Untersuchungen zur Variabilität von Lophodermium pinastri

Studies of the variability of Lophodermium pinastri. I. Cultural Variants. Lophodermium pinastri is a variable fungus species. From its behaviour in artificial culture 3 constant, morphological main types are observed. These are described in detail. Observations on sectoring found and on reaction types between various fungus isolates are given.     

Untersuchungen zur Variabilität von Lophodermium pinastri

Studies of the variability of Lophodermium pinastri. II. Differences in physiological behaviour . In culture trials with numerous strains of Lophodermium pinastri of different provenances the influence of temperature, pH and vitamins on growth was studied as well as ability to produce starch hydrolyzing enzymes. On the basis of these tests, the strains investigated could be divided into five groups.     

Untersuchungen über den Einfluß von Cuticularwachsen auf die Infektionsfähigkeit pathogener Pilze

The effect of cuticular waxes on the infection rate of pathogenic fungi. 1. Lophodermium pinastri and Botrytis cinerea . Spore germination and growth rate of germ-hyphae of Lophodermium pinastri and Botrytis cinerea are influenced by low concentrations of cuticular waxes, added to the germination medium. The stimulating effect increases with decreasing resistance of the species or race used for wax sampling. Generally the separately tested alcohol-, aldehyde-, ester-, fatty acid- and hydrocarbon fractions induce similiar but less pronounced reactions than total waxes. Exceptions occur. They led to suggestions in direction to single chemical components causing resistance. – Finally alcohol and hydrocarbon chromatOgrams of cuticular waxes for Pinus montana, P. nigra and Picea abies are presented for the first time.     

Veränderung der Krankheitsdisposition von Forstpflanzen durch Herbizide1

Modification in discase-sensibility of forest plants by herbicide treatment. I. Field trials with Lophodermium pinastri. The effect of two herbicides TOP-KH (salt of 2,4,5-T) and Casoron G (Dichlobenil) on incidence of Lophodermium pinastri on Scots pine (Pinus sylvestrií L.) was investigated in field trials with potted plants. Treatment with TOP-KH led to increase in infection with higher herbicide concentrations and to higher numbers of severely infected plants in comparison with controls. Differences were greatest in spring. With Casoron G, however, smaller numbers of sevcrely infected plants were seen in spring and at the end of the growing season the damage was not much greater than in the controls. Possible reasons for changes in degree of infection are discussed as well as effects that could be expected on the epidemiology of pine needle cast.     

Veranderung der Krankheitsdisposition von Forstpflanzen durch Herbizide

Modification in disease-sensibility of forest plants by herbicide treatment. II. Laboratory studies on Lophodermium pinastri. The effect of TOP-KH (2, 4, 5-T) and Dichlobenil on the growth of Lophodermium pinastri in culture was studied in the laboratory. The effect of aqueous solutions of TOP-KH on germination of Lophodermium spores was also tested. Assessments were also made of the number of apothecia produced on herbicide-treated plants, their size and the number of spores emitted. A final discussion of results is given.     

Beobachtungen über Wechselwirkungen dreier Nadelpilze der Kiefer in vitro

Interactions in vitro among three pine needle fungi . Interactions in vitro among Lophodermium pinastri, Naemacyclus niveus and Dothistroma pini, all fungi on conifers, were related to their various host spectra. The results were remarkably conformable, with those species which were mutually tolerant in vitro being joint colonisers of many host species and vice versa.     

Susceptibility of Healthy and Ozone-injured Needles of Pinus strobus to Invasion by Lophodermium pinastri and Aureobasidium pullulans1

Lophodermium pinastri and Aureobasidium pullulans were the fungi most often associated with foliar symptoms, including those caused by ozone, on Pinus strobus in the field. Following artificial inoculation of ozone-fumigated and untreated foliage on pine seedlings, L. pinastri was Isolated without relation to visible symptoms of ozone injury. A, pullulans was isolated only from tissues killed by ozone. No evidence of additive or interacting effects of ozone and the fungi was found.     

Isolierung und Identifikation des Sesquiterpenalkohols (+/−)-Torreyol aus Reinkulturen des Ektomykorrhizapilzes Cortinarius odorifer Britz

Isolation and identification of the sesquiterpene (+/?)-Torreyol from pure cultures of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Cortinarius odorifer Britz . Several strains of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Cortinarius odorifer produce in pure culture crystals of the sesquiterpene (+/?)-Torreyol. The identification has been made on the basis of spectral evidence.     

Two biotypes of Lophodermiul11 pinastri in Scotland

Two biotypes of Lophodermium pinastri, perhaps differing in their pathogenicity, were recognised on Pinus sylvestris in NE Scotland. These biotypes are described in artificial culture and are shown to be associated with definite habitats on pines, both in the plantation and in the nursery. In the discussion it is suggested that the present results might help to explain the difficulty many workers have experienced in trying to infect artificially young pine needles with L. pinastri.     

Pathogenicity of three Lophodermium species on Pinus sylvestris L.

The pathogenicity of Lophodermium pinastri, L. conigenum and L. seditiosum on 14-month old transplants was investigated in Scotland. While L. seditiosum was found to be a serious pathogen, L. conigenum and L. pinastri were not. Under outdoor conditions, L. seditiosum was found to kill needles five months after inoculation.     

A comparison between decay patterns of the white‐rot fungus Pleurotus ostreatus in chestnut–leaved oak (Quercus castaneifolia) shows predominantly simultaneous attack both in vivo and in vitro

In this research, we examined decay patterns occurring in Quercus castaneifolia wood under natural conditions compared with controlled decay in vivo. Pleurotus ostreatus‐infected oak wood was obtained from the Sari forests in the north of Iran. The species causing decay was verified as P. ostreatus using rDNA‐ITS sequencing of pure cultures from infected sapwood. In addition to P. ostreatus, two wood‐inhabiting Ascomycota, Trichoderma harzianum and T. lixii, were present. Mass loss in oak sapwood samples exposed to P. ostreatus for 60 days was around 10 per cent. Samples were prepared from both naturally decayed wood and wood decayed under controlled conditions and examined using microscopy. P. ostreatus was found to produce a simultaneous white‐rot decay pattern in both conditions.     

Zur forstlichen Bedeutung der Nadelholz-Lachniden(Homopt.: Aphid.: Lachnidae)

Zusammenfassung Die beiden häufigen KiefernlachnidenCinara pini L. undCinaria nuda Mordv. können in Jahren mit geringen Niederschlägen während der Frühjahrsmonate an Jungkiefern empfindliche Schäden verursachen. Die Schäden äußern sich zumeist in einer Herabsetzung des Längenzuwachses, im Extremfalle sterben die befallenen Pflanzen ab. Besonders stark sind die Totalverluste in Beständen, die durch die Schütte(Lophodermium pinastri) geschwächt sind.     

Über das Vorkommen von Armillaria-Arten und-Klonen in benachbarten Koniferenbeständen,Mischbeständen und in Laubwald1

Occurrence of species and clones of Armillaria in spruce stands, mixed stands and hardwood stands in close neighbourhood . From Armillarid rhizomorphs (collected around trees) and from spruce butt rots, isolates of the diploids were made. In pairings between the diploid isolates and haploid testers from the five (European) biological species (BULLER phenomenon) the mating reactions often were not clear enough to identify the diploids. So carpophores were raised from the isolates and single spore cultures were obtained. In pairings with the haploid testers Armillaria borealis, A. bulbosa and A. bulbosa were identified. Usually more than one Armillaria species and from each species more than one clone occurred in each stand.     

Physiologische Untersuchungen über die unterschiedliche Resistenz von Pinus sylvestris gegen Lophodermium pinastri

Physiological studies on variation in resistance of Pinus sylvestris to Lophodermium pinastri. I. Buffer capacity in needles. Studies on the buffering of hydrogen-ion concentration in needles of resistant and susceptible pines showed that the pH-value was changed by the growing fungus from about pH 3.7 to 5, The buffer capacity of homogenized needles varied greatly between clones, The change of pH-value as well as the buffer capacity were significantly different between resistant and susceptible clones.     

Temperature effect on Chalara fraxinea: heat treatment of saplings as a possible disease control method

Ash dieback is an emerging disease caused by the fungus Chalara fraxinea that severely affects Fraxinus excelsior and F. angustifolia stands in Europe. Previous studies have shown that this pathogen prefers temperatures around 20°C, while its growth in pure cultures at 30°C proved to be very limited. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of temperature on the development and growth of C. fraxinea in pure cultures and in plant tissues, as well as to test the heat tolerance of F. excelsior saplings. The sensitivity of fungus to heat in ash tissues was higher than in pure cultures. Low isolation success rate from diseased ash tissue after a five‐hour hot water treatment at 36°C and the relatively high survival rate of ash saplings after hot water treatments at 36°C and 40°C indicate possibilities for the development of a C. fraxinea eradication method in ash saplings. Field monitoring showed that in hot weather periods, thermal conditions inside the ash tissues can be extreme enough to markedly decrease the viability of C. fraxinea in infected plant tissues.     

Root and butt rot of Todo fir (Abies sachalinensis) caused by Heterobasidion annosum s.l. in Hokkaido,Japan

The occurrence and symptoms of root and butt rot were examined in a 35 × 30 m plot of 68‐year‐old Todo fir plantation in Hokkaido, Japan. Forty‐seven percent of the cut stumps were decayed and 52% of the decayed stumps showed similar decay characteristics with yellowish orange to light brown colouration and expanded pockets in the heartwood. Morphological characteristics of the pure cultures isolated from the decay were similar to the cultures isolated from basidiocarps of Heterobasidion annosum sensu lato, found on fallen logs outside of the research site. Also DNA analysis based on the combined data set of three gene loci (glyceraldehyde 3‐phosphate dehydrogenase, heat shock protein 80–1 and elongation factor 1‐alpha genes) showed that the isolates from the decay are included in the same clade with the Japanese H. annosum s.l. isolates. They form a subclade to H. parviporum (the European S group of H. annosum s.l.). This is the first report of molecular determination of H. annosum s.l. isolated from root and butt rot in a plantation in Japan.     

Uber das Vorkommen von Calciumoxalat-Kristallen1 in Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref.

The increasing appearance of rods (»Stäbchen«) being found in Heterobasidion annosum cultures was investigated. They proved to be neither bacterial impurities nor fomannosin but calcium oxalates. The number of rod-shaped crystals depended on the quality of the tap water taken for the culture medium and on genetical aspects. The importance of calciumoxalates being formed by H. annosum is discussed.     

A new record of Rhizoctonia butinii associated with Picea glauca ‘Conica’ in Slovenia

In 2013, the death of needles of dwarf Alberta spruce (Picea glauca ‘Conica’) seedlings was observed in an arboretum in Slovenia. Needles on infected P. glauca ‘Conica’ twigs were covered with thick, yellowish brown hyphal cushions. The outgrowing mycelium was white and had completely overgrown some needles and connected them to each other. To definitively identify the fungus affecting P. glauca ‘Conica’, morphological examinations of isolated pure cultures were performed, and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the rDNA was sequenced. Based on morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses together with the performed pathogenicity trial, we identified the causal agent of the observed symptoms as Rhizoctonia butinii – a recently described species. This report connects this fungus to a new locality and a new host plant.     

Data bank of rDNA-ITS sequences from building-rot fungi for their identification

To identify building-rot fungi in culture and from rot host tissue, the rDNA-ITS region of 18 species was determined by PCR and sequencing: Serpula lacrymans, S. himantioides, Meruliporia incrassata, Leucogyrophana mollusca, L. pinastri, Coniophora puteana, C. arida, C. marmorata, C. olivacea, Antrodia vaillantii, A. serialis, A. sinuosa, A. xantha, Oligoporus placenta, Donkioporia expansa, Gloeophyllum abietinum, G. sepiarium, and G. trabeum. Sequences were deposited in the international databases. Unknown samples can be identified via homology. Received 4 December 2001 The work belongs to our project `Investigations on internal wood decay fungi for their characterization and identification', kindly funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG).     

松落针病药剂防治试验

通过测试多菌灵、百菌清、炭疽福美、福美双、代森锌、代森锰锌、甲基托布津、代森铵、苯菌灵、退菌灵、炭特灵、克菌丹等12种不同杀菌剂对松针散斑壳菌(Lophodermiumpinastri(Schrad )Cher )孢子萌发的抑制作用,认为不同杀菌剂对松针散斑壳菌作用效果不同,药剂筛选结果表明代森铵、多菌灵、百菌清和退菌特等杀菌剂对松针散斑壳菌有较好的抑制作用。对马尾松幼林的松落针病作小区和林间防治试验,结果表明,林间应用45%代森铵水剂防治效果最佳,平均防效达81 2%。