs could participate actively in the development and monitoring of environmentally sound sludge application programs. Consequently, the objective of this study was to compare three soil tests (Mehlich 1, Mehlich 3, and DTP A) and an USEPA approved method for measuring heavy metals in soils (EPA Method 3050), as extractants for Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in representative agricultural soils of Delaware and in soils from five sites involved in a state‐monitored sludge application program.

Soil tests extracted less than 30% of total (EPA 3050) metals from most soils, with average percentages of total metal extracted (across all soils and metals) of 15%, 32%, and 11% for the Mehlich 1, Mehlich 3, and DTPA, respectively. Statistically significant correlations between total and soil test extractable metal content were obtained with all extractants for Cu, Pb, and Zn, but not Cd and Ni. The Mehlich 1 soil test was best correlated with total Cu and Zn (r=0.78***, 0.60***, respectively), while the chelate‐based extractants (DTPA and Mehlich 3) were better correlated with total Pb (r=0.85***, 0.63***). Multiple regression equations for the prediction of total Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn, from soil test extractable metal in combination with easily measured soil properties (pH, organic matter by loss on ignition, soil volume weight) had R² values ranging from 0.41*** to 0.85***, suggesting that it may be possible to monitor, with reasonable success, heavy metal accumulations in soils using the results of a routine soil test.     

大宝山矿区农田土壤重金属污染及其植物累积特征

对金属矿山选冶活动影响的农田土壤,不同灌溉水源会影响重金属的分布累积特征。根据实际情况将大宝山矿区农田土壤分为污水灌溉区、清水灌溉区、自然修复区和对照区,并进行土壤和植物样品采集,调查研究了土壤的基本理化性质,Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn、Mn 5种重金属的含量和化学形态分布,以及不同区域植物中重金属的含量。结果表明:污灌区Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn的含量最高,是自然修复区和清水灌溉区的1.75倍~10.51倍,对照区最低;Mn在各采样点的含量无显著差别。土壤Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb含量两两之间显著正相关,Mn与Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb呈负相关关系;土壤pH与重金属环境有效态关系密切。残渣态是5种重金属的主要存在形态,有机态含量也较高;Cd的环境有效态含量占总量的比例是其他4种重金属的2倍左右。稻米中5种重金属在清水灌溉区的含量均比污水灌溉区低,其中Cu和Zn的含量在两区域均未超标(NY861-2004),而Pb和Cd的含量严重超标。重金属在自然修复区和清水灌溉区呈现较低的土壤污染和人体健康风险,该研究数据可为金属矿区土壤污染控制提供科学的依据。     

Soil metal pollution as a function of traffic density and distance from road in emerging cities: a case study of Abeokuta,southwestern Nigeria

The distribution of Zn, Cu, Cd, Cr, Pb, Ni, and Mn in the soil, and related soil properties was studied in Abeokuta, southwestern Nigeria. Their soil pollution source was hypothesized to be automobile traffic. Consequently, their variations were assessed as a function of traffic density, distance from road and traffic, and soil depth. Soil samples were collected from the areas of high, medium, and low traffic densities at 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 m from roadside; at depths 0–20, 20–40, 40–60, 60–80, and 80–100 cm. The potential effects of these metals on environment and agricultural activities were also assessed. Results indicated that the major sources for the metals’ contamination are emissions from vehicles. High and medium traffic volume impacted more metals of the soils. Zinc, Cu, Cd, and Cr were concentrated at depths 0–40 cm, Pb, Ni, and Mn were concentrated at 0–20 cm and appeared bound to soil organic matter (SOM). Significantly lower concentrations of metals are found at distances of 100 m and beyond. Concentrations of these metals are generally low compared with standards and their uptake by crops is not probable. However, their continuous accumulation might be a threat in the future.     

香港土壤研究Ⅶ.BCR提取法研究重金属的形态及其潜在环境风险

基于类型土壤的重金属元素形态分析研究相对较少,本研究以香港地区7个亚纲的土壤剖面为例,利用欧共体参比司(BCR)制定的三步连续提取法研究了类型土壤中重金属Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn的化学形态及其潜在环境风险。结果表明,Pb、Cd和Zn元素除残留态外,HOAc溶解态的比例也相对较高,但不同类型的土壤有所差别,而Cu元素则以残留态和可氧化态为主。在这7种类型土壤中,正常潜育土和湿润淋溶土中的重金属潜在环境风险相对较高,而在这4种重金属元素中,又以Pb元素的潜在环境风险最大。     

Trace metal content of the forest floor in the green mountains of Vermont: Spatial and temporal patterns

The organic horizons of forest soils in eleven stands along an elevational gradient on Camels Hump Mountain, Vermont, were analyzed for Pb, Cu, Zn, Ni, Cd, organic matter and organic C. Lead concentration and amount increased with elevation. Vertical profiles of forest floor in the boreal forest showed that highest concentrations for most metals occurred in the upper F horizon. Comparison with 1966 and 1977 samples from the same stands showed that concentrations of Pb, Cu, and Zn and percent organic matter increased by as much as 148% in the intervening 14 yr. Estimates of 1966 amounts of Pb, Cu, and Zn indicated that increases in trace metal amounts over the 14 yr period are consistent with annual deposition rates reported in the literature.     

砂质土壤不同粒径颗粒中有机碳、养分和重金属状况

用分散、筛分和悬浮相结合的物理方法，研究了砂质土壤中养分和重金属在不同粒径有机、无机颗粒中的分布。研究表明，砂质土壤中Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn和Mn在颗粒状有机质（POM）有明显的富集，富集程度以Cu和Zn最为明显。粒径较小（0．05～1mm）的POM组分中重金属的平均富集高于粒径较大（〉1mm）的POM组分。POM中重金属的富集因土壤重金属污染水平和重金属类型而异，并与土壤重金属的积累呈正相关。分析数据表明，土壤POM中重金属的积累不完全是植物分解残留的结果，土壤POM对重金属有强吸持能力可能是POM中重金属富集的主要原因之一。