珠江八个入海口浮游桡足类的季节特征

2007—2008年在珠江八个入海口进行4个季节的生态调查数据,探讨了珠江八个入海口水域浮游桡足类的种类组成、多样性指数和丰度等指标及其与环境因素之间的关系,分析了优势种的季节数量变动及对浮游桡足类总数量的影响,并将本研究水域与珠江口外海水控制区浮游桡足类的生态特征做了比较。结果显示:周年共鉴定38种浮游桡足类,隶属3目10科23属。其中春季25种,夏季28种,秋季23种,冬季21种。优势种主要有中华异水蚤(Acartiella sinensis)、指状许水蚤(Schmackeria inopinus)、中华窄腹剑水蚤(Limnoithona sinen-sis)等种类,季节更替明显。四季平均丰度的变化趋势为春季(79.06 ind./L)>夏季(56.11 ind./L)>秋季(17.52 ind./L)>冬季(14.62 ind./L)。珠江口夏季浮游桡足类出现的种类数和物种多样性指数均为四季最高。相关性分析表明,春季高锰酸盐指数对浮游桡足类分布的影响极为显著,夏、秋季对浮游桡足类的分布影响显著的环境因子分别为溶解氧和硅酸盐。     

山东南部海蜇资源分布与浮游动物相关性分析

根据2010-2011年在山东南部各海湾进行海蜇放流后的资源分布调查及同期进行的浮游动物调查数据,分析该海域海蜇总数和浮游动物数量分布特点及海区中浮游动物的生态类型和优势种,探讨浮游动物优势种分布和放流海蜇的数量分布关系.经过调查发现,2010年浮游动物的优势种为桡足幼体、无节幼虫、中华哲水蚤、疣足幼虫、真哲水蚤、根状拟铃虫等;2011年浮游动物的优势种为夜光虫、桡足幼体、无节幼虫、长腹剑水蚤、巴拿马网纹虫、真哲水蚤;调查结果显示:调查年份海蜇与浮游动物的分布未呈现相关性.但两年调查中海蜇与桡足类分布均存在负相关性,即海蜇分布与桡足类存在一个此消彼长的关系.     

黄海北部春季和夏季浮游动物生态特性与时空分布

根据2015年3月(春季)和6月(夏季)对黄海北部辽宁近岸海域的浮游动物调查结果,分析了两个季节的浮游动物种类、生物量、丰度等群落结构特征。此次调查共鉴定出浮游动物47种,其中春季42种,夏季34种。浮游动物以浮游幼虫和小型桡足类为主。桡足类幼虫、棘皮动物幼体、桡足类幼体、洪氏纺锤水蚤、短角长腹剑水蚤、小拟哲水蚤、拟长腹剑水蚤和腹针胸刺水蚤为春季优势种;夏季浮游动物优势种依次为桡足类幼体、洪氏纺锤水蚤,拟长腹剑水蚤、短角长腹剑水蚤、桡足类幼虫、小拟哲水蚤和腹针胸刺水蚤。春季浮游动物平均生物量为512.09mg/m~3,平均丰度为15 522.18个/m~3;夏季浮游动物平均生物量为218.84mg/m~3,平均丰度为7582.39个/m~3;浮游动物生物量和丰度均为春季较高。黄海北部辽宁沿岸海域的浮游动物生物量、丰度较高。水温是影响浮游动物群落结构的重要环境因子。     

苏皖交界河网区后生浮游动物群落结构及其影响因子分析

鉴于长江中下游河网水流条件复杂,河流生境变化导致的浮游动物群落结构特异性,于2012年10月(平水期)和12月(枯水期)在长江下游江苏和安徽交界处的河网区布设6个采样点,进行轮虫和甲壳动物采样调查,并检测NH+4-N、NO-2-N、TN、TP、CODMn和Chl.a含量等水环境指标。结果表明,河网区共检出轮虫31种,优势种包括螺旋龟甲轮虫(Keratella cochlearis)和疣毛轮虫(Synchaeta sp.)等;枝角类14种,优势种为象鼻溞(Bosmina sp.);桡足类20种,优势种为跨立小剑水蚤(Microcyclops varicans)、中华窄腹剑水蚤(Limnoithona sinensis)和温剑水蚤(Thermocyclops sp.)。轮虫密度最高,平均为350.69个/L,其次为桡足类3.44个/L,枝角类最少,仅0.15个/L。轮虫和甲壳动物的季节变化规律不同,平水期的轮虫种类多于枯水期,枝角类和桡足类则相反,浮游动物的密度变化规律也类似。CCA分析表明,氮、磷、CODMn和Chl.a共同影响了浮游动物的群落结构与分布,枯水期轮虫密度与枝角类和桡足类密度均显著正相关(P0.01),叶绿素a与3类浮游动物密度也显著正相关(P0.05)。受长江汛后水文条件的影响,河网区浮游动物群落组成及优势种变化有其特定规律,轮虫与甲壳动物的种间关系也对其种类和密度的季节变化造成影响,而食物限制则是枯水期种群竞争的重要因素。     

婆罗异剑水蚤的培养试验

桡足类是海洋生态系食物链中不可缺少的环节。在海水养殖业中，桡足类可作为海产经济鱼类仔、稚、幼鱼和贝、虾、蟹类幼体的动物性饵料生物。婆罗异剑水蚤(Apocyclops borneoensis Lindberg)隶属于剑水蚤目、剑水蚤科，是一种小型的桡足类，体长0.98-1.13mm，分布于广东(虎门)、福建(厦门)和印度尼西亚，生活在低盐度的咸淡水中。     

渫水河砷污染环境中浮游动物的群落特征研究

受高砷背景的影响,渫水河及其支流存在不同程度的砷污染,为揭示砷污染的生态效应,探寻防治对策,研究了该水域中浮游动物的种群分布和季节变化,分析其密度与砷含量及TN、TP的关系.2006-2007年共进行3次调查,设置8个采样断面;共检出浮游动物166种,其中,原生动物(95种)＞轮虫(55种)＞桡足类(10种)＞枝角类(6种);丰水期有104种,远大于平水期和枯水期.浮游动物现存量以丰水期最高,其次是平水期,枯水期最少;空间分布上以断面Ⅱ最高,黄水河支流高于渫水河干流,而渫水干流中段的现存量最小.种类组成上,由于桡足类和枝角类对重金属污染较为敏感,检出种类极少,且均是耐污型,轮虫则以α-β型种类为主,纤毛虫比例不高,只在断面Ⅱ和断面Ⅳ超过肉足虫比例.渫水河的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson物种多样性指数、Margalef物种丰富度指数和Pielou均匀度指数值均＜2.生物多样性指数与As含量不相关(r=0.674),但轮虫密度与As含量显著相关(r=0.931).浮游动物密度与TN显著相关(r=0.826),TN对渫水河的浮游动物群落组成起着关键作用,而As只对轮虫的生物量影响较大,并不能决定整个浮游动物的群落结构.     

山东半岛南部癆鱼产卵场癆鱼仔、稚鱼摄食的研究

研究了山东半岛南部Ti鱼产卵场体长2．5－17．9mm的Ti鱼仔、稚鱼的摄食。Ti鱼仔、稚鱼主要饵料为原生动物的鼎形虫、单角铠甲虫、三角铠甲虫。小型桡足类的卵、桡足类的无节幼体和桡足幼体。桡足类种类为墨氏胸刺水蚤、小拟哲水蚤、克氏纺锤水蚤、双刺纺锤水蚤和拟长腹剑蚤等小型类桡足类。各种饵料所占的个数的百分比为：鼎形虫2．2％，单角铠甲虫7．6％，三角铠甲虫3．3％，桡足类的卵42．2％，无节幼体30．4％，桡足幼体14．1％，Ti鱼仔、稚鱼的摄食率为16．2％，摄食活动主要在白天，在水的中下层进行。由于摄食率低，肠道饱满度差，饥锇可能是引起Ti鱼仔、稚鱼死亡的主要原因。     

河南辖区丹江水库浮游生物调查报告之二——浮游动物

（二）浮游动物 1.浮游动物的种类组成及分布丹江库区的浮动物共检出52种(其中原生动物14种，以砂壳虫为优势种；轮虫计23种，以壶状臂尾轮虫，针簇多肢轮虫占优势；枝角类11种，以秀体藻，小栉蚤为优势；桡足类检索至目主要有镖水蚤，剑水蚤猛水蚤和无节幼体．桡足类在浮游动物中占有较大比重，见表6。     

珠三角河网不同水文期浮游动物优势种及生态位

研究珠江三角洲河网水域不同水文期浮游动物的生态位,为进一步研究珠三角河网浮游动物种间竞争共存机制提供理论依据。2017-2018年在珠江三角洲河网设置13个调查站位,调查浮游动物在丰水期和枯水期组成与分布,分析浮游动物优势种组成、优势种生态位宽度值及优势种生态位重叠程度变化,并通过典范对应分析(CCA)研究优势种的生态位分化情况。结果表明:调查水域丰水期和枯水期分别检出浮游动物96和92种,广布中剑水蚤(Mesocyclops leuckarti)、右突新镖水蚤(Neodiaptomus schmackeri)、跨立小剑水蚤(Microcyclops varicans)等为珠三角河网水域浮游动物优势种;珠三角河网浮游动物在不同水文期各优势种的生态位宽度有差异,变化范围为1.04～4.02,主要由广生态位种群、中生态位种群和窄生态位种群组成;不同水文期各优势种的生态位重叠程度不均匀,在0～0.94,潜在的种间竞争压力较大;CCA分析结果表明,水温、溶解氧、总溶解性固体物质和总磷是影响珠三角河网浮游动物优势种生态位宽度的重要因素。不同水文期珠三角河网的生境条件变化引起浮游动物优势种生态位的差异,使得珠三角河网水域浮游动物的空间分布具有复杂性。     

长江河口锋区桡足类优势种聚集特征的研究↑（*）

对长江河口锋区桡足类优势种的聚集强度测度进行了分析。本文选择优势度Ｙ≥０．１的桡足类为本水域优势种,丰水期优势种有：中华哲水蚤（Ｃａｌａｎｕｓ ｓｉｎｉｃｕｓ）、真刺唇角水蚤（Ｌａｂｉｄｏｃｅｒａ ｅｕｃｈａｅｔａ）、背针胸刺水蚤（Ｃｅｎｔｒｏｐａｇｅｓ ｄｏｒｓｉｓｐｉｎａｔｕｓ）、太平洋纺锤水蚤（Ａｃａｒｔｉａ ｐａｃｉｆｉｃａ）、火腿许水蚤（Ｓｃｈｍａｃｋｅｒｉａ ｐｏｐｌｅｓｉａ）;枯水期有：中华哲水蚤、真刺唇角水蚤、虫肢歪水蚤（Ｔｏｒｔａｎｕｓ ｖｅｒｍｉｃｕｌｕｓ）、汤匙华哲水蚤（Ｓｉｎｏｃａｌａｎｕｓｔｅｎｅｌｌｕｓ）、亚强真哲水蚤（Ｅｕｃａｌａｎｕｓ ｓｕｂｃｒａｓｓｕｓ）。运用聚集强度指标,通过对这些优势种在长江口锋区空间分布特征的研究,发现长江河口锋区桡足类聚集强度丰水期高于枯水期;河口半咸     

辽宁省黄海北部沿岸夏季和秋季浮游动物群落结构

2014年8月(夏季)和10月(秋季)对辽宁省黄海北部沿岸海域进行了2个航次的浮游生物调查,共检测出浮游动物35种,其中夏季30种,秋季34种。浮游动物以小型桡足类和浮游幼虫为主。洪氏纺锤水蚤、短角长腹剑水蚤、小拟哲水蚤、近缘大眼剑水蚤、强壮箭虫、异体柱囊虫和双壳类幼体为夏季优势种;洪氏纺锤水蚤、短角长腹剑水蚤、近缘大眼剑水蚤、强壮箭虫、异体柱囊虫、桡足类幼虫、沃氏纺锤水蚤为秋季优势种。夏季浮游动物生物量高于秋季,生物量则低于秋季。季节变化会影响浮游动物的丰度和生物量。辽宁省黄海北部沿岸浮游动物丰度、生物量较高,小型桡足类在黄海北部沿岸浮游动物群落结构中具有重要的作用。     

流溪河底栖硅藻群落结构的时空异质性及其影响因素

底栖硅藻能够较好地响应河流水环境变化,其群落物种组成与分布已被广泛应用于河流水质与生态状况的指示与评估。为了解流溪河底栖硅藻群落结构的时空异质性及其受河流水文与水质的影响,从上游到下游共设置了 20个样点,于2018年3月、6月、9月和12月进行季节采样和观测,采集底栖硅藻,同步测定了水体理化因子;在分析群落组成的基础上,进一步探究河流环境变量和空间变量对流溪河底栖硅藻群落的影响。结果表明,4次调查共检 出底栖硅藻276种,隶属于2纲、6目、9科、55属,底栖硅藻多样性具有明显的时空差异。在季节上,丰水期的物种丰 富度和真辛普森多样性指数高于枯水期。枯水期曲壳藻科的相对丰度超过50%,高于丰水期;而舟形藻科在丰水期 时相对丰度比枯水期高。在空间上,三级河流物种多样性最高,一级河流物种多样最低;一级河流和二级河流的优 势种主要以曲丝藻属的种类为主,三级河流的优势种主要以菱形藻属的种类为主。随着河流等级增加,曲壳藻科相 对丰度降低,而菱形藻科的相对丰度逐渐升高。冗余分析（RDA）表明,环境选择和空间要素对流溪河硅藻群落结构 均有显著影响,但营养盐水平比空间要素有更高的解释率。     

Microzooplankton as a food source for the Pacific oyster <Emphasis Type="Italic">Crassostrea gigas</Emphasis>: seasonal variation in gut contents and food availability

In this study I investigated the seasonal occurrence of microzooplankton in the gut of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. Gut contents consisted of various microzooplankton, including tintinnid ciliates, dinoflagellates (Dinophysis spp.), copepods, copepod nauplii, bivalve larvae, and rotifers. Monthly variations in the abundance of protists (tintinnids and Dinophysis spp.) in the gut contents were significantly correlated with the variation in their abundances in the surrounding seawater, whereas this relationship was not significant with metazoans (copepods, copepod nauplii, and bivalve larvae). In laboratory experiments, oysters actively fed on ciliates. When oysters fed on ciliates labeled with a stable nitrogen isotope (¹⁵N), the ¹⁵N:total N ratio of the oyster tissues was significantly higher than that for oysters under a no-food condition, suggesting that oysters assimilate nitrogen of the ciliates into their body tissues. Based on these results, I conclude that microzooplankton forms an important food source for oysters, especially when other food sources such as phytoplankton are not abundant.     

A production season of turbot larvae Scophthalmus maximus (Linnaeus, 1758) reared on copepods in a Danish (56°N) semi‐intensive outdoor system

Turbot were reared from yolk sack larvae to juvenile in an outdoor semi‐intensive system. Three production cycles were monitored from May to September. A pelagic food chain was established with phytoplankton, copepods and turbot larvae. Abiotic and biotic parameters of lower trophic levels together with turbot larval survival, development, prey electivity and growth were monitored. A decreasing larval survival from 18.4% in May to 13.6% in July and just 7.0% in September was observed. The overall phytoplankton and copepod abundance decreased during the productive season. The turbot larval growth showed significant differences between larvae below (isometric) and above (allometric) 7 mm. Larval fish gut content showed no differences with available prey between production cycles. Therefore, it appears that the available prey concentration is governing their growth in this outdoor system. First‐feeding turbot larvae exhibited active selection for nauplii whereas developed larvae switched to copepodites and adult copepods. Although developing turbot larva exhibited active selection towards copepod size classes, there was no evidence of selective feeding on either of the two dominant copepod species. The turbot larvae's prey ingestion was modelled together with the standing stock of copepod biomass. The model results indicated that the estimated need for daily ingestion exceeded the standing stock of copepods. Hence, the initially established food web was unable to sustain the added turbot larvae with starvation as a consequence. We therefore suggest several solutions to circumvent starvation in the semi‐intensive system.     

巢湖后生浮游动物群落及不同湖区营养状态评价

为了给巢湖水质管理及富营养化防治提供科学依据，根据水系特征，在巢湖东、西湖区湖心、裕溪河出湖口、丰乐河、派河和南淝河共设置8个采样点，2013年12月至2014年11月共采样12次，分别代表冬季(12月-次年2月)、春季(3-5月)、夏季(6-8月)和秋季(9-11月)，对巢湖水体理化因子和后生浮游动物（枝角类、桡足类、轮虫）群落进行逐月周年调查。基于叶绿素(Chl-a)、总磷(TP)、总氮(TN)、化学需氧量(CODMn)、透明度(SD)等水体理化指标，运用综合营养状态指数(TLI)和生物多样性指数，对不同湖区受污染程度和营养状态进行综合评价。结果显示，巢湖共检出后生浮游动物42种（属），优势种矩形龟甲轮虫(Keratella quadrata)、萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionus calyciflorus)为富营养化水体或有机质较多水体的常见种，不同季节的优势种存在较大差异；总体上，后生浮游动物全年平均丰度371.6 个/L（191.5~600.0 个/L）和全年平均生物量3.0 mg/L（2.0~4.6 mg/L）均呈现西半湖高于东半湖、夏秋季高于冬春季的分布特点；其群落结构也存在显著的季节差异和空间差异，矩形龟甲轮虫、萼花臂尾轮虫等是造成差异的主要种类。水温(WT)和Chl-a是影响枝角类丰度的重要因子，桡足类丰度与WT呈显著正相关，而轮虫丰度受TLI(∑)指数的显著影响。TLI(∑)指数均值为60.33（52.18~66.28），指示巢湖总体处于轻度至中度富营养化状态。Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Margalef丰富度指数表明，巢湖总体处于中度污染状态，不同湖区水体具有明显的不均衡性。     

Shrimp pond zooplankton dynamics and the efficiency of sampling effort

The abundance and species composition of zooplankton assemblages were examined in a commercial Penaeus monodon (Fabricius) aquaculture pond in subtropical Australia. Numbers and biomass of zooplankton in the surface tows (142 µm mesh) varied from 2080 L^?1 (2466 µg L^?1) to < 1 L^?1 (15 µg L^?1). Peak zooplankton abundance and biomass occurred at the beginning of the shrimp farm season. The small copepod Oithona australis Nishida was dominant during these peaks in abundance although other species were common, including small, low‐salinity copepods in the first year and larger marine copepods in the second year. Irrespective of taxa or size, zooplankton abundance declined rapidly after the stocking of P. monodon postlarvae, indicating high levels of non‐selective predation. For the remainder of the grow‐out season, mean zooplankton abundance was below 1 L^?1 in the first season and below 3 L^?1 in the second season. The factors that maintain the abundance of these zooplankton assemblages at these relatively low levels are poorly understood but may include a deterioration pond water quality. At these lower levels of abundance, the copepods Acartia pacifica Steuer and Acartia sinjiensis Mori were relatively common during the middle phase of the production season, with barnacle nauplii increasing in abundance during the later stages of the grow‐out season. Analysis of fixed effects showed that there were significant differences in total zooplankton abundance between farm production seasons and occasion within season, and time (day or night). Analysis of random effects demonstrated that the dominant source of variation, in total zooplankton abundance, was day‐to‐day changes within sampling occasions. The complexity of temporal and spatial patterns in the abundance, distribution and composition of zooplankton assemblages in shrimp ponds presents significant challenges in designing sampling programmes that accurately quantify temporal or spatial trends. Our results have shown that sampling for more than four consecutive days, at more than one site, is necessary to accurately assess such trends.     

Northerly shift of warm‐water copepods in the western subarctic North Pacific: Continuous Plankton Recorder samples (2001–2013)

Spatial and temporal variation in copepod community structure, abundance, distribution and biodiversity were examined in the western subarctic North Pacific (40–53°N, 144–173°E) during 2001–2013. Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) observational data during the summer season (June and July) were analyzed. The latitudinal distribution of warm‐water species in June shifted northward after 2011 while no apparent latitudinal shift of cold‐water and other species was observed. Species number and the Shannon–Wiener biodiversity index (H′) in June tended to increase in the northern area after 2011. The warm‐water species abundance and center latitude of warm‐water distribution were positively correlated with sea surface temperature (SST) across sampling locations, whereas no significant correlations with SST were observed for cold‐water species or other species. Warm SSTs in June after 2011 appeared to cause the northward shift of warm‐water species distribution, which in turn contributed to the higher biodiversity in the northern area. This study demonstrated the rapid response of warm‐water species to warm SST variation, whereas cold‐water and other species did not exhibit such clear responses. These findings indicate that the response of copepods to environmental changes differs among copepod species, highlighting the importance of investigating lower trophic levels to the species level to evaluate individual species’ responses to climate change.     

Are tidal fronts good recruitment areas for herbivorous copepods?

Horizontal distributions of phytoplankton biomass and numerical abundance of copepod nauplii were investigated across a tidal front in the northern part of Bungo Channel, the Inland Sea of Japan, in May and June 1988. The frontal area was characterized by abrupt changes in subsurface (3 m deep) temperature and salinity, and by an increased standing stock of phytoplankton. The density of copepod nauplii was lower in the frontal area than in adjacent stratified and mixed areas. The population egg production rate of a predominant copepod species (Paracakmus sp.) was higher due to elevated fecundity on an individual basis in response to increased chlorophyll concentrations, in the frontal zone. However, the frontal population was subjected to higher mortality, probably due to predation by carnivores that were mainly accumulated passively within the area. From these facts, we conclude that tidal fronts are not always good areas for recruitment of herbivorous copepods, although fronts give rise to high standing stocks of phytoplankton.     

雅鲁藏布江谢通门江段浮游生物资源现状及其季节动态

为加强对高原河流浮游生物的群落结构的了解,对雅鲁藏布江中游的浮游生物进行定性和定量分析,调查其资源现状和季节变化,并探究浮游生物的丰度与环境因子的相关性。分别于2008年10月（秋季）、12月（冬季）和2009年3月（春季）、8月（夏季）在西藏雅鲁藏布江中游谢通门江段选取4个采样点进行浮游生物资源现状调查。本次调查共检出浮游植物6门、74属、107种,以硅藻门最多（31属、63种）,其次为绿藻门（22属、23种）和蓝藻门（22属、23种）,黄藻门（22属、23种）、裸藻门（22属、23种）和金藻门（22属、23种）较少。浮游植物的密度和生物量以秋季最高,分别为7.758×105个/L 和3.402 mg/L;夏季最低,分别为2.088×105个/L和1.281mg/L;共检出浮游动物3门、47属、54种,以原生动物和轮虫居多,罕见枝角类和桡足类。浮游动物的密度和生物量以秋季最高,分别为526.5 个/L和0.055 mg/L;冬季最低,分别为125.1 个/L和0.004 mg/L。研究表明,雅鲁藏布江谢通门江段浮游生物的种类数和现存量呈现明显的季节差异,主要与透明度和水温等环境因子相关。