基于线粒体COI基因序列的5种鲤养殖品种遗传多样性研究

本研究通过对5个鲤养殖品种即高寒鲤(Cyprinus carpio Frigid carp)、松浦鲤(Cyprinus carpio Songpu carp)、蓝鳞鲤(Cyprinus carpio blue var)、松浦镜鲤(Cyprinus carpio Songpu mirror carp)和红镜鲤(Cyprinus carpio Red mirror carp)的线粒体COI基因部分序列的测定, 比较并分析了其遗传多样性和系统进化关系。在5个鲤品种共100个样本的线粒体COI序列中检测到8种单倍型, 其中5个单倍型(H1、H2、H4、H5、H6)涵盖样本较多, 占总样本数的94.06%。蓝鳞鲤的单倍型数最少, 仅有1个, 红镜鲤单倍型数为2个, 其余3个品种的单倍型数均为5个。5个品种单倍型多样性(H_d)在0.160±0.070~0.811±0.055, 其中, 遗传多样性最高的为高寒鲤。AMOVA结果表明, 品种间变异(50.28%)略高于品种内变异(49.72%), 各品种间的F_ST值在0.711 4~0.831 2, 其中蓝鳞鲤与其他群体之间差异最大。用MEGA4.0软件构建的基于遗传距离的进化树表明, 5个养殖品种中, 高寒鲤和红镜鲤的遗传距离最近(D=0.31), 聚为一支; 松浦镜鲤和松浦鲤的遗传距离较近(D=0.33), 聚为一支; 蓝鳞鲤与其他品种存在较大遗传差异, 单独形成一个分支。除蓝鳞鲤外, 其余4个养殖品种间均存在共享的单倍型(H2、H4、H5、H6), 可能是由于其在选育过程中亲本的遗传背景存在交叉, 同时也证明DNA条码在分析种内品种间遗传关系时具有可行性但具有一定的局限性。

     

不同牙鲆群体遗传力和育种值分析

以牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)抗病群体(RS)、RS(♂)与从日本引进的日本群体(♀)交配建立的群体(RJ)、日本群体(♂)与RS(♀)交配建立的群体(JR)、以及韩国群体(KS)为基础群体, 通过随机交配建立牙鲆家系, 研究了4个群体作为亲本的育种性能。待所建立的家系生长至19月龄左右时, 测量家系生长性状, 包括全长和体质量, 测量所得数据用SPSS及DMU软件中的REML算法和BLUP方法进行分析。结果显示, 从表型参数可以看出KS(♂)×RJ(♀)杂交后代表现出明显的生长优势。19月龄牙鲆全长和体质量的遗传力分别为0.301、0.295, 都属于中等遗传力。因此, 牙鲆群体具有较好的遗传改良潜力。全长、体质量育种值与其表型值的相关系数分别为0.838和0.827, 且呈极显著相关(P<0.01), 表明个体育种值的预测结果具有较高的准确性。对父母本分别进行育种值比较可知, 父本中KS的育种值最高, 母本中RJ的育种值最高, 因此选用KS(♂)和RJ(♀)杂交可培育出生长迅速的牙鲆新品种。本研究通过比较4个资源群体牙鲆生长性状的育种性能, 并以此作为筛选优良亲本群体的重要依据, 旨在为牙鲆新品种的成功选育奠定理论基础, 同时为牙鲆的进一步遗传改良提供重要的科学依据。

     

杜仲对凡纳滨对虾生长、血清非特异性免疫和肌肉成分的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.0%(对照组)、0.5%、1.0%、2.0%和3.0%的杜仲(Eucommia ulmoides), 饲喂体质量为(7.5±0.2) g的凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei), 实验共分5个处理组, 每处理组4个重复, 每重复40尾虾。经过42 d养殖, 各处理组均有较高的存活率, 且无显著差异(P>0.05); 2.0%杜仲组的虾体增重率最高(136.1%), 饲料系数最低(1.33), 较对照组提高增重率9.8%(P<0.05), 降低饲料系数0.13(P<0.05); 饲料中添加0.5%、1.0%杜仲, 显著提高了对虾血清LSZ、PO活性, 添加1.0%杜仲, 显著降低了血清MDA含量, 提高了肝胰腺蛋白酶活性(P<0.05); 攻毒实验结果表明, 以溶藻弧菌(Vibrio alginolyticus)肌肉注射虾体后96 h, 0.5%、1.0%、2.0%杜仲组的虾体死亡率均较对照组显著降低(P<0.05); 在肌肉成分方面, 添加2.0%、3.0%杜仲显著提高了肌肉胶原蛋白含量, 各处理在肌肉水分、灰分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量方面没有显著差异。上述研究表明, 在凡纳滨对虾饲料中添加杜仲2.0%, 可显著改善生产性能, 提高肌肉胶原蛋白含量; 在饲料中添加杜仲0.5%～1.0%, 可提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫能力。本研究旨在考察杜仲对凡纳滨对虾生长、血清非特异性免疫和肌肉成分的影响, 为杜仲在对虾饲料中的合理应用提供科学依据。

     

福建省东山湾生态环境中滴滴涕(DDTs)的分布特征及风险评价

 根据2011年春季(5月)和夏季(8月)对东山湾生态环境的调查资料, 初步探讨了东山湾海水、沉积物和养殖贝类体中滴滴涕(DDTs)残留水平、分布趋势和组成特征, 并对东山湾生态环境中DDTs污染状况及其生态风险进行了评价。结果表明: (1)春季(5月)和夏季(8月)东山湾表层海水中DDTs质量浓度范围分别为ND~25.7 ng/L和ND~36.7 ng/L, 平均值分别为(6.08±3.02) ng/L和(16.30±4.78) ng/L; 底层海水中DDTs质量浓度范围分别为ND~30.6 ng/L和ND~36.7ng/L, 平均值分别为(7.75±2.07) ng/L和(13.30±5.12) ng/L, 总体上, 东山湾海水中DDTs浓度分布呈夏季高于春季、近岸高于远岸、由湾内向湾外下降的格局。与国内其他海湾相比, 东山湾海水中DDTs污染处于低水平状态, 但邻近漳江入海口海域的DS03站和DS11站可能有新的污染源输入。(2)东山湾表层沉积物中DDTs含量范围5.56~12.80 μg/kg, 平均值为(9.00±5.34) μg/kg, 总体上呈现由湾内向湾外下降之势, 东山湾表层沉积物中DDTs残留可能对生物产生负效应, 毒性风险为25%~75%。(3)东山湾海域养殖贝类DDTs的残留量在种类间存在一定的差异, 其DDTs含量范围在1.68~26.60 μg/kg, 平均值为15.70 μg/kg, 污染指数范围在0.007~2.660, 均值为1.580, 超标率达到71.4%, 超标倍数最高达1.66倍, 说明东山湾部分贝类受到DDTs的污染。

     

利用低盐度养殖的凡纳滨对虾培育亲虾初探

以在盐度2~3条件下养殖至9月龄的凡纳滨对虾( Litopenaeus vannamei )成虾为材料, 研究低盐度养殖对虾在不同盐度驯养条件下的繁殖性能, 以期为利用低盐度养殖对虾培育亲虾提供科学依据。实验盐度梯度设置为1、8、15、23和30。雌虾经剪切单侧眼柄后进行促熟培育, 促熟期间的雄虾养殖水温控制在(27±0.5)℃, 雌虾水温控制在(28±0.5)℃。定期检查雌虾卵巢和雄虾精荚的发育情况, 采用精荚人工移植技术对不同盐度条件下培育的亲虾进行组合交配, 统计受精率和孵化率, 组织切片观察卵巢发育, 综合评价各实验组合的繁殖性能。结果表明, 在实验盐度梯度范围内, 雌虾卵巢都可发育成熟; 盐度1组雌虾成熟比例仅10%, 且全部死亡; 盐度8和15下发育成熟的雌虾达70%, 可正常产卵, 但产出的卵子受精率较低, 不能孵化出无节幼体; 盐度23和30下发育成熟的雌虾超过76%, 可正常产卵、孵化, 但孵化率较低。组织切片观察, 盐度8~30范围内各组雌虾卵巢发育无明显差异。在盐度8~30范围内, 凡纳滨对虾雄虾精巢都能够正常发育成熟, 但盐度30和23实验组的雄虾精巢发育速度明显快于盐度15和8组; 随着盐度的降低, 精荚发育成熟所需要的时间明显延长; 所有盐度实验组的精荚被移植后都可与卵子受精并孵化出无节幼体。

     

草鱼呼肠孤病毒逆转录环介导等温扩增(RT-LAMP)检测方法的建立

根据草鱼呼肠孤病毒 (grass carp reovirus, GCRV)衣壳蛋白VP6编码基因的序列设计特异性引物, 以病毒全基因组RNA为模板, 通过对反应条件进行优化, 建立了GCRV的逆转录环介导等温扩增(RT-LAMP)检测方法。检测结果表明, 本方法可在63℃下1 h内实现靶片段的大量扩增, 扩增产物经凝胶电泳呈现梯型条带, 反应体系中添加SYBR Green I 荧光染料后, 绿色阳性结果明显区别于橙色阴性结果。该检测体系针对草鱼呼肠孤病毒的检测灵敏度高, 其最低检测限为33 pg, 与常规RT-PCR方法相比较, 灵敏度高10倍, 且与斑点叉尾鮰呼肠孤病毒(CCRV)、鲤春病毒血症病毒(SVCV)、锦鲤疱疹病毒(KHV)、大鲵虹彩病毒(GSIV)等无交叉反应。该方法灵敏度及特异性高, 且不需昂贵仪器设备, 为快速检测草鱼呼肠孤病毒与诊断草鱼出血病提供了简捷快速的技术手段。

     

半滑舌鳎 WT1a 基因的克隆与性别分化期的表达分析

从半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)全基因组序列中获得肿瘤抑制基因 WT1a 的部分序列, 然后利用 RACE 技术克隆了WT1a 基因的全长, 运用组织学方法, 对半滑舌鳎性腺分化早期的组织切片进行了观察, 并分析了该阶段WT1a 的表达特征。克隆结果显示, WT1a 基因cDNA全长为1 886 bp, 开放阅读框(ORF)长为1 470 bp, 编码490个氨基酸, 并且包含 KTS 三肽, 5′-UTR 和3′-UTR 分别长为245 bp 和171 bp。在 ORF 末端发现2个微卫星(SSR)序列和2个跨膜螺旋区域, 而在其他物种中未发现这些区域。氨基酸序列分析显示, WT1a 基因的保守性很高, 与人的同源性高达90%。通过组织切片观察发现, 该批半滑舌鳎在56 d时性腺开始分化, 并且卵巢分化早于精巢。荧光实时定量分析结果显示, WT1a 在半滑舌鳎成鱼性腺中表达量显著高于其他各组织, 在肝、肾、脾、心脏等组织中有微量表达, 并且在成鱼性腺中, 雄鱼表达量显著高于雌鱼, 雌鱼显著高于伪雄鱼。在胚胎发育各时期以及初出膜后WT1a的表达结果显示, 在12 h (原肠早期)显著升高, 20 h (神经胚期)达到最高。在性腺分化早期雌雄性腺中的表达结果显示, WT1a 在雌雄半滑舌鳎16~66 d 的性腺中表达量持续平稳升高, 在性腺分化时期表达量并没有特殊的变化。这些研究结果说明, WT1a 基因是半滑舌鳎性别相关基因, 并在半滑舌鳎的性腺分化、发育过程中持续表达, 但可能对性腺的分化过程并不起决定作用。

     

博斯腾湖浮游动物群落结构特征与分布的季节性变化

于2010年6月至2011年1月对博斯腾湖大湖区浮游动物群落进行了4次调查研究。结果表明, 共鉴出浮游动物83种(属), 其中原生动物27种(属), 轮虫42种(属), 枝角类10种(属), 桡足类4种(属)。浮游动物在种类上以淡水习见的广温性种类为主, 兼有嗜暖种和嗜冷种; 数量上小型浮游动物占优势(>64.8%); 生物量上大型浮游动物(主要是枝角类)占主导地位(>85.2%)。物种丰富度指数8月(夏季)最高(1.52), 1月(冬季)最低(0.74); 物种多样性指数和物种均匀度指数10月(秋季)最高(3.01和0.95), 1月最低(0.75和0.63)。群落多变量分析表明, 博斯腾湖西北部(黄水区)和西南部浮游动物群落结构差异较大, 从春季到秋季这种差异逐渐增大, 冬季差异最小。本研究通过分析博斯腾湖浮游动物群落结构的种类组成、现存量、多样性指数和群落多变量探讨该湖浮游动物群落特征及其分布的季节性变化规律, 以期为博斯腾湖水环境评价与保护、渔业资源合理利用和可持续发展提供理论依据。

     

牙鲆亲本对子代贡献率的实验研究

利用18对高度多态性微卫星标记, 对13尾牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)亲鱼的188尾后代进行亲子鉴定, 计算其非亲排除率、鉴定准确率以及亲本对子代的贡献率。使用4个微卫星标记进行亲子鉴定, 排除率≥0.999 9, 准确率为92.02%; 用6个标记的排除率≥0.999 999, 准确率为96.81%; 用8个标记的排除率≥0.999 999 999, 准确率为97.87%; 用10个标记的准确率为99.47%; 用12～18个标记的准确率为100%。亲子鉴定准确率随非亲排除率和微卫星标记数目的增多而升高。检验所有子代全部是实验亲本的后代, 即13个亲本对子代均有贡献, 但不同亲本的贡献率不同, 最高为47.34%, 最低为0.53%。实验表明, 基于多标记的非亲排除率检测方法可以用于牙鲆亲子鉴定, 其鉴定准确率可以达到100%; 不同亲本对子代贡献率不同, 差异很大, 产生差异的原因有待进一步研究。

     

仿刺参纵肌带再生的形态学和组织学

采用人工创伤的方法剪断仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)体腔背部的纵肌带, 然后缝合切口处的体壁, 将其在添加抗生素(100 IU/mL的青霉素和100 μg/mL的链霉素)的海水中继续饲养。通过形态学和组织学方法对仿刺参纵肌带再生过程中的结构变化进行了观察。形态学结果显示, 创伤后0 h, 由于纵肌带的收缩, 断端出现0.5~1 cm的间隙; 创伤15 d, 创伤处出现乳白色絮状组织, 暂命名为肌前组织; 创伤30~45 d时, 肌前组织逐渐增厚并将断端肌肉组织连接起来; 创伤60~90 d, 肌前组织已转化成纵肌带, 并且其厚度增至正常纵肌带的1/2; 创伤后110~130 d, 新生纵肌带进一步增粗, 形态上与未创伤处组织没有区别, 只是直径略小一些; 创伤150 d, 再生的纵肌带厚度同正常状态。组织学结果显示, 创伤后15 d, 在损伤处出现结缔组织及单个的肌纤维, 形成一条不规则的细长条带, 即肌前组织; 创伤后30~45 d, 肌前组织中肌细胞数量大量增加, 并与体壁间形成一些“桥状”连接; 创伤后60~90 d, 肌前组织几乎被肌纤维占据, 且“桥状”连接数量增加, 此时肌前组织已转化为肌肉带(纵肌带); 创伤后110~130 d, 新生肌纤维数量大量增加, 和体壁相连的“桥状”连接数量减少, 创伤150 d, 新生的纵肌带基本达到正常的结构, 且“桥状”连接消失。分析认为仿刺参纵肌带具有较强的再生能力, 且新生的肌细胞来源于体壁结缔组织细胞和体腔上皮细胞。

     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).